[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1884},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-geoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god":3,"authors":71,"doc-geoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god":1702,"transcription-cols-geoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god":1735,"translation-cols-geoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god":1798},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":52,"document":53,"extension":54,"key":55,"meta":56,"navigation":59,"page_end":60,"page_start":61,"path":62,"pdf_page_end":63,"pdf_page_start":64,"section":5,"seo":65,"stem":66,"title_en":67,"translator":68,"year":69,"__hash__":70},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god.md","De opere dei","geoffrey-poitiers",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":48},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13,14,18,19,23,24,27,28,31,32,35,36,39,40,43,44,47],"p",{},"A three-column chain of quaestiones from Geoffrey of Poitiers' Summa working out, under the umbrella of Jeremiah 48:10 (",[15,16,17],"em",{},"maledictus qui facit opus dei negligenter","), what it means to do God's work the wrong way. Geoffrey moves through three species — opus dei done ",[20,21,22],"strong",{},"negligently"," (folio 39ra), done ",[20,25,26],{},"fraudulently"," (39rb), and done ",[20,29,30],{},"for money"," (39va) — culminating in the celebrated quaestio on whether the master who teaches theology for fees falls under the curse of Micah 3:11, ",[15,33,34],{},"sacerdotes eorum in mercede docebant",". There he draws the classic Parisian distinction that publicly licensed teachers (",[15,37,38],{},"publice persone",") are bound to teach freely as ",[15,41,42],{},"doctores verbi dei",", lest they become ",[15,45,46],{},"venditores verbi dei",".",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":51},"",2,[],"A three-column chain of quaestiones from Geoffrey of Poitiers' Summa working out, under the umbrella of Jeremiah 48:10 (maledictus qui facit opus dei negligenter), what it means to do God's work the wrong way. Geoffrey moves through three species — opus dei done negligently (folio 39ra), done fraudulently (39rb), and done for money (39va) — culminating in the celebrated quaestio on whether the master who teaches theology for fees falls under the curse of Micah 3:11, sacerdotes eorum in mercede docebant. There he draws the classic Parisian distinction that publicly licensed teachers (publice persone) are bound to teach freely as doctores verbi dei, lest they become venditores verbi dei.","geoffrey-poitiers-summa-lat3143","md","geoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god",{"start_text":57,"end_text":58},"Appellat opus dei sive opus quodcunque","hoc dicit fine si",true,"39va","39ra","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god",82,81,{"title":5,"description":52},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god","On the Work of God",null,1215,"fLc8C11CBOkkObK39Q7yf4CayzBO6Ju93xyaCsl16qo",[72,110,152,189,216,234,254,292,322,358,385,428,473,524,546,570,600,626,660,694,720,751,778,807,834,874,905,931,952,973,1007,1033,1054,1089,1109,1139,1160,1181,1202,1235,1264,1294,1324,1349,1379,1398,1434,1459,1484,1512,1541,1568,1598,1627,1647,1673],{"id":73,"title":74,"body":75,"born":98,"description":99,"died":100,"extension":54,"image":101,"key":102,"meta":103,"name":82,"name_en":104,"navigation":59,"path":105,"seo":106,"stem":107,"wikipedia":108,"__hash__":109},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":76,"toc":96},[77],[11,78,79,80,83,84,87,88,91,92,95],{},"Albert the Great (",[15,81,82],{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[15,85,86],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[15,89,90],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[15,93,94],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":97},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":99},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":111,"title":112,"body":113,"born":140,"description":141,"died":142,"extension":54,"image":143,"key":144,"meta":145,"name":120,"name_en":146,"navigation":59,"path":147,"seo":148,"stem":149,"wikipedia":150,"__hash__":151},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":114,"toc":138},[115],[11,116,117,118,121,122,125,126,129,130,133,134,137],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[15,119,120],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[15,123,124],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[15,127,128],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[15,131,132],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[15,135,136],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":139},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":141},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":153,"title":154,"body":155,"born":176,"description":177,"died":178,"extension":54,"image":179,"key":180,"meta":181,"name":182,"name_en":183,"navigation":59,"path":184,"seo":185,"stem":186,"wikipedia":187,"__hash__":188},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":156,"toc":174},[157],[11,158,159,160,163,164,163,167,163,170,173],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[15,161,162],{},"De fide",", ",[15,165,166],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[15,168,169],{},"De mysteriis",[15,171,172],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":175},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":177},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":190,"title":191,"body":192,"born":203,"description":204,"died":205,"extension":54,"image":206,"key":207,"meta":208,"name":209,"name_en":210,"navigation":59,"path":211,"seo":212,"stem":213,"wikipedia":214,"__hash__":215},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":193,"toc":201},[194],[11,195,196,197,200],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[15,198,199],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":202},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":204},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":217,"title":218,"body":219,"born":68,"description":223,"died":68,"extension":54,"image":226,"key":227,"meta":228,"name":229,"name_en":218,"navigation":59,"path":230,"seo":231,"stem":232,"wikipedia":68,"__hash__":233},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":220,"toc":224},[221],[11,222,223],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":225},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":223},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":235,"title":236,"body":237,"born":244,"description":241,"died":245,"extension":54,"image":246,"key":247,"meta":248,"name":236,"name_en":236,"navigation":59,"path":249,"seo":250,"stem":251,"wikipedia":252,"__hash__":253},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":238,"toc":242},[239],[11,240,241],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":243},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":241},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":255,"title":256,"body":257,"born":280,"description":281,"died":282,"extension":54,"image":283,"key":284,"meta":285,"name":286,"name_en":256,"navigation":59,"path":287,"seo":288,"stem":289,"wikipedia":290,"__hash__":291},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":258,"toc":278},[259],[11,260,261,262,265,266,269,270,273,274,277],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[15,263,264],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[15,267,268],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[15,271,272],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[15,275,276],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":279},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":281},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":293,"title":294,"body":295,"born":68,"description":310,"died":311,"extension":54,"image":312,"key":313,"meta":314,"name":315,"name_en":316,"navigation":59,"path":317,"seo":318,"stem":319,"wikipedia":320,"__hash__":321},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":296,"toc":308},[297],[11,298,299,300,303,304,307],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[15,301,302],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[15,305,306],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":309},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":310},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":323,"title":324,"body":325,"born":345,"description":346,"died":347,"extension":54,"image":348,"key":349,"meta":350,"name":351,"name_en":352,"navigation":59,"path":353,"seo":354,"stem":355,"wikipedia":356,"__hash__":357},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":326,"toc":343},[327],[11,328,329,330,333,334,163,336,163,339,342],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[15,331,332],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[15,335,332],{},[15,337,338],{},"The City of