[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2366},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-gerson-simony":3,"authors":36,"doc-gerson-simony":1667,"transcription-cols-gerson-simony":1704,"translation-cols-gerson-simony":2039},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":13,"document":18,"extension":19,"key":20,"meta":21,"navigation":24,"page_end":25,"page_start":26,"path":27,"pdf_page_end":28,"pdf_page_start":29,"section":5,"seo":30,"stem":31,"title_en":32,"translator":33,"year":34,"__hash__":35},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fgerson-simony.md","Tractatus de Simonia","jean-gerson",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":14},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Jean Gerson's treatise on simony, a short scholastic work laying out suppositions, propositions, and considerations on simoniacal corruption in ecclesiastical appointments and benefices. Printed in the 1706 Antwerp Opera Omnia, vol. II, running from column 645 to column 652.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":17},"",2,[],"gerson-2","md","gerson-simony",{"start_text":22,"end_text":23},"Supra materia simoniacae labis","cum ipsa plenitudine potestatis Concilii generalis",true,"651","645","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fgerson-simony",332,329,{"title":5,"description":13},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Fgerson-simony","Treatise on Simony",null,1400,"-qE61YGIwJwBM_ZLkPe5hJZr7X5vV35wHJoeIvFCRLQ",[37,76,118,155,182,200,220,258,288,324,350,393,438,489,511,535,565,592,626,660,686,717,744,773,800,840,871,897,918,938,972,998,1019,1054,1074,1104,1125,1146,1167,1200,1229,1259,1289,1314,1344,1363,1399,1424,1449,1477,1506,1533,1563,1592,1612,1638],{"id":38,"title":39,"body":40,"born":64,"description":65,"died":66,"extension":19,"image":67,"key":68,"meta":69,"name":48,"name_en":70,"navigation":24,"path":71,"seo":72,"stem":73,"wikipedia":74,"__hash__":75},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":41,"toc":62},[42],[11,43,44,45,49,50,53,54,57,58,61],{},"Albert the Great (",[46,47,48],"em",{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[46,51,52],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[46,55,56],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[46,59,60],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":63},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":65},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":77,"title":78,"body":79,"born":106,"description":107,"died":108,"extension":19,"image":109,"key":110,"meta":111,"name":86,"name_en":112,"navigation":24,"path":113,"seo":114,"stem":115,"wikipedia":116,"__hash__":117},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":80,"toc":104},[81],[11,82,83,84,87,88,91,92,95,96,99,100,103],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[46,85,86],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[46,89,90],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[46,93,94],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[46,97,98],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[46,101,102],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":105},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":107},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":119,"title":120,"body":121,"born":142,"description":143,"died":144,"extension":19,"image":145,"key":146,"meta":147,"name":148,"name_en":149,"navigation":24,"path":150,"seo":151,"stem":152,"wikipedia":153,"__hash__":154},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":122,"toc":140},[123],[11,124,125,126,129,130,129,133,129,136,139],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[46,127,128],{},"De fide",", ",[46,131,132],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[46,134,135],{},"De mysteriis",[46,137,138],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":141},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":143},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":156,"title":157,"body":158,"born":169,"description":170,"died":171,"extension":19,"image":172,"key":173,"meta":174,"name":175,"name_en":176,"navigation":24,"path":177,"seo":178,"stem":179,"wikipedia":180,"__hash__":181},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":159,"toc":167},[160],[11,161,162,163,166],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[46,164,165],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":168},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":170},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":183,"title":184,"body":185,"born":33,"description":189,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":193,"meta":194,"name":195,"name_en":184,"navigation":24,"path":196,"seo":197,"stem":198,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":199},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":186,"toc":190},[187],[11,188,189],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":191},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":189},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":201,"title":202,"body":203,"born":210,"description":207,"died":211,"extension":19,"image":212,"key":213,"meta":214,"name":202,"name_en":202,"navigation":24,"path":215,"seo":216,"stem":217,"wikipedia":218,"__hash__":219},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":204,"toc":208},[205],[11,206,207],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":209},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":207},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":221,"title":222,"body":223,"born":246,"description":247,"died":248,"extension":19,"image":249,"key":250,"meta":251,"name":252,"name_en":222,"navigation":24,"path":253,"seo":254,"stem":255,"wikipedia":256,"__hash__":257},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":224,"toc":244},[225],[11,226,227,228,231,232,235,236,239,240,243],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[46,229,230],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[46,233,234],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[46,237,238],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[46,241,242],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":245},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":247},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":259,"title":260,"body":261,"born":33,"description":276,"died":277,"extension":19,"image":278,"key":279,"meta":280,"name":281,"name_en":282,"navigation":24,"path":283,"seo":284,"stem":285,"wikipedia":286,"__hash__":287},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":262,"toc":274},[263],[11,264,265,266,269,270,273],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[46,267,268],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[46,271,272],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":275},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":276},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":289,"title":290,"body":291,"born":311,"description":312,"died":313,"extension":19,"image":314,"key":315,"meta":316,"name":317,"name_en":318,"navigation":24,"path":319,"seo":320,"stem":321,"wikipedia":322,"__hash__":323},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":292,"toc":309},[293],[11,294,295,296,299,300,129,302,129,305,308],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[46,297,298],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[46,301,298],{},[46,303,304],{},"The City of