God",[15,340,341],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":344},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":346},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":359,"title":360,"body":361,"born":372,"description":373,"died":374,"extension":54,"image":375,"key":376,"meta":377,"name":378,"name_en":379,"navigation":59,"path":380,"seo":381,"stem":382,"wikipedia":383,"__hash__":384},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":362,"toc":370},[363],[11,364,365,366,369],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[15,367,368],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":371},[],329,"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":373},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":386,"title":387,"body":388,"born":417,"description":418,"died":419,"extension":54,"image":420,"key":421,"meta":422,"name":395,"name_en":387,"navigation":59,"path":423,"seo":424,"stem":425,"wikipedia":426,"__hash__":427},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":389,"toc":415},[390],[11,391,392,393,396,397,400,401,403,404,163,407,410,411,414],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[15,394,395],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[15,398,399],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[15,402,128],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[15,405,406],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[15,408,409],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[15,412,413],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":416},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":418},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":429,"title":430,"body":431,"born":461,"description":462,"died":463,"extension":54,"image":464,"key":465,"meta":466,"name":467,"name_en":467,"navigation":59,"path":468,"seo":469,"stem":470,"wikipedia":471,"__hash__":472},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":432,"toc":459},[433],[11,434,435,436,439,440,443,444,447,448,451,452,455,456,458],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[15,437,438],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[15,441,442],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[15,445,446],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[15,449,450],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[15,453,454],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[15,457,454],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":460},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":462},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":474,"title":475,"body":476,"born":461,"description":513,"died":514,"extension":54,"image":515,"key":516,"meta":517,"name":483,"name_en":518,"navigation":59,"path":519,"seo":520,"stem":521,"wikipedia":522,"__hash__":523},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":477,"toc":511},[478],[11,479,480,481,484,485,488,489,491,492,495,496,499,500,503,504,506,507,510],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[15,482,483],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[15,486,487],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[15,490,128],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[15,493,494],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[15,497,498],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[15,501,502],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[15,505,498],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[15,508,509],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":512},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":513},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":525,"title":526,"body":527,"born":534,"description":531,"died":535,"extension":54,"image":536,"key":537,"meta":538,"name":539,"name_en":540,"navigation":59,"path":541,"seo":542,"stem":543,"wikipedia":544,"__hash__":545},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":528,"toc":532},[529],[11,530,531],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":533},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":531},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":547,"title":548,"body":549,"born":560,"description":561,"died":205,"extension":54,"image":562,"key":563,"meta":564,"name":548,"name_en":548,"navigation":59,"path":565,"seo":566,"stem":567,"wikipedia":568,"__hash__":569},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":550,"toc":558},[551],[11,552,553,554,557],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[15,555,556],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":559},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":561},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":571,"title":572,"body":573,"born":588,"description":589,"died":590,"extension":54,"image":591,"key":592,"meta":593,"name":594,"name_en":572,"navigation":59,"path":595,"seo":596,"stem":597,"wikipedia":598,"__hash__":599},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":574,"toc":586},[575],[11,576,577,578,581,582,585],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[15,579,580],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[15,583,584],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":587},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":589},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":601,"title":602,"body":603,"born":68,"description":617,"died":68,"extension":54,"image":618,"key":6,"meta":619,"name":620,"name_en":621,"navigation":59,"path":622,"seo":623,"stem":624,"wikipedia":68,"__hash__":625},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":604,"toc":615},[605],[11,606,607,608,611,612,614],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[15,609,610],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[15,613,128],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":616},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":617},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":627,"title":628,"body":629,"born":647,"description":648,"died":649,"extension":54,"image":650,"key":651,"meta":652,"name":653,"name_en":654,"navigation":59,"path":655,"seo":656,"stem":657,"wikipedia":658,"__hash__":659},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":630,"toc":645},[631],[11,632,633,634,410,637,640,641,644],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[15,635,636],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[15,638,639],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[15,642,643],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":646},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":648},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":661,"title":662,"body":663,"born":682,"description":683,"died":684,"extension":54,"image":685,"key":686,"meta":687,"name":688,"name_en":662,"navigation":59,"path":689,"seo":690,"stem":691,"wikipedia":692,"__hash__":693},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":664,"toc":680},[665],[11,666,667,668,671,672,675,676,679],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[15,669,670],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[15,673,674],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[15,677,678],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":681},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":683},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":695,"title":696,"body":697,"born":708,"description":709,"died":710,"extension":54,"image":711,"key":712,"meta":713,"name":714,"name_en":696,"navigation":59,"path":715,"seo":716,"stem":717,"wikipedia":718,"__hash__":719},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":698,"toc":706},[699],[11,700,701,702,705],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[15,703,704],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":707},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":709},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":721,"title":722,"body":723,"born":738,"description":739,"died":740,"extension":54,"image":741,"key":742,"meta":743,"name":744,"name_en":745,"navigation":59,"path":746,"seo":747,"stem":748,"wikipedia":749,"__hash__":750},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":724,"toc":736},[725],[11,726,727,728,731,732,735],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[15,729,730],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[15,733,734],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":737},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":739},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":752,"title":753,"body":754,"born":765,"description":766,"died":767,"extension":54,"image":768,"key":769,"meta":770,"name":771,"name_en":772,"navigation":59,"path":773,"seo":774,"stem":775,"wikipedia":776,"__hash__":777},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":755,"toc":763},[756],[11,757,758,759,762],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[15,760,761],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":764},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":766},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":779,"title":780,"body":781,"born":796,"description":797,"died":798,"extension":54,"image":799,"key":800,"meta":801,"name":780,"name_en":780,"navigation":59,"path":802,"seo":803,"stem":804,"wikipedia":805,"__hash__":806},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":782,"toc":794},[783],[11,784,785,786,789,790,793],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[15,787,788],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[15,791,792],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":795},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":797},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":808,"title":809,"body":810,"born":821,"description":822,"died":823,"extension":54,"image":824,"key":825,"meta":826,"name":827,"name_en":828,"navigation":59,"path":829,"seo":830,"stem":831,"wikipedia":832,"__hash__":833},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":811,"toc":819},[812],[11,813,814,815,818],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[15,816,817],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":820},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":822},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":835,"title":836,"body":837,"born":98,"description":862,"died":863,"extension":54,"image":864,"key":865,"meta":866,"name":867,"name_en":868,"navigation":59,"path":869,"seo":870,"stem":871,"wikipedia":872,"__hash__":873},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":838,"toc":860},[839],[11,840,841,842,844,845,848,849,851,852,855,856,859],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[15,843,610],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[15,846,847],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[15,850,494],{}," (or ",[15,853,854],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[15,857,858],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":861},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":862},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":875,"title":876,"body":877,"born":68,"description":895,"died":68,"extension":54,"image":896,"key":897,"meta":898,"name":899,"name_en":900,"navigation":59,"path":901,"seo":902,"stem":903,"wikipedia":68,"__hash__":904},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":878,"toc":893},[879],[11,880,881,882,885,886,888,889,892],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[15,883,884],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[15,887,674],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[15,890,891],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":894},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":895},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":906,"title":907,"body":908,"born":738,"description":919,"died":920,"extension":54,"image":921,"key":922,"meta":923,"name":924,"name_en":925,"navigation":59,"path":926,"seo":927,"stem":928,"wikipedia":929,"__hash__":930},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":909,"toc":917},[910],[11,911,912,913,916],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[15,914,915],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":918},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":919},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":932,"title":933,"body":934,"born":941,"description":938,"died":942,"extension":54,"image":943,"key":944,"meta":945,"name":946,"name_en":933,"navigation":59,"path":947,"seo":948,"stem":949,"wikipedia":950,"__hash__":951},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":935,"toc":939},[936],[11,937,938],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":940},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":938},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":953,"title":954,"body":955,"born":962,"description":959,"died":963,"extension":54,"image":964,"key":965,"meta":966,"name":967,"name_en":954,"navigation":59,"path":968,"seo":969,"stem":970,"wikipedia":971,"__hash__":972},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":956,"toc":960},[957],[11,958,959],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":961},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg","jean-gerson",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":959},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":974,"title":975,"body":976,"born":997,"description":998,"died":142,"extension":54,"image":226,"key":999,"meta":1000,"name":1001,"name_en":975,"navigation":59,"path":1002,"seo":1003,"stem":1004,"wikipedia":1005,"__hash__":1006},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":977,"toc":995},[978],[11,979,980,981,984,985,987,988,991,992,994],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[15,982,983],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[15,986,674],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[15,989,990],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[15,993,678],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":996},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":998},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":1008,"title":1009,"body":1010,"born":1021,"description":1022,"died":1023,"extension":54,"image":1024,"key":1025,"meta":1026,"name":1027,"name_en":1009,"navigation":59,"path":1028,"seo":1029,"stem":1030,"wikipedia":1031,"__hash__":1032},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":1011,"toc":1019},[1012],[11,1013,1014,1015,1018],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[15,1016,1017],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1020},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":1022},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":1034,"title":1035,"body":1036,"born":1043,"description":1040,"died":1044,"extension":54,"image":1045,"key":1046,"meta":1047,"name":1048,"name_en":1035,"navigation":59,"path":1049,"seo":1050,"stem":1051,"wikipedia":1052,"__hash__":1053},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1037,"toc":1041},[1038],[11,1039,1040],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1042},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1040},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1055,"title":1056,"body":1057,"born":1076,"description":1077,"died":1078,"extension":54,"image":1079,"key":1080,"meta":1081,"name":1082,"name_en":1083,"navigation":59,"path":1084,"seo":1085,"stem":1086,"wikipedia":1087,"__hash__":1088},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1058,"toc":1074},[1059],[11,1060,1061,1062,1065,1066,1069,1070,1073],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[15,1063,1064],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[15,1067,1068],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[15,1071,1072],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1075},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1077},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1090,"title":1091,"body":1092,"born":1099,"description":1096,"died":590,"extension":54,"image":1100,"key":1101,"meta":1102,"name":1103,"name_en":1091,"navigation":59,"path":1104,"seo":1105,"stem":1106,"wikipedia":1107,"__hash__":1108},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1093,"toc":1097},[1094],[11,1095,1096],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1098},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1096},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1110,"title":1111,"body":1112,"born":1127,"description":1128,"died":1129,"extension":54,"image":1130,"key":1131,"meta":1132,"name":1133,"name_en":1111,"navigation":59,"path":1134,"seo":1135,"stem":1136,"wikipedia":1137,"__hash__":1138},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1113,"toc":1125},[1114],[11,1115,1116,1117,1120,1121,1124],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[15,1118,1119],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[15,1122,1123],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1126},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg","martin-luther",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1128},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1140,"title":1141,"body":1142,"born":1149,"description":1146,"died":1150,"extension":54,"image":226,"key":1151,"meta":1152,"name":1153,"name_en":1154,"navigation":59,"path":1155,"seo":1156,"stem":1157,"wikipedia":1158,"__hash__":1159},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1143,"toc":1147},[1144],[11,1145,1146],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1148},[],1360,1434,"maurice-of-prague",{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1146},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1161,"title":1162,"body":1163,"born":534,"description":1167,"died":1170,"extension":54,"image":1171,"key":1172,"meta":1173,"name":1174,"name_en":1175,"navigation":59,"path":1176,"seo":1177,"stem":1178,"wikipedia":1179,"__hash__":1180},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1164,"toc":1168},[1165],[11,1166,1167],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1169},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1167},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1182,"title":1183,"body":1184,"born":1191,"description":1188,"died":1192,"extension":54,"image":1193,"key":1194,"meta":1195,"name":1196,"name_en":1183,"navigation":59,"path":1197,"seo":1198,"stem":1199,"wikipedia":1200,"__hash__":1201},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1185,"toc":1189},[1186],[11,1187,1188],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1190},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1188},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1203,"title":1204,"body":1205,"born":98,"description":1224,"died":863,"extension":54,"image":1225,"key":1226,"meta":1227,"name":1228,"name_en":1229,"navigation":59,"path":1230,"seo":1231,"stem":1232,"wikipedia":1233,"__hash__":1234},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1206,"toc":1222},[1207],[11,1208,1209,1210,1213,1214,1217,1218,1221],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