God",[46,306,307],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":310},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":312},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":325,"title":326,"body":327,"born":29,"description":338,"died":339,"extension":19,"image":340,"key":341,"meta":342,"name":343,"name_en":344,"navigation":24,"path":345,"seo":346,"stem":347,"wikipedia":348,"__hash__":349},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":328,"toc":336},[329],[11,330,331,332,335],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[46,333,334],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":337},[],"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":338},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":351,"title":352,"body":353,"born":382,"description":383,"died":384,"extension":19,"image":385,"key":386,"meta":387,"name":360,"name_en":352,"navigation":24,"path":388,"seo":389,"stem":390,"wikipedia":391,"__hash__":392},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":354,"toc":380},[355],[11,356,357,358,361,362,365,366,368,369,129,372,375,376,379],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[46,359,360],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[46,363,364],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,367,94],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[46,370,371],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[46,373,374],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[46,377,378],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":381},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":383},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":394,"title":395,"body":396,"born":426,"description":427,"died":428,"extension":19,"image":429,"key":430,"meta":431,"name":432,"name_en":432,"navigation":24,"path":433,"seo":434,"stem":435,"wikipedia":436,"__hash__":437},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":397,"toc":424},[398],[11,399,400,401,404,405,408,409,412,413,416,417,420,421,423],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[46,402,403],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[46,406,407],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[46,410,411],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[46,414,415],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[46,418,419],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[46,422,419],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":425},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":427},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":439,"title":440,"body":441,"born":426,"description":478,"died":479,"extension":19,"image":480,"key":481,"meta":482,"name":448,"name_en":483,"navigation":24,"path":484,"seo":485,"stem":486,"wikipedia":487,"__hash__":488},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":442,"toc":476},[443],[11,444,445,446,449,450,453,454,456,457,460,461,464,465,468,469,471,472,475],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[46,447,448],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[46,451,452],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[46,455,94],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[46,458,459],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[46,462,463],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[46,466,467],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[46,470,463],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[46,473,474],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":477},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":478},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":490,"title":491,"body":492,"born":499,"description":496,"died":500,"extension":19,"image":501,"key":502,"meta":503,"name":504,"name_en":505,"navigation":24,"path":506,"seo":507,"stem":508,"wikipedia":509,"__hash__":510},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":493,"toc":497},[494],[11,495,496],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":498},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":496},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":512,"title":513,"body":514,"born":525,"description":526,"died":171,"extension":19,"image":527,"key":528,"meta":529,"name":513,"name_en":513,"navigation":24,"path":530,"seo":531,"stem":532,"wikipedia":533,"__hash__":534},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":515,"toc":523},[516],[11,517,518,519,522],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[46,520,521],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":524},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":526},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":536,"title":537,"body":538,"born":553,"description":554,"died":555,"extension":19,"image":556,"key":557,"meta":558,"name":559,"name_en":537,"navigation":24,"path":560,"seo":561,"stem":562,"wikipedia":563,"__hash__":564},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":539,"toc":551},[540],[11,541,542,543,546,547,550],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[46,544,545],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[46,548,549],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":552},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":554},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":566,"title":567,"body":568,"born":33,"description":582,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":583,"key":584,"meta":585,"name":586,"name_en":587,"navigation":24,"path":588,"seo":589,"stem":590,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":591},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":569,"toc":580},[570],[11,571,572,573,576,577,579],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[46,574,575],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[46,578,94],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":581},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg","geoffrey-poitiers",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":582},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":593,"title":594,"body":595,"born":613,"description":614,"died":615,"extension":19,"image":616,"key":617,"meta":618,"name":619,"name_en":620,"navigation":24,"path":621,"seo":622,"stem":623,"wikipedia":624,"__hash__":625},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":596,"toc":611},[597],[11,598,599,600,375,603,606,607,610],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[46,601,602],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[46,604,605],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[46,608,609],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":612},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":614},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":627,"title":628,"body":629,"born":648,"description":649,"died":650,"extension":19,"image":651,"key":652,"meta":653,"name":654,"name_en":628,"navigation":24,"path":655,"seo":656,"stem":657,"wikipedia":658,"__hash__":659},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":630,"toc":646},[631],[11,632,633,634,637,638,641,642,645],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[46,635,636],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[46,639,640],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[46,643,644],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":647},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":649},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":661,"title":662,"body":663,"born":674,"description":675,"died":676,"extension":19,"image":677,"key":678,"meta":679,"name":680,"name_en":662,"navigation":24,"path":681,"seo":682,"stem":683,"wikipedia":684,"__hash__":685},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":664,"toc":672},[665],[11,666,667,668,671],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[46,669,670],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":673},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":675},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":687,"title":688,"body":689,"born":704,"description":705,"died":706,"extension":19,"image":707,"key":708,"meta":709,"name":710,"name_en":711,"navigation":24,"path":712,"seo":713,"stem":714,"wikipedia":715,"__hash__":716},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":690,"toc":702},[691],[11,692,693,694,697,698,701],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[46,695,696],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[46,699,700],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":703},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":705},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":718,"title":719,"body":720,"born":731,"description":732,"died":733,"extension":19,"image":734,"key":735,"meta":736,"name":737,"name_en":738,"navigation":24,"path":739,"seo":740,"stem":741,"wikipedia":742,"__hash__":743},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":721,"toc":729},[722],[11,723,724