[15,1211,1212],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[15,1215,1216],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[15,1219,1220],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1223},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg","peraldus",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1224},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1236,"title":1237,"body":1238,"born":100,"description":1253,"died":1254,"extension":54,"image":1255,"key":1256,"meta":1257,"name":1258,"name_en":1237,"navigation":59,"path":1259,"seo":1260,"stem":1261,"wikipedia":1262,"__hash__":1263},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1239,"toc":1251},[1240],[11,1241,1242,1243,1246,1247,1250],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[15,1244,1245],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[15,1248,1249],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1252},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1253},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1265,"title":1266,"body":1267,"born":1282,"description":1283,"died":1284,"extension":54,"image":1285,"key":1286,"meta":1287,"name":1288,"name_en":1266,"navigation":59,"path":1289,"seo":1290,"stem":1291,"wikipedia":1292,"__hash__":1293},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1268,"toc":1280},[1269],[11,1270,1271,1272,1275,1276,1279],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[15,1273,1274],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[15,1277,1278],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1281},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1283},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1295,"title":1296,"body":1297,"born":1312,"description":1313,"died":1314,"extension":54,"image":1315,"key":1316,"meta":1317,"name":1318,"name_en":1296,"navigation":59,"path":1319,"seo":1320,"stem":1321,"wikipedia":1322,"__hash__":1323},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1298,"toc":1310},[1299],[11,1300,1301,1302,1305,1306,1309],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[15,1303,1304],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[15,1307,1308],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1311},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1313},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1325,"title":1326,"body":1327,"born":1338,"description":1339,"died":684,"extension":54,"image":1340,"key":1341,"meta":1342,"name":1343,"name_en":1326,"navigation":59,"path":1344,"seo":1345,"stem":1346,"wikipedia":1347,"__hash__":1348},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1328,"toc":1336},[1329],[11,1330,1331,1332,1335],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[15,1333,1334],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1337},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1339},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1350,"title":1351,"body":1352,"born":1367,"description":1368,"died":1369,"extension":54,"image":1370,"key":1371,"meta":1372,"name":1373,"name_en":1373,"navigation":59,"path":1374,"seo":1375,"stem":1376,"wikipedia":1377,"__hash__":1378},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1353,"toc":1365},[1354],[11,1355,1356,1357,1360,1361,1364],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[15,1358,1359],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[15,1362,1363],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1366},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1368},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1380,"title":1381,"body":1382,"born":1389,"description":1386,"died":1390,"extension":54,"image":1391,"key":1392,"meta":1393,"name":1381,"name_en":1381,"navigation":59,"path":1394,"seo":1395,"stem":1396,"wikipedia":68,"__hash__":1397},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1383,"toc":1387},[1384],[11,1385,1386],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1388},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1386},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1399,"title":1400,"body":1401,"born":1422,"description":1423,"died":534,"extension":54,"image":1424,"key":1425,"meta":1426,"name":1427,"name_en":1428,"navigation":59,"path":1429,"seo":1430,"stem":1431,"wikipedia":1432,"__hash__":1433},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1402,"toc":1420},[1403],[11,1404,1405,1406,269,1409,1412,1413,1415,1416,1419],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[15,1407,1408],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[15,1410,1411],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[15,1414,674],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[15,1417,1418],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1421},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg","raymond-of-penyafort",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1423},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1435,"title":1436,"body":1437,"born":1447,"description":1448,"died":514,"extension":54,"image":1449,"key":1450,"meta":1451,"name":1452,"name_en":1453,"navigation":59,"path":1454,"seo":1455,"stem":1456,"wikipedia":1457,"__hash__":1458},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1438,"toc":1445},[1439],[11,1440,1441,1442,1444],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[15,1443,128],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1446},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1448},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1460,"title":1461,"body":1462,"born":684,"description":1472,"died":1473,"extension":54,"image":1474,"key":1475,"meta":1476,"name":1477,"name_en":1478,"navigation":59,"path":1479,"seo":1480,"stem":1481,"wikipedia":1482,"__hash__":1483},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1463,"toc":1470},[1464],[11,1465,1466,1467,1469],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[15,1468,610],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1471},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1472},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1485,"title":1486,"body":1487,"born":1501,"description":1502,"died":419,"extension":54,"image":1503,"key":1504,"meta":1505,"name":1506,"name_en":1486,"navigation":59,"path":1507,"seo":1508,"stem":1509,"wikipedia":1510,"__hash__":1511},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1488,"toc":1499},[1489],[11,1490,1491,1492,1495,1496,1498],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[15,1493,1494],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[15,1497,94],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1500},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1502},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1513,"title":1514,"body":1515,"born":534,"description":1529,"died":1530,"extension":54,"image":1531,"key":1532,"meta":1533,"name":1534,"name_en":1535,"navigation":59,"path":1536,"seo":1537,"stem":1538,"wikipedia":1539,"__hash__":1540},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1516,"toc":1527},[1517],[11,1518,1519,1520,1523,1524,1526],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[15,1521,1522],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[15,1525,128],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1528},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1529},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1542,"title":1543,"body":1544,"born":1555,"description":1556,"died":1557,"extension":54,"image":1558,"key":1559,"meta":1560,"name":1561,"name_en":1562,"navigation":59,"path":1563,"seo":1564,"stem":1565,"wikipedia":1566,"__hash__":1567},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1545,"toc":1553},[1546],[11,1547,1548,1549,1552],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[15,1550,1551],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1554},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1556},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1569,"title":1570,"body":1571,"born":1586,"description":1587,"died":1588,"extension":54,"image":1589,"key":1590,"meta":1591,"name":1592,"name_en":1570,"navigation":59,"path":1593,"seo":1594,"stem":1595,"wikipedia":1596,"__hash__":1597},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1572,"toc":1584},[1573],[11,1574,1575,1576,1579,1580,1583],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[15,1577,1578],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[15,1581,1582],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1585},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1587},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1599,"title":1600,"body":1601,"born":1614,"description":1615,"died":1616,"extension":54,"image":1617,"key":1618,"meta":1619,"name":1620,"name_en":1621,"navigation":59,"path":1622,"seo":1623,"stem":1624,"wikipedia":1625,"__hash__":1626},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1602,"toc":1612},[1603],[11,1604,1605,1606,1608,1609,1611],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[15,1607,847],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[15,1610,128],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1613},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1615},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1628,"title":1629,"body":1630,"born":1637,"description":1634,"died":1638,"extension":54,"image":1639,"key":1640,"meta":1641,"name":1629,"name_en":1629,"navigation":59,"path":1642,"seo":1643,"stem":1644,"wikipedia":1645,"__hash__":1646},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1631,"toc":1635},[1632],[11,1633,1634],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1636},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1634},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1648,"title":1649,"body":1650,"born":98,"description":1661,"died":1662,"extension":54,"image":1663,"key":1664,"meta":1665,"name":1666,"name_en":1667,"navigation":59,"path":1668,"seo":1669,"stem":1670,"wikipedia":1671,"__hash__":1672},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1651,"toc":1659},[1652],[11,1653,1654,1655,1658],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[15,1656,1657],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1660},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg","william-saint-amour",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1661},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1674,"title":1675,"body":1676,"born":1691,"description":1692,"died":1693,"extension":54,"image":1694,"key":1695,"meta":1696,"name":1675,"name_en":1675,"navigation":59,"path":1697,"seo":1698,"stem":1699,"wikipedia":1700,"__hash__":1701},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1677,"toc":1689},[1678],[11,1679,1680,1681,1684,1685,1688],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[15,1682,1683],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[15,1686,1687],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1690},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg","william-tyndale",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1692},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1703,"title":610,"authors":1704,"body":1705,"cover":1715,"description":1716,"document":1717,"editors":68,"extension":54,"filesize":1718,"key":53,"language":1719,"meta":1720,"navigation":59,"ocr_model":1721,"pages":1722,"pagination_starts":1723,"path":1729,"seo":1730,"stem":1731,"title_en":610,"typeface":1732,"url":1733,"year":69,"__hash__":1734},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-lat3143.md",[6],{"type":8,"value":1706,"toc":1713},[1707],[11,1708,1709,1710,1712],{},"An early thirteenth-century theological summa composed at Paris ca. 1213–1215 by Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis), a master in the circle of Stephen Langton and Peter the Chanter. Following the order of Peter Lombard's ",[15,1711,128],{},", the work treats God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics, drawing especially on Langton's lectures. BnF, MS Latin 3143 is a thirteenth-century manuscript copy in two-column gothic script with later modern foliation. The Summa has never been printed in full; only excerpts have appeared in print.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1714},[],"\u002Fd\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-lat3143\u002Fcover.jpg","An early thirteenth-century theological summa composed at Paris ca. 1213–1215 by Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis), a master in the circle of Stephen Langton and Peter the Chanter. Following the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences, the work treats God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics, drawing especially on Langton's lectures. BnF, MS Latin 3143 is a thirteenth-century manuscript copy in two-column gothic script with later modern foliation. The Summa has never been printed in full; only excerpts have appeared in print.","\u002Fd\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-lat3143.pdf","183.1MB","latin",{},"10.5281\u002Fzenodo.11113737",239,[1724],{"pdf_page":1725,"printed_page":1726,"numeral_type":1727,"pagination":1728},5,1,"arabic","folio-two-column","\u002Fdocuments\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-lat3143",{"title":610,"description":1716},"documents\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-lat3143","gothic","https:\u002F\u002Fgallica.bnf.fr\u002Fark:\u002F12148\u002Fbtv1b52512463p\u002Ff1.item","GZeuX9E6BARyLkFVeNjBU1PegoQBcmYYOoAwJLcKJd8",[1736,1755,1780],{"id":1737,"title":5,"body":1738,"description":1746,"extension":54,"meta":1749,"navigation":59,"page":61,"path":1750,"pdf_page":64,"reading":55,"seo":1751,"sortable_pagination_id":1752,"stem":1753,"__hash__":1754},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39ra.md",{"type":8,"value":1739,"toc":1747},[1740,1744],[1741,1742,5],"h1",{"id":1743},"de-opere-dei",[11,1745,1746],{},"Appellat opus dei sive opus quodcunque fit ex caritate, sive ex precepto. Si per gratiam queritur facere ex caritate, vel per preceptum si per gratiam est qui per maledicte illa. Per quartum apostolus opus quod gratia tale opus pii facit, per gratiam vel per se per negligentiam, gratia tale est faciendo per quod iam facere maledicte. Sed querendum quare qui sic facit ex caritate, gratia, valet percipere maledictionem hac de oratione ea, quare nullus ne careret gratia cantet, super quod dicitur ad questionem, qui sic tenet quod precepto, gratia si per se pauper et ne diligenter accidiam vitet. Accidiam illam per quartum apostolus negligentiam si correptus, hac correptus non per correptionem opus dei, quasi correptus non facitur in negligentia. Apostolus ideo vocat gratius facere opus dei, sed iuxta divisionem in capitulo maledictiones, gratia si homo fecit eligens sive supponere diligenter, vel per habitum bona voluntate dicere ponere debitum dei iuxta hoc maledicte non habet hoc quod opus dei apostolus superfluit. Hoc dicit apostolus quintum committens iste negligentiam tenam que mortalis vel venialis si vitalis. Vere dico quod ut talis est mortalis, tunc illa maledictione, ut si confugere mitte caret in turpinam usuram ad precepto, hoc tenet debita, vel per ipse ante de opere ad quod ire pasce moriere fame. Hoc ipse supra vel pasce pauperes et tali negligentia mortali; accidia mortalis, ut in marcione iei maledictio illa, capitulo in dies de illo qui consuetum dicere matutinas si consuetudine sine devotione, vel si aliter incipiat dicere matutinas et devotione super surripit cogitatio in finem nostram quod illa accidia recitare. Sed estis ne iter ibi tonere, hoc quia dicit si studes, si scias te diversa ne gratia divinis nere intaxe et servat sed dirisse gratia putet si veritate, vel si autem dat clam et hoc anima quia dicit bona ire ratione devotione: succedat non hoc ratione non in ire ad hoc, nisi devotione hoc ratione mutatione hodierna vel devotione, gratia assilit illa cataro horarum super magister et ineta sed bona intentione per quem concedo certe intentioni inventum quod constituit in principio horarum dicit in adiutorium meum intende et fine colla intende in tota a principio etiam fine intortem constat est quia ipo si nostro ibitur sepi capto gradat ne perficitatus dicitur similiter in divisus est devotione bona est recitare. Et qui non iter ibi orare, unde supra istare in prolixe ores, in quod fiducia ponis in prolixitate dicitur cum eius ut Rimato et si scire me dixit in se sine devotione, in scriptura ubi infirmitatem teneret ne veritate quando non sciret, et super dico quod nullus simile mulier et tentaret ubi vidi sus per sacrificium fec ad prolongationem ubi vere bona intentione recitari est sacra ce fec sompno, etiam si sacramentum si sint sine devotione vel multi peritus inveniri verbis fine sine devotione, et concedo quia ic illam maledictionem iere, iere maledicte.",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1748},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39ra",{"title":5,"description":1746},81.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39ra","y0RR-xusbunL9yYiZq7kC4xfbSI33d8Lrqsl4qaGC0s",{"id":1756,"title":1757,"body":1758,"description":1762,"extension":54,"meta":1774,"navigation":59,"page":1757,"path":1775,"pdf_page":64,"reading":55,"seo":1776,"sortable_pagination_id":1777,"stem":1778,"__hash__":1779},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39rb.md","39rb",{"type":8,"value":1759,"toc":1771},[1760,1763,1768],[11,1761,1762],{},"Probibus gladium suum et sanguinem, quia magistri dei tenet et martyrium quod pharisaeus multos avertit, ideo erat ne hac maledictione sine pretiositate. Per parabolam noli trahere sit multos gratia est, ipse pater sullue non erat, de quod rota, pater certe constat non aliter perire, de quod predicat ave, et de plance et in tela ut ista si pii ire tunc retro, qui sic ipsi gloria quod possit erit de paulo. Insipiens psallit qui qui ptenit lit non intellit, respondet hoc loce psallite sapienter sus hoc autem non intellit, qui psallit gratia insipiens psallit, gratia qui peritus gratia ex peritia est. Insipiens id est sine sapore conscientia quod habet ex utilitate dicendis, sapore gratia si cantat ex caritate caritas est sapore non gratia insipiens, psallere laicus qui habet ex foris peritus quodque pro gloria insipiens, vel sine sapore uberitate et non intellit unum, principaliter gratia in quod ex caritate cantat cantus est sapore intelligentem suum inclinat ubi ego ex ponens, qui qui psallit non intellit, id est intellit non est per ullum ad sanctum concordate per nisi qui dicit sapienter psallere sancte est psallere, scilicet psalles psalle et psallit conscientia, scilicet primum, qui psallit non intellit non, cor ad intellectum non aperis sus iam per eorum actione