,725,728],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[46,726,727],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":730},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":732},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":745,"title":746,"body":747,"born":762,"description":763,"died":764,"extension":19,"image":765,"key":766,"meta":767,"name":746,"name_en":746,"navigation":24,"path":768,"seo":769,"stem":770,"wikipedia":771,"__hash__":772},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":748,"toc":760},[749],[11,750,751,752,755,756,759],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[46,753,754],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[46,757,758],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":761},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":763},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":774,"title":775,"body":776,"born":787,"description":788,"died":789,"extension":19,"image":790,"key":791,"meta":792,"name":793,"name_en":794,"navigation":24,"path":795,"seo":796,"stem":797,"wikipedia":798,"__hash__":799},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":777,"toc":785},[778],[11,779,780,781,784],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[46,782,783],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":786},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":788},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":801,"title":802,"body":803,"born":64,"description":828,"died":829,"extension":19,"image":830,"key":831,"meta":832,"name":833,"name_en":834,"navigation":24,"path":835,"seo":836,"stem":837,"wikipedia":838,"__hash__":839},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":804,"toc":826},[805],[11,806,807,808,810,811,814,815,817,818,821,822,825],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[46,809,575],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[46,812,813],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[46,816,459],{}," (or ",[46,819,820],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[46,823,824],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":827},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":828},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":841,"title":842,"body":843,"born":33,"description":861,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":862,"key":863,"meta":864,"name":865,"name_en":866,"navigation":24,"path":867,"seo":868,"stem":869,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":870},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":844,"toc":859},[845],[11,846,847,848,851,852,854,855,858],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[46,849,850],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[46,853,640],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[46,856,857],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":860},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":861},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":872,"title":873,"body":874,"born":704,"description":885,"died":886,"extension":19,"image":887,"key":888,"meta":889,"name":890,"name_en":891,"navigation":24,"path":892,"seo":893,"stem":894,"wikipedia":895,"__hash__":896},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":875,"toc":883},[876],[11,877,878,879,882],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[46,880,881],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":884},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":885},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":898,"title":899,"body":900,"born":907,"description":904,"died":908,"extension":19,"image":909,"key":910,"meta":911,"name":912,"name_en":899,"navigation":24,"path":913,"seo":914,"stem":915,"wikipedia":916,"__hash__":917},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":901,"toc":905},[902],[11,903,904],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":906},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":904},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":919,"title":920,"body":921,"born":928,"description":925,"died":929,"extension":19,"image":930,"key":6,"meta":931,"name":932,"name_en":920,"navigation":24,"path":933,"seo":934,"stem":935,"wikipedia":936,"__hash__":937},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":922,"toc":926},[923],[11,924,925],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":927},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":925},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":939,"title":940,"body":941,"born":962,"description":963,"died":108,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":964,"meta":965,"name":966,"name_en":940,"navigation":24,"path":967,"seo":968,"stem":969,"wikipedia":970,"__hash__":971},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":942,"toc":960},[943],[11,944,945,946,949,950,952,953,956,957,959],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[46,947,948],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[46,951,640],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[46,954,955],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[46,958,644],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":961},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":963},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":973,"title":974,"body":975,"born":986,"description":987,"died":988,"extension":19,"image":989,"key":990,"meta":991,"name":992,"name_en":974,"navigation":24,"path":993,"seo":994,"stem":995,"wikipedia":996,"__hash__":997},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":976,"toc":984},[977],[11,978,979,980,983],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[46,981,982],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":985},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":987},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":999,"title":1000,"body":1001,"born":1008,"description":1005,"died":1009,"extension":19,"image":1010,"key":1011,"meta":1012,"name":1013,"name_en":1000,"navigation":24,"path":1014,"seo":1015,"stem":1016,"wikipedia":1017,"__hash__":1018},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1002,"toc":1006},[1003],[11,1004,1005],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1007},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1005},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1020,"title":1021,"body":1022,"born":1041,"description":1042,"died":1043,"extension":19,"image":1044,"key":1045,"meta":1046,"name":1047,"name_en":1048,"navigation":24,"path":1049,"seo":1050,"stem":1051,"wikipedia":1052,"__hash__":1053},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1023,"toc":1039},[1024],[11,1025,1026,1027,1030,1031,1034,1035,1038],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[46,1028,1029],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[46,1032,1033],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[46,1036,1037],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1040},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1042},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1055,"title":1056,"body":1057,"born":1064,"description":1061,"died":555,"extension":19,"image":1065,"key":1066,"meta":1067,"name":1068,"name_en":1056,"navigation":24,"path":1069,"seo":1070,"stem":1071,"wikipedia":1072,"__hash__":1073},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1058,"toc":1062},[1059],[11,1060,1061],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1063},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1061},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1075,"title":1076,"body":1077,"born":1092,"description":1093,"died":1094,"extension":19,"image":1095,"key":1096,"meta":1097,"name":1098,"name_en":1076,"navigation":24,"path":1099,"seo":1100,"stem":1101,"wikipedia":1102,"__hash__":1103},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1078,"toc":1090},[1079],[11,1080,1081,1082,1085,1086,1089],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[46,1083,1084],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[46,1087,1088],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1091},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg","martin-luther",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1093},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1105,"title":1106,"body":1107,"born":1114,"description":1111,"died":1115,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":1116,"meta":1117,"name":1118,"name_en":1119,"navigation":24,"path":1120,"seo":1121,"stem":1122,"wikipedia":1123,"__hash__":1124},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1108,"toc":1112},[1109],[11,1110,1111],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1113},[],1360,1434,"maurice-of-prague",{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1111},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1126,"title":1127,"body":1128,"born":499,"description":1132,"died":1135,"extension":19,"image":1136,"key":1137,"meta":1138,"name":1139,"name_en":1140,"navigation":24,"path":1141,"seo":1142,"stem":1143,"wikipedia":1144,"__hash__":1145},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1129,"toc":1133},[1130],[11,1131,1132],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1134},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1132},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1147,"title":1148,"body":1149,"born":1156,"description":1153,"died":1157,"extension":19,"image":1158,"key":1159,"meta":1160,"name":1161,"name_en":1148,"navigation":24,"path":1162,"seo":1163,"stem":1164,"wikipedia":1165,"__hash__":1166},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1150,"toc":1154},[1151],[11,1152,1153],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1155},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1153},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1168,"title":1169,"body":1170,"born":64,"description":1189,"died":829,"extension":19,"image":1190,"key":1191,"meta":1192,"name":1193,"name_en":1194,"navigation":24,"path":1195,"seo":1196,"stem":1197,"wikipedia":1198,"__hash__":1199},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1171,"toc":1187},[1172],[11,1173,1174,1175,1178,1179,1182,1183,1186],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[46,1176,1177],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[46,1180,1181],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[46,1184,1185],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1188},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg","peraldus",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1189},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1201,"title":1202,"body":1203,"born":66,"description":1218,"died":1219,"extension":19,"image":1220,"key":1221,"meta":1222,"name":1223,"name_en":1202,"navigation":24,"path":1224,"seo":1225,"stem":1226,"wikipedia":1227,"__hash__":1228},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1204,"toc":1216},[1205],[11,1206,1207,1208,1211,1212,1215],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[46,1209,1210],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[46,1213,1214],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1217},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1218},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1230,"title":1231,"body":1232,"born":1247,"description":1248,"died":1249,"extension":19,"image":1250,"key":1251,"meta":1252,"name":1253,"name_en":1231,"navigation":24,"path":1254,"seo":1255,"stem":1256,"wikipedia":1257,"__hash__":1258},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1233,"toc":1245},[1234],[11,1235,1236,1237,1240,1241,1244],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[46,1238,1239],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[46,1242,1243],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1246},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1248},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1260,"title":1261,"body":1262,"born":1277,"description":1278,"died":1279,"extension":19,"image":1280,"key":1281,"meta":1282,"name":1283,"name_en":1261,"navigation":24,"path":1284,"seo":1285,"stem":1286,"wikipedia":1287,"__hash__":1288},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1263,"toc":1275},[1264],[11,1265,1266,1267,1270,1271,1274],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[46,1268,1269],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[46,1272,1273],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1276},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1278},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1290,"title":1291,"body":1292,"born":1303,"description":1304,"died":650,"extension":19,"image":1305,"key":1306,"meta":1307,"name":1308,"name_en":1291,"navigation":24,"path":1309,"seo":1310,"stem":1311,"wikipedia":1312,"__hash__":1313},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1293,"toc":1301},[1294],[11,1295,1296,1297,1300],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[46,1298,1299],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1302},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1304},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1315,"title":1316,"body":1317,"born":1332,"description":1333,"died":1334,"extension":19,"image":1335,"key":1336,"meta":1337,"name":1338,"name_en":1338,"navigation":24,"path":1339,"seo":1340,"stem":1341,"wikipedia":1342,"__hash__":1343},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1318,"toc":1330},[1319],[11,1320,1321,1322,1325,1326,1329],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[46,1323,1324],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[46,1327,1328],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1331},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1333},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1345,"title":1346,"body":1347,"born":1354,"description":1351,"died":1355,"extension":19,"image":1356,"key":1357,"meta":1358,"name":1346,"name_en":1346,"navigation":24,"path":1359,"seo":1360,"stem":1361,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":1362},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1348,"toc":1352},[1349],[11,1350,1351],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1353},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1351},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1364,"title":1365,"body":1366,"born":1387,"description":1388,"died":499,"extension":19,"image":1389,"key":1390,"meta":1391,"name":1392,"name_en":1393,"navigation":24,"path":1394,"seo":1395,"stem":1396,"wikipedia":1397,"__hash__":1398},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1367,"toc":1385},[1368],[11,1369,1370,1371,235,1374,1377,1378,1380,1381,1384],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[46,1372,1373],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[46,1375,1376],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[46,1379,640],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[46,1382,1383],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1386},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg","raymond-of-penyafort",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1388},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1400,"title":1401,"body":1402,"born":1412,"description":1413,"died":479,"extension":19,"image":1414,"key":1415,"meta":1416,"name":1417,"name_en":1418,"navigation":24,"path":1419,"seo":1420,"stem":1421,"wikipedia":1422,"__hash__":1423},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1403,"toc":1410},[1404],[11,1405,1406,1407,1409],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,1408,94],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1411},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1413},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1425,"title":1426,"body":1427,"born":650,"description":1437,"died":1438,"extension":19,"image":1439,"key":1440,"meta":1441,"name":1442,"name_en":1443,"navigation":24,"path":1444,"seo":1445,"stem":1446,"wikipedia":1447,"__hash__":1448},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1428,"toc":1435},[1429],[11,1430,1431,1432,1434],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[46,1433,575],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1436},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1437},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1450,"title":1451,"body":1452,"born":1466,"description":1467,"died":384,"extension