veluti ad intellectum est non novit signifier inberbator bicogitatile, intellige id est in corde elige et qui in corde elige a vsallere insipiens psallere non equaliter exultadar imo eligendus est psallere sus subiectum non gratia ex perfecto domino sus si etiam si si non intelligit id est inius eligi qua facit opus dei rationi et malo bene gratia.",[1764,1765,1767],"h2",{"id":1766},"si-faciat-opus-dei-si-fraudulenter-maledicte","Si faciat opus dei si fraudulenter maledicte",[11,1769,1770],{},"Queritur ergo si quis facit opus dei fraudulenter corporaliter vel pure spiritualiter operatur, aut nihilominus opus hominis non est divinum, opus dei, gratia, nihilominus opus dei sit fraudulenter, gratia hoc: vulgo maledicere. Item facere etiam, vel huius in habitudinem indignationis gratia, sit et fine habent in confessione simplem ibyone et vel facere oius dei oui carnabilis, vir vel cibus corporalibus in est gratia honestum nostrum gratia haec quod fit gratia, ie ratione e vel omni vere simplem subponere pro quod pere de gratia, bone lo fit, scilicet est facere. Sed cum dicitur nihilominus opus dei z opus dei, et hoc gratia ic ipone sus quia quod multi fit opus dei fraudulenter, dare non est est, vel facere fraude domino suo h opus qui debetur ad usum domini sui referre vetet ad usum venum, et iure beneficio dei fraudulenter. Operis si gratia bonum quod debet ad dominum referre retorquet ad usus suos, hoc tribere sit translatum in dignitio nunc, a corde a manu a corporis, quod iiii facit opus honorat hac bene cogitato si laudatione, abhorrere vel bene loquit de in, a manu, non excogitat emolumento Reum hac, scilicet facit opus dei per ad lucrum gratia faciendus dei fraudulenter, immo dicunt omnis non a per quibus iter tu per et bonum opera dei non, scilicet in avaricia liberat naturam multa gratia, de per ceis conscritos: de Aliis duobus negociis bene est dicto a uester bonus, propter molimentum tale, quare in celebrat pro emolimento dolium fructus terre dare etc et per imin invenit quod dominus precepit quod dare dei mas naro non filii ie, ii ipi oret pro pio gratia ipsi votant prophetare, sus de aliis non invenio aut, est vel per et ius constitutione nostra, iter gratia patres tres bonis quintum in corda deret de verbis quod de malefactoribus quod operibus bonis vos asidane glorificet dominum in cre in sanitatis, et inintinue et per sit be face vel gratia eboit operibus considerent non et licet, vel videsident, nes sus signat dum vivit nos osidentes glorificet dominum super illas hac et qui vis bene facientes ob mure facias on yberium hominum gratia ad hoc dico quia bene psitis bonum finem nec ne alus malum dico, So me quod conscia facio illum a, per cessare sus per obiectum conscia mentor virtuti finiri quod munda a manu et non per munus a manu, a corde munet et corde sua a corde hu c, virtus a, nos fec per sua haude vel quia ex bonis operibus",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1772},[1773],{"id":1766,"depth":50,"text":1767},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39rb",{"description":1762},81.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39rb","BulOsMvWIUKjFB_NY6nsfjkN-1sUFa3HT609brhdGyw",{"id":1781,"title":60,"body":1782,"description":1786,"extension":54,"meta":1792,"navigation":59,"page":60,"path":1793,"pdf_page":63,"reading":55,"seo":1794,"sortable_pagination_id":1795,"stem":1796,"__hash__":1797},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39va.md",{"type":8,"value":1783,"toc":1790},[1784,1787],[11,1785,1786],{},"laudem queritur quia dicens dixit, quia supra. Quia ergo non propter querere laudem temporalem. Item bona tamen facit bonum opus propter bona terrena meum quod non propter laudem vel gloriam per sub querere bonum hoc et non sic facio; hoc non propter munus a manu, habere terrena numquid; sed si cetera bona terrena facere propter munus a manu. Quia tantum si dicimus quia tantum non sit ergo, ad illas ad quas tenetur non propter munus, et ad sanctum Iacobum, et non tenetur in non propter munus; non tenetur in illa accione propter munus. Item et tantum non promittere fuit non dixit nichilominus iam in actu, iam quia non meretur hoc et si licet.",[11,1788,1789],{},"Item de magistro qui docet propter denarios vel similia, queritur si habet maledictionem. Item non si fac propter avariciam vel inanem gloriam, vel de theologis aliter dicitur quia illi sunt publice persone et eorum lectio testimonium perhibet veritati. Ergo cum sint doctores verbi dei, non licet eis docere quia munus, ne venditores verbi dei inveniantur. Et habent nullum opus privilegium quod docere theologiam, docere qui publice dei tenetur facere propter munus a manu. Unde dominus in Michea: quia munus accipiebant. Sed numquid sacerdotes eorum in mercede docebant. Sed si cancellarius vel magistrum puerorum tenet propter munus a manu, dicemus quod si non sit scandalum facit; non si in labore docendi sed in arte, quia si habet artem necessariam si non meretur cum ad sanctum Iacobum non sit ire de illo; ergo non meretur quoniam quod sit. Item est quod faciat opus dei negligere et fraudat illum qui dat sine indecisione propter sicut precedens intentione videtur habere artem necessariam quia ille debet ad ubi alia detrahit non; non est in dico de hac arte. .i.i. licet habere artem non est probus si non meretur. Si hoc unum non dat in eum non est probus si non est. Sed est plus acceptare donationem unam quam aliam, quia alium non recipit propter necessitate. Si vero habet artem ut habet regem suum non probo, non est apostoli quod intentione habeat. Igitur non meritum suum perdit a si propter et illo qui in agro: Faciendo bonum opus, multo fortius est. Quia ille qui in agro facit propter dominum et non in se; ergo non meretur. Quia quod alius mercenarius status suus do penam vel gloriam, sicut parabola de filio prodigo, mercenarius, qui spe desiderio regni celestis et caput celi et tale mercennarius non donat ipse misericordiam et non est dominus propter quos. Ut deum non est. Ut cognoscat te ipse solum non sit boni est non propter alium, det sed ut ad eternum vivat. Item: si sumitis bibitis omnia in gloria dei facite, simile ad colossenses. Quodcunque facietis aut in verbo aut opere facite in nomine domini nostri Iesu Christi. Item preceptum illud quia omnis actio sit ergo si in mortali, qui in adimplet omnia precepta. Quia tantum alius habet intentionem ut det centum solidos et qui dat in dando decimum nummum legitime cum socio limite quod committeris sine intentione committi, et eum committens proprie longe procedens intentione re intentione re ipsa revocavit, redire non potest, et tamen quia ut quid sine intentione sicut ipse modo non revocat eum vel non in intentione revocavit. Sed quod non est non simile gestione est in actione. Item queritur tunc, ergo qui erat in actu meritorio intentione interrupta in eorum remanens non meritoria. Ergo si erit in agro vel domum et loquitur cum socio uniat in eum non, non est meritoria actio ad hunc dum quia illa actio meritoria fuerit ē tantum, in actu illo sine longe cum socio uel in eum tantum et in habitu non meritoria, non recipit re intentio ad eum sed non quia qui in alius opus meritorio cogit; hoc dicit fine si",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1791},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39va",{"description":1786},82.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39va","0j0QCL7sWvAnOCP7CSy2EnqCoK46INsv7B50H21Mrx4",[1799,1833,1855],{"id":1800,"title":67,"body":1801,"description":1827,"extension":54,"meta":1828,"navigation":59,"page":61,"path":1829,"pdf_page":64,"reading":55,"seo":1830,"sortable_pagination_id":1752,"stem":1831,"__hash__":1832},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39ra.md",{"type":8,"value":1802,"toc":1825},[1803,1806],[1741,1804,67],{"id":1805},"on-the-work-of-god",[11,1807,1808,1809,1812,1813,1816,1817,1820,1821,1824],{},"He calls “the work of God” any work whatsoever that is done either out of charity or by precept. If one acts out of charity by grace, or by precept by grace, the curse falls upon such a person [only when the work is corrupted]. By this distinction the Apostle calls a work of piety a work of God when it is done by grace; and such a work, when done either of itself or through negligence, falls under the malediction whenever it is performed in such a way that the doer is already cursed in the doing. But it must be asked why one who acts in this way out of charity and grace incurs the curse — for example, in the matter of his prayer — since no one ought to chant in such a way as to lack grace. To this question the answer is that he who acts thus by precept and by grace, even if of himself he is feeble, must nevertheless take care diligently to avoid sloth (",[15,1810,1811],{},"accidia","). The Apostle calls this sloth “negligence,” for if he who is so reproached is reproached not for the work of God itself but as one who is, so to speak, reproved for slipping into negligence. The Apostle therefore calls it “to do the work of God gratuitously”; but, according to the division given in the chapter on maledictions, if a man performs the work choosing to attend diligently, or by habit with good will to render the duty owed to God, then under such conditions he does not fall under the curse — for the work of God exceeds, as the Apostle says. The Apostle further says, in the fifth place, that whoever