":19,"image":1468,"key":1469,"meta":1470,"name":1471,"name_en":1451,"navigation":24,"path":1472,"seo":1473,"stem":1474,"wikipedia":1475,"__hash__":1476},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1453,"toc":1464},[1454],[11,1455,1456,1457,1460,1461,1463],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[46,1458,1459],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[46,1462,60],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1465},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1467},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1478,"title":1479,"body":1480,"born":499,"description":1494,"died":1495,"extension":19,"image":1496,"key":1497,"meta":1498,"name":1499,"name_en":1500,"navigation":24,"path":1501,"seo":1502,"stem":1503,"wikipedia":1504,"__hash__":1505},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1481,"toc":1492},[1482],[11,1483,1484,1485,1488,1489,1491],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[46,1486,1487],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,1490,94],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1493},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1494},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1507,"title":1508,"body":1509,"born":1520,"description":1521,"died":1522,"extension":19,"image":1523,"key":1524,"meta":1525,"name":1526,"name_en":1527,"navigation":24,"path":1528,"seo":1529,"stem":1530,"wikipedia":1531,"__hash__":1532},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1510,"toc":1518},[1511],[11,1512,1513,1514,1517],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[46,1515,1516],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1519},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1521},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1534,"title":1535,"body":1536,"born":1551,"description":1552,"died":1553,"extension":19,"image":1554,"key":1555,"meta":1556,"name":1557,"name_en":1535,"navigation":24,"path":1558,"seo":1559,"stem":1560,"wikipedia":1561,"__hash__":1562},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1537,"toc":1549},[1538],[11,1539,1540,1541,1544,1545,1548],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[46,1542,1543],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[46,1546,1547],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1550},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1552},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1564,"title":1565,"body":1566,"born":1579,"description":1580,"died":1581,"extension":19,"image":1582,"key":1583,"meta":1584,"name":1585,"name_en":1586,"navigation":24,"path":1587,"seo":1588,"stem":1589,"wikipedia":1590,"__hash__":1591},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1567,"toc":1577},[1568],[11,1569,1570,1571,1573,1574,1576],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[46,1572,813],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[46,1575,94],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1578},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1580},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1593,"title":1594,"body":1595,"born":1602,"description":1599,"died":1603,"extension":19,"image":1604,"key":1605,"meta":1606,"name":1594,"name_en":1594,"navigation":24,"path":1607,"seo":1608,"stem":1609,"wikipedia":1610,"__hash__":1611},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1596,"toc":1600},[1597],[11,1598,1599],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1601},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1599},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1613,"title":1614,"body":1615,"born":64,"description":1626,"died":1627,"extension":19,"image":1628,"key":1629,"meta":1630,"name":1631,"name_en":1632,"navigation":24,"path":1633,"seo":1634,"stem":1635,"wikipedia":1636,"__hash__":1637},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1616,"toc":1624},[1617],[11,1618,1619,1620,1623],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[46,1621,1622],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1625},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg","william-saint-amour",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1626},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1639,"title":1640,"body":1641,"born":1656,"description":1657,"died":1658,"extension":19,"image":1659,"key":1660,"meta":1661,"name":1640,"name_en":1640,"navigation":24,"path":1662,"seo":1663,"stem":1664,"wikipedia":1665,"__hash__":1666},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1642,"toc":1654},[1643],[11,1644,1645,1646,1649,1650,1653],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[46,1647,1648],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[46,1651,1652],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1655},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg","william-tyndale",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1657},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1668,"title":1669,"authors":1670,"body":1671,"cover":1682,"description":1683,"document":1684,"editors":33,"extension":19,"filesize":1685,"key":18,"language":1686,"meta":1687,"navigation":24,"ocr_model":1688,"pages":1689,"pagination_starts":1690,"path":1696,"seo":1697,"stem":1698,"title_en":1699,"typeface":1700,"url":1701,"year":1702,"__hash__":1703},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Fgerson-2.md","Joannis Gersonii Doctoris Theologi & Cancellarii Parisiensis Opera Omnia, Tomus II",[6],{"type":8,"value":1672,"toc":1680},[1673],[11,1674,1675,1676,1679],{},"The second volume of the early-eighteenth-century Antwerp edition of Jean Gerson's ",[46,1677,1678],{},"Opera Omnia",", edited by Louis Ellies du Pin and printed at The Hague in 1706. This tome gathers Gerson's writings on ecclesiastical polity and reform, including numerous treatises and sermons connected with the Council of Constance, the Great Schism, and the conciliarist controversies of the early fifteenth century. The text is printed in two numbered columns per page in the Patrologia-Latina style.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1681},[],"\u002Fd\u002Fgerson-2\u002Fcover.jpg","The second volume of the early-eighteenth-century Antwerp edition of Jean Gerson's Opera Omnia, edited by Louis Ellies du Pin and printed at The Hague in 1706. This tome gathers Gerson's writings on ecclesiastical polity and reform, including numerous treatises and sermons connected with the Council of Constance, the Great Schism, and the conciliarist controversies of the early fifteenth century. The text is printed in two numbered columns per page in the Patrologia-Latina style.","\u002Fd\u002Fgerson-2.pdf","87.1MB","latin",{},"10.5281\u002Fzenodo.11113737",592,[1691],{"pdf_page":1692,"printed_page":1693,"numeral_type":1694,"pagination":1695},8,3,"arabic","column","\u002Fdocuments\u002Fgerson-2",{"title":1669,"description":1683},"documents\u002Fgerson-2","The Complete Works of Jean Gerson, Doctor of Theology and Chancellor of Paris, Volume II","roman","https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002FJoannisGersoniiOperaOmnia17062\u002F",1706,"-BKDidcDOb6Dp5jg4Sv4y30k_u8OuikWUQ5SrOlwEN0",[1705,1749,1789,1866,1931,1967,2012],{"id":1706,"title":5,"body":1707,"description":1715,"extension":19,"meta":1743,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":1744,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":1745,"sortable_pagination_id":1746,"stem":1747,"__hash__":1748},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F645.md",{"type":8,"value":1708,"toc":1738},[1709,1713,1716,1721,1724,1728,1731,1735],[1710,1711,5],"h1",{"id":1712},"tractatus-de-simonia",[11,1714,1715],{},"Supra materia simoniacae labis in collatione Beneficiorum per Papam, resolvendo materiam ad radicem Scripturae Sacrae, qua dimissa, percurrere ramos opinionum particularium, fine caret; ponitur hic unica Conclusio: Simoniaca labes contra Jus divinum, vel de simoniaca specie suspectum, est in conferente Beneficium Ecclesiasticum (etiam si sit Papa) exigere, vel extorquere a beneficiando promptam pecuniam sub titulo primorum fructuum, ac impedire possessionem, & officiationem suam, quousque solverit illam pecuniam. Deducemus conclusionem hanc primo ex septem