commits this kind of negligence [falls under the curse] — and the negligence is mortal or venial according as it touches what is vital. I say truly that when such negligence is mortal, then the malediction holds: as for instance if a man, fleeing his duty, falls into shameful usury contrary to precept, holding back what is owed, or who, when he ought to go forth to feed the poor, would rather perish of hunger himself. The same applies to him who ought to feed the poor and fails through such mortal negligence; mortal sloth, as in the case of one going to market [instead of to the office], the curse there falls. As to the chapter “",[15,1814,1815],{},"In dies","” concerning him who is accustomed to recite matins out of mere routine without devotion, or who, beginning matins with devotion, lets thought slip away in the end, that sloth is venial in the recitation. But you ask whether one ought to break off there: I say that if you study, if you know yourself to be turning away in various ways from divine grace and not preserving it, but rather, as it were, despising grace if in truth, or if then you give it secretly — then in this you sin, since one ought, you say, to proceed by good reason and devotion. If devotion does not follow from this reason, do not for that reason go on, unless out of devotion or by today’s reason or change of devotion you persist; for the same sloth attacks the choir of hours over the master, and yet by good intention — by which I grant indeed to the right intention what was found — that one who at the beginning of the hours says “",[15,1818,1819],{},"Intende in adiutorium meum","” and at the end “",[15,1822,1823],{},"intende",",” from beginning to end intends [as it were] in his innermost being, it stands that even our [recitation], though often interrupted, is brought to perfection. So too it is said that he is dispersed in good devotion when he recites [and yet completes]. And he who does not pray there [as he ought] — whence above on lengthy prayers, “in which you put your trust by reason of length” — it is said with him [Romatus?] that he said “if I knew myself” [to recite] in himself without devotion, in scripture, where he held to weakness lest in truth, when he did not know — and over this I say that no one is in the like situation, and the test, where I have seen him, makes prolongation through sacrifice; where indeed it is recited with good intention, sacred fact and [a remedy for] sleep — even the sacrament, even if without devotion, or though many a learned man may be found in words at the end without devotion, I grant that he goes under that curse, “Cursed.”",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1826},[],"He calls “the work of God” any work whatsoever that is done either out of charity or by precept. If one acts out of charity by grace, or by precept by grace, the curse falls upon such a person [only when the work is corrupted]. By this distinction the Apostle calls a work of piety a work of God when it is done by grace; and such a work, when done either of itself or through negligence, falls under the malediction whenever it is performed in such a way that the doer is already cursed in the doing. But it must be asked why one who acts in this way out of charity and grace incurs the curse — for example, in the matter of his prayer — since no one ought to chant in such a way as to lack grace. To this question the answer is that he who acts thus by precept and by grace, even if of himself he is feeble, must nevertheless take care diligently to avoid sloth (accidia). The Apostle calls this sloth “negligence,” for if he who is so reproached is reproached not for the work of God itself but as one who is, so to speak, reproved for slipping into negligence. The Apostle therefore calls it “to do the work of God gratuitously”; but, according to the division given in the chapter on maledictions, if a man performs the work choosing to attend diligently, or by habit with good will to render the duty owed to God, then under such conditions he does not fall under the curse — for the work of God exceeds, as the Apostle says. The Apostle further says, in the fifth place, that whoever commits this kind of negligence [falls under the curse] — and the negligence is mortal or venial according as it touches what is vital. I say truly that when such negligence is mortal, then the malediction holds: as for instance if a man, fleeing his duty, falls into shameful usury contrary to precept, holding back what is owed, or who, when he ought to go forth to feed the poor, would rather perish of hunger himself. The same applies to him who ought to feed the poor and fails through such mortal negligence; mortal sloth, as in the case of one going to market [instead of to the office], the curse there falls. As to the chapter “In dies” concerning him who is accustomed to recite matins out of mere routine without devotion, or who, beginning matins with devotion, lets thought slip away in the end, that sloth is venial in the recitation. But you ask whether one ought to break off there: I say that if you study, if you know yourself to be turning away in various ways from divine grace and not preserving it, but rather, as it were, despising grace if in truth, or if then you give it secretly — then in this you sin, since one ought, you say, to proceed by good reason and devotion. If devotion does not follow from this reason, do not for that reason go on, unless out of devotion or by today’s reason or change of devotion you persist; for the same sloth attacks the choir of hours over the master, and yet by good intention — by which I grant indeed to the right intention what was found — that one who at the beginning of the hours says “Intende in adiutorium meum” and at the end “intende,” from beginning to end intends [as it were] in his innermost being, it stands that even our [recitation], though often interrupted, is brought to perfection. So too it is said that he is dispersed in good devotion when he recites [and yet completes]. And he who does not pray there [as he ought] — whence above on lengthy prayers, “in which you put your trust by reason of length” — it is said with him [Romatus?] that he said “if I knew myself” [to recite] in himself without devotion, in scripture, where he held to weakness lest in truth, when he did not know — and over this I say that no one is in the like situation, and the test, where I have seen him, makes prolongation through sacrifice; where indeed it is recited with good intention, sacred fact and [a remedy for] sleep — even the sacrament, even if without devotion, or though many a learned man may be found in words at the end without devotion, I grant that he goes under that curse, “Cursed.”",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39ra",{"title":67,"description":1827},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39ra","-QMbq36c06W85c15EbSTqsLZiq4z0E7TmvF7PD0vMEM",{"id":1834,"title":1757,"body":1835,"description":1839,"extension":54,"meta":1850,"navigation":59,"page":1757,"path":1851,"pdf_page":64,"reading":55,"seo":1852,"sortable_pagination_id":1777,"stem":1853,"__hash__":1854},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39rb.md",{"type":8,"value":1836,"toc":1847},[1837,1840,1844],[11,1838,1839],{},"[He withholds] his sword and his blood, since the master holds to God and to martyrdom, the thing which the Pharisee turned many away from; therefore he was not without preciousness in this curse. By the parable, “Do not draw” — though many it is by grace — the father himself was not at fault, in this regard the wheel turns: the father plainly does not perish otherwise; from this he preaches “Hail,” and from the lament and in the web, that, even if those of piety then turn back, he himself by such glory will be — as it could be said — of Paul. “The fool sings, who sings without understanding.” He answers in this place: “Sing wisely” — and yet he does not understand, for he who sings without grace sings as a fool, and even one expert through expertise sings as a fool. “Foolish,” that is, without the savor of conscience which one has from the usefulness of what is to be sung; whereas in savor, by grace, if one sings out of charity, charity is the savor and is not foolish. To sing as a layman who has expertise from outside and yet sings for vainglory is foolish, or without savor and fullness, and he understands not one thing — chiefly, by grace, that the song is in savor when one sings out of charity, with understanding bowed down to its meaning. As I have just expounded: “He who sings does not understand,” that is, his understanding is not directed by anything to the holy concord — except by him who says “to sing wisely is to sing in holiness,” namely “I will sing, sing, sing in conscience” — that is, first, he who sings does not understand: he does not open his heart to understanding; and so by their action they are like one who has not yet come to understanding, who knows not the signified [meaning] but trembles in unsteady thought. “Understand,” that is, choose in your heart; and he who chooses in his heart [over] singing-as-a-fool does not equally exult — rather, one ought to choose to sing as one subject, not by grace from the perfect Lord. So, even if “if one does not understand,” that is, “if one does not choose in heart” — by which one does the work of God for reason