suppositionibus fundatis in Jure divino: dehinc respondebimus septem objectionibus: subinde septem considerationes, vel doctrinas, adjiciemus.",[1717,1718,1720],"h2",{"id":1719},"suppositio-prima","Suppositio Prima",[11,1722,1723],{},"Supponitur primo pro probatione, quod in Beneficio, praesertim habente curam animarum, sunt haec duo, scilicet Officium, & Beneficium. Beneficium autem (sicut dici solet, & verum est) datur propter Officium. Unde ad jus, & obligationem officiandi, competit jus Beneficium recipiendi, sicut infra docebitur ex omni Jure. Propterea non debet obligari quis ad officiandum per traditionem Ordinis sacri, vel alias, nisi Beneficium, id est, jus recipiendi sustentationem vitae simul annectatur.",[1717,1725,1727],{"id":1726},"suppositio-secunda","Suppositio Secunda",[11,1729,1730],{},"Supponitur praeterea, quod Officium Ecclesiasticum quandoque sumitur pro jure officiandi, quandoque pro obligatione ad officiandum, quandoque vero pro ipso actu officiandi. Est autem hujusmodi actus officiandi sic descriptibilis, quod est exercitium aliquod impensum ad utilitatem alterius, vel aliorum, pro consecutione felicitatis aeternae & damnationis evitatione. Unde per hanc ultimam clausulam differt Officium Ecclesiasticum ab Officio temporali, vel civili, videlicet ratione finis proximi, seu principaliter intenti; quoniam finis proximus Officii civilis est felicitas seu tranquillitas politica vitae praesentis; Officium autem Ecclesiasticum habet finem altiorem, videlicet salutem aeternam animarum.",[1717,1732,1734],{"id":1733},"suppositio-tertia","Suppositio Tertia",[11,1736,1737],{},"Supponitur insuper, quod haec tria pure sunt spiritualia, scilicet jus ad officiandum, quod datur a Superiore vocante, vel eligente, quia nemo sumit sibi ho-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1739},[1740,1741,1742],{"id":1719,"depth":16,"text":1720},{"id":1726,"depth":16,"text":1727},{"id":1733,"depth":16,"text":1734},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F645",{"title":5,"description":1715},329.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F645","_7i5x6DH84aaPrjcLu7SuKUF0zySspUeQ18UOpAO7Ko",{"id":1750,"title":1751,"body":1752,"description":1756,"extension":19,"meta":1783,"navigation":24,"page":1751,"path":1784,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":1785,"sortable_pagination_id":1786,"stem":1787,"__hash__":1788},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F646.md","646",{"type":8,"value":1753,"toc":1778},[1754,1757,1761,1764,1768,1771,1775],[11,1755,1756],{},"norem, secundum Apostolum, sed qui vocatur a Deo tanquam Aaron, Hebr. v. 4. Similiter obligatio ad officiandum consurgit ex consensu suscipientis hoc jus, vel honorem. Similiter actus officiandi spiritualis est ratione finis, vel objecti, &, ut frequenter, ratione ipsiusmet obsequii, sicut sunt, baptizare, praedicare, ordinare, celebrare Missam, absolvere, & ita de reliquis.",[1717,1758,1760],{"id":1759},"suppositio-quarta","Suppositio Quarta",[11,1762,1763],{},"Supponitur amplius tanquam sufficienter, & expresse determinatum de Jure divino per Christum, & per Apostolum, quod ad Officium Ecclesiasticum, sic trifarie sumptum pro jure, pro obligatione, & pro ipso opere, correspondet Beneficium trifarie proportionabiliter sumptum, scilicet pro jure, & pro obligatione, & pro ipso opere. Unde Beneficium pro ipso jure sic potest describi, quod est jus recipiendi sustentationem vitae temporalis concedentem, ratione sui spiritualis officii. Obligatio autem ad Beneficium praestandum consurgit ex obligatione quae est ad officiandum. Unde illi qui pure sponte ministrant spiritualia, non semper obligantur illis quibus fit haec ministratio, quin habeant Curatos, vel Praelatos ad hoc ipsum eis ministrandum obligatos; alioquin duplici contritione, vel onere premerentur. Ceterum actus Beneficii, actui Officii, vel exercitio correspondet, & hoc utique de Jure divino, & inseparabili, sicut deducit Apostolus ex multiplici radice sumpta, nunc a Lege Scripturae, nunc a Lege naturae. Unde sic ait, ubi prius: Quis militat suis stipendiis unquam? Quis plantat vineam, & de fructu ejus non edit? Quis pascit gregem, & de lacte gregis non manducat? Nunquid secundum hominem hoc dico, an & Lex hoc non dicit? Scriptum est enim in Lege Moysi; Deut. xxv. 4. Non alligabis os bovi trituranti. Nunquid de bobus cura est Deo? An propter nos hoc dicit. Nam propter nos scripta sunt, quoniam debet in spe qui arat arare & qui triturat, in spe fructus percipiendi. Si nos vobis spiritualia seminamus, non magnum est si nos carnalia vestra metamus. Si alii potestatis vestrae participes sunt, quare non potius nos? Sed non usi sumus hac potestate, sed omnia sustinemus, ne quod offendiculum demus Evangelio Christi. Nescitis quoniam qui in sacrario operantur, quae de sacrario sunt edunt, & qui altario deserviunt, cum altari participant? Ita Dominus ordinavit his qui Evangelium enunciant de Evangelio vivere. Haec Apostolus, 1. Cor. IX. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. immo per Apostolum Dominus.",[1717,1765,1767],{"id":1766},"suppositio-quinta","Suppositio Quinta",[11,1769,1770],{},"Supponitur rursus, quod in his quae sunt simoniaca de Jure divino, & non solum quia prohibita Lege humana (ut ita loquamur more Juristarum) Papa potest committere simoniam; quoniam divinae Legi subjicitur sicut alius, & dum transgreditur illam gravius peccat, quanto major habetur. Constat autem, prohibitum esse Jure divino, ut illud quod est vere spirituale quaeratur emi, vel vendi, sicut de Giezi, de Simone Mago Scriptura sacra palam tradit. Et sicut Christus ad Discipulos loquens determinat: Gratis accepistis, gratis date. Matth. x. 8. Ubi in eodem capitulo determinaverat, quae dicta sunt de jure Beneficii respectu Officii, dum ait: Dignus est operarius cibo suo. $. 10. Et Luc. x. 7. dicitur: mercede sua.",[1717,1772,1774],{"id":1773},"suppositio-sexta","Suppositio Sexta",[11,1776,1777],{},"Supponitur ulterius, quod licet Officio Papali, ratione juris, & obligationis, & operis spiritualis, competat Beneficium trifarie proportionaliter acceptum; nihilominus ipse Papa non potest, quibuscumque modis voluerit, Beneficium illud exigere, vel extorquere, sed juxta Legem divinam quod justum est, juste exequatur, & Ab omni specie mala (sicut jubet Apostolus 1. Thess. v. 22.) semet abstineat.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1779},[1780,1781,1782],{"id":1759,"depth":16,"text":1760},{"id":1766,"depth":16,"text":1767},{"id":1773,"depth":16,"text":1774},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F646",{"description":1756},329.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F646","ElH-J4bmR9ngBQVH1wuhXMSzl42TI2dvc_6DRCV9hwk",{"id":1790,"title":1791,"body":1792,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":1859,"navigation":24,"page":1791,"path":1860,"pdf_page":1861,"reading":20,"seo":1862,"sortable_pagination_id":1863,"stem":1864,"__hash__":1865},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F647.md","647",{"type":8,"value":1793,"toc":1848},[1794,1799,1802,1806,1810,1813,1817,1820,1824,1827,1831,1834,1838,1841,1845],[1795,1796,1798],"h3",{"id":1797},"suppositio-septima","Suppositio Septima.",[11,1800,1801],{},"Supponitur consequenter, illud injustum esse, & tale quale nemo sibi fieri vellet, quod de Beneficio jure debito ipsi Petro, ipse det pecuniam, prius quam Beneficio utatur, ne forte usurarius sit. Sic autem est in casu conclusionis, cujus veritas ex his suppositionibus simul combinatis videtur esse sufficienter ostensa. Cujus deductionis applicationem omittimus, quæ virtualiter, & resolutive stat in hoc, quod jus suscipiendi temporalia, quantumcumque temporalia videantur, est pure spirituale ratione finis & objecti; propterea Beneficium Ecclesiasticum non magis potest vendi, quam Officium cui necessario connexum est; quale tamen Officium non esse vendibile, nemo nescit.",[1717,1803,1805],{"id":1804},"objectiones","OBJECTIONES.",[1795,1807,1809],{"id":1808},"objectio-prima","Objectio Prima.",[11,1811,1812],{},"Sed opponitur ex radice multiplici. Primo, quia sicut ex antiqua Lege Decimæ Decimarum debebantur Summo Sacerdoti a Levitis. Num. XVIII. & Deut. XVI. sic non minus in Lege nova debetur hæc Decimatio, vel sufficiens recompensatio facienda per inferiores ipsi Papæ. Hæc autem recompensatio videtur rationabilis, quod fructus primi Anni a quolibet noviter beneficiato persolvantur; quoniam in hoc Papa servit Ecclesiæ, & ita propter hoc Officium in promovendo homines sibi debetur pro sustentatione condecenti status sui, & ad hoc tam personæ, quam Beneficia possunt onerari.",[1795,1814,1816],{"id":1815},"objectio-secunda","Objectio Secunda.",[11,1818,1819],{},"Amplius: Non minus potest Papa recipere, vel petere pecuniam a beneficiato, etiam prius quam sit in possessione, quam Canonici Ecclesiæ Cathedralis, qui tamen Canonici de consuetudine recipiunt tam pecunias numeratas, quam obligationem ante possessionis adeptionem.",[1795,1821,1823],{"id":1822},"objectio-tertia","Objectio Tertia.",[11,1825,1826],{},"Amplius: Non minus rationabiliter, immo rationabilius potest Papa recipere primas Annatas Beneficiorum, quam recipiunt vel Prælati inferiores, vel Ecclesiæ Cathedrales, vel aliquæ Religiones; quod tamen ita fieri frequentius invenitur.",[1795,1828,1830],{"id":1829},"objectio-quarta","Objectio Quarta.",[11,1832,1833],{},"Amplius: Beneficia multa traduntur ad firmam, seu pensionem annuam, vel in titulo, & recipitur quandoque pars pensionis, vel tota pensio, prius quam sit de redditibus aliquid acceptum.",[1795,1835,1837],{"id":1836},"objectio-quinta","Objectio Quinta.",[11,1839,1840],{},"Amplius: Quia non est probabile, quod per tot tempora tolerasset Ecclesia in promoventibus, & promotis talem exactionem pecuniarum, si fuisset simoniaca de Jure divino, quia non solum qui faciunt mala, sed qui consentiunt facientibus (secundum Apostolum, Rom. 1.32.) digni sunt morte.",[1795,1842,1844],{"id":1843},"objectio-sexta","Objectio Sexta.",[11,1846,1847],{},"Amplius: Videretur ex his, quod horribilis confusio fuisset hactenus in Ecclesia propter defectum tituli, seu juris in Beneficiis, & consequenter in defectu administrationis Sacramentorum ad populos, pro-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1849},[1850,1851],{"id":1797,"depth":1693,"text":1798},{"id":1804,"depth":16,"text":1805,"children":1852},[1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858],{"id":1808,"depth":1693,"text":1809},{"id":1815,"depth":1693,"text":1816},{"id":1822,"depth":1693,"text":1823},{"id":1829,"depth":1693,"text":1830},{"id":1836,"depth":1693,"text":1837},{"id":1843,"depth":1693,"text":1844},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F647",330,{"description":15},330.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F647","bg0ro1NwEasfWFMiCQnsUBCWRoIItEfOZ1v5nt77eNs",{"id":1867,"title":1868,"body":1869,"description":1873,"extension":19,"meta":1925,"navigation":24,"page":1868,"path":1926,"pdf_page":1861,"reading":20,"seo":1927,"sortable_pagination_id":1928,"stem":1929,"__hash__":1930},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F648.md","648",{"type":8,"value":1870,"toc":1916},[1871,1874,1878,1881,1885,1888,1892,1895,1899,1902,1906,1909,1913],[11,1872,1873],{},"pter defectum, vel suspensionem Ecclesiasticæ potestatis in Ministris.",[1795,1875,1877],{"id":1876},"objectio-septima","Objectio Septima.",[11,1879,1880],{},"Amplius: qualiter provideretur sic promotis a Papa, vel altero promovente simoniam committente.",[1717,1882,1884],{"id":1883},"responsiones-ad-prædictas-objectiones","RESPONSIONES AD PRÆDICTAS OBJECTIONES.",[11,1886,1887],{},"Respondendo talibus objectis dicimus primo, quod inferunt, & includunt aliquas veritates. Ut quod Officio Papæ debeatur Beneficium sufficiens, & condecens. Et quod ab inferioribus sibi debetur subsidium. Et quod illud subsidium potest, vel potuit, debitis circumstantiis observatis, accipi super fructibus inferiorum Beneficiorum, ubi non est aliter facta Papæ sufficiens provisio: sicut prima ratio satis hoc concludit, tam ex Jure divino, quam naturali, præsupposito divino. Sed quod fiat exactio, vel extorsio, sicut conclusio loquitur, ratio non concludit.",[1795,1889,1891],{"id":1890},"ad-rationem-secundam","Ad Rationem Secundam.",[11,1893,1894],{},"Deinde cum videtur oppositum concludi per secundam Rationem de Canonicis. Respondetur, quod lata est differentia, quoniam tales pecuniæ non exiguntur a Canonicis pro Beneficio, vel Officio, sed pro communibus oneribus supportandis, in quibus Canonicus ille particeps erit quoad emolumentum commune, sicut pro fabrica, pro pane, pro pueris de Choro, pro clientibus, pro cappa, & similibus. Non negamus tamen, quin apud aliquos modus exigendi non sit usquequaque purus, & decens, licet non proprie simoniacus.",[1795,1896,1898],{"id":1897},"ad-rationem-tertiam","Ad Rationem Tertiam.",[11,1900,1901],{},"Deinde tertia ratio concludit conformiter ad primam. Deberet ergo similis esse conformitas de non exigendo fructus ante perceptionem eorum; sicut nec exiguntur ab illis de quibus est argumentum.",[1795,1903,1905],{"id":1904},"ad-rationem-quartam","Ad Rationem Quartam.",[11,1907,1908],{},"Deinde possumus de quarta ratione, sicut de secunda dicere, & similiter de sequentibus quoad hoc, quod valde multa (proh dolor) fiunt, & facta sunt habentia malam speciem turpis quæstus, & in multis simoniacam pravitatem, sicut & alia vitia regnare videmus passim apud homines; virtutes autem raro: propterea dicit Lex Antiqua: Non sequeris multitudinem ad faciendum malum; Exod. XXIII. 2. hæc enim est argumentatio pessima: Multitudo facit hoc, igitur est licitum; quoniam oppositum, consequentis frequenter, & quasi semper, stat cum antecedente.",[1795,1910,1912],{"id":1911},"ad-rationem-quintam","Ad Rationem Quintam.",[11,1914,1915],{},"Deinde respondetur per hoc ad quintam. Addendo, quod apud bonos, conscientiosos, & eruditos, quos non excæcavit malitia, vel superbiæ, vel adulationis, vel avaritiæ, talis simoniaca pestis reprobata est per prædicationes, & doctrinas, verbis & scriptis; & novissime per hoc sacrum Concilium, scilicet Constantiense, judiciali severitate damnata fuit in Capite.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1917},[1918,1919],{"id":1876,"depth":1693,"text":1877},{"id":1883,"depth":16,"text":1884,"children":1920},[1921,1922,1923,1924],{"id":1890,"depth":1693,"text":1891},{"id":1897,"depth":1693,"text":1898},{"id":1904,"depth":1693,"text":1905},{"id":1911,"depth":1693,"text":1912},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F648",{"description":1873},330.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F648","0Z3TDWOX75bUUa_JE5MNYQAHZRU4CIXIHYNSNHAdQbs",{"id":1932,"title":1933,"body":1934,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":1960,"navigation":24,"page":1933,"path":1961,"pdf_page":1962,"reading":20,"seo":1963,"sortable_pagination_id":1964,"stem":1965,"__hash__":1966},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F649.md","649",{"type":8,"value":1935,"toc":1954},[1936,1940,1943,1947,1951],[1717,1937,1939],{"id":1938},"ad-rationem-sextam","Ad Rationem Sextam.",[11,1941,1942],{},"Denique per præmissa patet ad sextam aliqualis responsio: addendo quod aliqui, etsi non omnes, potuerunt habere verum titulum in suis Beneficiis, & verum Ordinem sicut constat; & hoc propter excusationes aliquas probabiles apud aliquos, tam Prælatos, quam subditos. Subditos enim excusare potuit ignorantia Juris & facti, in quibus supremus Papa Christus supplevit, & supplet in talibus defectum Prælatorum, stante bona fide subditorum. Rursus promotos per simoniacam hanc exactionem potuit fortassis excusare respectus redemptionis propriæ vexationis; quemadmodum dicunt etiam in simili Theologi quod ubi Presbyter nollet baptizare puerum positum in articulo mortis, nisi pecunia præaccepta, nec apparet alius potens, vel sciens baptizare propter defectum aquæ vel instructionis, parentes pueri dare possunt pecuniam; non quidem intentione emendi Baptisma, sed redimendi vexationem suam & puero providendi. Neque per hoc dicendi sunt consentire peccato simoniæ hujus Curati; sicut in materia de usuris potest aliquis accipere ad usuram licite in casibus certis, quamvis alteri nullo modo liceat dare. Unde redemptio vexationis videtur habere locum, non quidem in acquirendo Jus novum ad Officium vel Beneficium hujusmodi spirituale, præsertim apud conferentem; sed invenitur habere locum dum tolli quæritur impedimentum quod apponitur, ne