and for evil rather than for grace.",[1764,1841,1843],{"id":1842},"whether-one-who-does-the-work-of-god-fraudulently-falls-under-the-curse","Whether One Who Does the Work of God Fraudulently Falls Under the Curse",[11,1845,1846],{},"It is asked, then, whether one who does the work of God fraudulently — bodily or purely spiritually — performs it, or whether nonetheless what he does is not divine but a human work. Or rather: it is the work of God by grace, yet nonetheless the work of God may be done fraudulently, and in that case — in common parlance — [such a man] is to be cursed. Likewise to do [so], or to be in such a habit of indignation by grace, both at the beginning and end have, in confession, simple supposition; or to do the work of God carnally, by man, or with bodily food, is by grace honest in our regard — namely that what is done is done by grace, that is, by reason; or every truly simple supposition, on account of what perishes by grace, is well done — namely, this is to do the work. But when it is said “nonetheless the work of God and the work of God” — and this by grace is supposed thus, since what most often is done as the work of God fraudulently — [such a one] does not give what he ought to give, or does fraud against his lord, who forbids that what is owed to be referred to the use of his lord be turned to a venal use, and [so] he uses God’s benefice fraudulently. Thus, if by grace he turns the good which he owes to refer to the lord aside to his own uses, this is held to be transferred to a present indignation; and [fraud is committed] from the heart, from the hand, and from the body — in four ways one does the work of God so that it is well thought of, with praise, or to be shrunk from, or well spoken of: from the hand, when he does not contrive an unjust profit — that is, when he does the work of God for gain, doing the work of God fraudulently. Indeed they say all things [are not] by which you go through, and the good works of God are not — namely in avarice it frees nature greatly by grace. From those things written by them: of the other two transactions it is well said by your own that “good,” for such a profit, in that one celebrates for emolument the firstfruits of the earth to be given, and so on. And by the same one finds what the Lord commanded — that the priests give of God, not the sons — [namely] that the godly should pray for the godly by grace, and they vow to prophesy. But of the others I do not find — or it is by our constitution — that fathers grant goods, in the fifth instance, in the heart of grace, concerning words, that “regarding evildoers, when good works [are done], you yourselves consenting glorify the Lord in heart in soundness,” and continually — and by such a one well done by grace, that he ate well, may be considered. And it is permitted; or “you see them not,” and so it signifies, “while they live, we, beholding, glorify the Lord upon them”; and “you who do well, lest you do for the praise of men by grace.” To this I say that those well [done] are good in their end, and not for another’s evil, I say. Thus what conscience does I do — to cease, by such an objection, conscience admonishes virtue to be perfected — that is, that the gift be clean from the hand and not for “a gift from the hand,” from the heart shut and from his heart, from the heart [and not] from the hand, virtue done by such — or because, from good works,",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1848},[1849],{"id":1842,"depth":50,"text":1843},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39rb",{"description":1839},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39rb","z7PUyJO_1NcLSxHZQtQuYYUgiEo07SnpP0QlGihr6IU",{"id":1856,"title":60,"body":1857,"description":1861,"extension":54,"meta":1879,"navigation":59,"page":60,"path":1880,"pdf_page":63,"reading":55,"seo":1881,"sortable_pagination_id":1795,"stem":1882,"__hash__":1883},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39va.md",{"type":8,"value":1858,"toc":1877},[1859,1862],[11,1860,1861],{},"[from good works] one seeks praise, since the speaker has said, as above. Thus [the rule is] not to seek temporal praise. Likewise, one nevertheless does a good work for the sake of earthly goods — yet not for praise or glory under the heading of seeking the good — and this I do not do thus; this is not for “a gift from the hand,” that is, to obtain earthly things — is it? But if other earthly goods, [then] to do for “a gift from the hand.” For, as we say, only let it not be so: [one is bound] to those things to which one is bound not for a reward, and to St. James [i.e., on pilgrimage], and one is not bound in this not for a reward; one is not bound in that action for a reward. Likewise, only not to promise was — he did not say “nonetheless” — already in act, already because he does not merit this, even if it is permitted.",[11,1863,1864,1865,1867,1868,1870,1871,1873,1874,1876],{},"Likewise, concerning the master who teaches for the sake of pence or the like, it is asked whether he falls under the curse. Likewise, not so if he acts out of avarice or vainglory; but of theologians it is said otherwise, since they are ",[15,1866,38],{}," — public persons — and their lecturing bears witness to the truth. Therefore, since they are ",[15,1869,42],{}," — teachers of the word of God — it is not lawful for them to teach for a reward, lest they be found ",[15,1872,46],{}," — vendors of the word of God. And they hold no privilege of office that allows one who is publicly bound to do God’s [work] of teaching theology to do it for “a gift from the hand.” Whence the Lord says in Micah [3:11]: “because they were taking a gift” — but is it not [also written]: “their priests taught for hire” (",[15,1875,34],{},")? But if a chancellor or a schoolmaster of boys holds his post for “a gift from the hand,” we shall say that — provided no scandal arises — he does so not in the labor of teaching but in [teaching] an art, since if he holds a necessary art, he does not earn ill, just as, with respect to St. James [i.e., the pilgrimage case], one is not to go from that case; therefore he does not earn ill in what he does. Likewise, the case is that he does the work of God negligently and defrauds him who gives without distinction, since on the prior intention he seems to hold a necessary art — for he ought [to teach freely] where another draws away, but does not. [So] I am not making my point about this art. Indeed, it is permitted to hold an art, and one is not approved if he does not earn his keep. If this one thing he does not give, in him he is not approved if he is not. But it is more [meritorious] to accept one donation than another, since one does not receive it on account of necessity. But if he holds an art as he holds his king [i.e., his rightful claim] — I do not approve; this is not what the Apostle holds, who has [the right] intention. Therefore he does not lose his merit, if it be on account of him who is in the field: in doing a good work, much more [is this so]. For he who is in the field acts on account of the Lord and not on his own account; therefore he does not earn ill. Because the other is a hireling — his status, his [hope of] reward gives him either pain or glory, as in the parable of the prodigal son: a hireling, who in hope of the desire for the kingdom of heaven and the head of heaven [acts] — such a hireling [the Lord] does not himself give mercy, and is not the Lord on account of those things. So that [one ought to act] not [for the sake of] God [as a means]; rather, that He alone may be known to you, not for another’s sake, give yourself, but that you may live unto eternity. Likewise: “if you eat or drink, do all in the glory of God” — likewise to the Colossians: “Whatever you do, in word or in deed, do all in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.” Likewise this precept, that every action be [so directed], therefore if in mortal [sin], he who fulfills all the precepts [is to be reckoned]. For just as another has the intention to give a hundred shillings and, while giving, dispenses the tenth coin lawfully with a fellow on the boundary which you commit without intention to commit — and [then] one committing it, properly proceeding far, by intention by the very thing has revoked it — he cannot return; and yet because, just as one without intention does not now revoke him or did not in intention revoke [him] — but this is not the same in management as in action. Likewise it is then asked: he who was in a meritorious act, his intention being interrupted, the remainder [of the act] in them not being meritorious — therefore if he is in the field or at home and speaks with his fellow, that he is joined to him is not a meritorious action with respect to this; for that meritorious action existed only [as long as] in that act without speaking far with his fellow or with him only, and in habit it is no longer meritorious; he does not recover by intention back to him, but not because he is compelled [to it] in another by a meritorious work — this he says at the end if […]",{"title":49,"searchDepth":50,"depth":50,"links":1878},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39va",{"description":1861},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers-summa-work-of-god\u002F39va","nmAHMSgtSE70blXxjWF3DPd_OVCcPsPmncF07o3gvX8",1789161134374]