quis jure suo vel re sua pacifice potiatur vel utatur. Sic fortassis excusabiles essent subditi respectu Curatorum vel Prælatorum: dum compelluntur pecuniam ante tradere, quam res spirituales eis debite conferantur; sicut in exemplo priori de Baptismo parvulorum, de Sepulturis, de ministratione Corporis Christi, de Absolutione Sacramentali, de collatione Ordinum, Matrimoniorum, & similium. Denique pro responsione ad septimam rationem; Consideratio sextuplex notabitur satis conformiter ad præmissa.",[1717,1944,1946],{"id":1945},"ad-septimam-rationem","AD SEPTIMAM RATIONEM.",[1795,1948,1950],{"id":1949},"consideratio-prima","Consideratio Prima.",[11,1952,1953],{},"Simoniaca labes sicut de per se non est hæresis, sic non aufert a Papa necessario suam potestatem vel Ecclesiasticæ potestatis plenitudinem, immo nec executionem. Prima pars ideo manifesta est, quia stat aliquem esse simoniacum ex sola depravatione affectus per avaritiam, remanente judicio recto intellectus quod sic agere peccatum est. Non est autem hæresis sine depravatione intellectus per errorem de his quæ recta Fides tradit. Potest nihilominus præsumptione Juris, vel operis, simoniacus omnis haberi in Fide suspectus. Patet altera pars, quoniam positivis Legibus suis non est Papa subjectus; ut tales sunt. Quod autem simoniacus suspendatur ab omni exercitio tanquam excommunicatus ipso facto, positivum est quod non ligat Papam, cum par in parem non habeat imperium: cum præterea sit hoc modo solutus Legibus, intellige pure positivis pœnalibus, ut supra jus hoc modo sumptum. Sic intelligenda est (prout arbitror) distinctio Dominorum Juristarum; dum dicunt aliquid esse simoniacum, quia prohibitum; & in illo tali non posse Papam committere simoniam, plane nulla est proprie simonia; nisi quia prohibita Jure divino, ubi scilicet convenit contractus iste rerum spiritualium pro re commensurabili numismate; Do si des; vel Do ut des. Nihilominus apponitur in aliquibus contractibus non de se simoniacis pœna simoniæ, ubi verum est quod hoc ideo dicitur simoniacum, quia Lege humana prohibitum, sicut aliquis punitur tanquam hæreticus præsumptione Juris positivi vel operis, qui veraciter est Catholicus.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1955},[1956,1957],{"id":1938,"depth":16,"text":1939},{"id":1945,"depth":16,"text":1946,"children":1958},[1959],{"id":1949,"depth":1693,"text":1950},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F649",331,{"description":15},331.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F649","9tMlC0wMKTKxRiscce1O6zXVqL0seZkZlatcoWiuw0c",{"id":1968,"title":1969,"body":1970,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":2006,"navigation":24,"page":1969,"path":2007,"pdf_page":1962,"reading":20,"seo":2008,"sortable_pagination_id":2009,"stem":2010,"__hash__":2011},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F650.md","650",{"type":8,"value":1971,"toc":2000},[1972,1976,1979,1983,1986,1990,1993,1997],[1795,1973,1975],{"id":1974},"consideratio-secunda","Consideratio Secunda.",[11,1977,1978],{},"Simoniaca labes in Papa conferente Prælaturam, vel Beneficium, non tollit necessario jus ad Beneficium neque potestatis Ecclesiasticæ suspendit executionem. Hæc consideratio sequitur ex antecedenti, quoniam potest Papa velle taliter promotum non incurrere Sententiam Juris positivi, etiam ubi veram simoniam committeret consentiendo simoniacæ promotioni suæ, quamvis apud Deum non evaderet omnem pœnam. Patet aliunde consideratio juxta ea quæ dicta sunt circa sextam objectionem de redemptione vexationis; vel etiam, ubi bona fides & simplex in promoto esset, ipsumque salvaret.",[1795,1980,1982],{"id":1981},"consideratio-tertia","Consideratio Tertia.",[11,1984,1985],{},"Simoniaca labes periculosior est, etsi non quoad Deum, tamen quoad Forum Ecclesiasticum, in promotis per Prælatos inferiores, quam per Papam. Hoc perspicuum est ex præcedenti consideratione: attento quod omnis simoniacus ipso Jure excommunicatus est, cum reliquis pœnis, a quibus non liberatur per Ordinarium, quemadmodum de Papa tactum est.",[1795,1987,1989],{"id":1988},"consideratio-quarta","Consideratio Quarta.",[11,1991,1992],{},"Simoniaca labes quamvis posset excusari, vel non inveniri circa receptionem pecuniarum, vel eorum quæ sunt numismate mensurabilia (quemadmodum sunt obsequia vel favores & obligatoriæ promissiones circa spiritualium administrationem, in literis testimonialibus conferendis & similibus) Nihilominus expedit in his omnibus, ut observetur Apostolica regula: Quantum fieri potest, ab omni specie mala abstinete vos. 1. Thess. v. 22. Posset de prima parte deductio fieri per plurima circa diversos Ordines & status, circa Religiosos Conventus, & seculares Ecclesias: circa Prælatos & Officiarios suos, circa Curatos & eorum Vicarios vel subditos. Fiunt itaque plurima per tales hujusmodi, quæ rectam habere possunt intentionem, licet modus faciendi scandalizet, ut quia videtur fieri pactio de temporalibus, vel negatio spiritualium, seu dilatio propter temporalia; vel ex adverso fieri videtur propter temporalia spiritualium collatio, exercitium vel frequentatio, ut in Missis dicendis, ut in Horis lucrosis, non aliis frequentandis. Caveatur igitur hæc multiplex mali species per boni speciem appositam quantum fieri dabitur, quia non est nostrum, posse scandalis omnibus acceptis occurrere.",[1795,1994,1996],{"id":1995},"consideratio-quinta","Consideratio Quinta.",[11,1998,1999],{},"Simoniaca labes commodius evitari potest per rectificationem intentionis, desiderando scilicet, vel accipiendo temporalia, non ut sunt pretium spiritualium vel cupiditatis nutrimentum; sed necessariæ sustentationis corporalis adjumentum. Sic itaque salvabitur illic non esse commutationem simoniacam, ubi tamen concurrit hoc, Do si des vel Do ut des; quoniam hæ dictiones conditionales & causales, si, ut, propter, & similes, non notabunt causam principalem, sed consecutivam, & minus principalem, seu motivam, vel adminiculativam, seu meritoriam, ut ibi: Inclinavi cor meum ad faciendas justificationes tuas in æternum propter retributionem. Ps. CVIII. 112. Quæ utique retributio referebatur ad Deum per Prophetam, sicut finis sub fine. Ubi autem unum propter aliud (ut dicit Philosophus) utrobique unum.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2001},[2002,2003,2004,2005],{"id":1974,"depth":1693,"text":1975},{"id":1981,"depth":1693,"text":1982},{"id":1988,"depth":1693,"text":1989},{"id":1995,"depth":1693,"text":1996},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F650",{"description":15},331.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F650","B9VKmSfpB9OOod4IcQjGvS3JZIhb12f5X6zSMWUmMTI",{"id":2013,"title":25,"body":2014,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":2034,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":2035,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2036,"sortable_pagination_id":28,"stem":2037,"__hash__":2038},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F651.md",{"type":8,"value":2015,"toc":2030},[2016,2020,2023,2027],[1717,2017,2019],{"id":2018},"consideratio-sexta","Consideratio Sexta",[11,2021,2022],{},"Simoniaca labes potest quoad praeterita suscipere provisionem & medelam, per hoc sacrum Concilium, propter serenationem conscientiarum & animarum salutem, taliter quod aboleantur Edicto generali quaelibet poenae vel Sententiae Juris positivi, contra simoniacos editae, cum habilitatibus ad Beneficia jam obtenta, dando licentiam insuper pro praeterito, ut quilibet possit eligere Confessorem idoneum, qui eum super omnibus dubiis vel scrupulis, in Foro conscientiae absolvat. Videtur fortassis haec provisio nimis lata, vel laxa, juxta severitatem Ecclesiasticae disciplinae; sed habeatur respectus ad immensitatem misericordiae Dei, & humanam fragilitatem, quae mallet saepe saluti propriae, quam Beneficio vel statui renuntiare, & tolerabilis apparebit ista provisio: aut si de necessitate puniendi sunt aliqui nimis notorie scandalosi; nihilominus de salute communitatis atque plurimorum, cogitetur.",[1717,2024,2026],{"id":2025},"consideratio-septima","Consideratio Septima",[11,2028,2029],{},"Simoniaca labes poterit pro futuro praeservationem habere. Cogitetur per hoc sacrum Concilium, ne Leges debitas vel jam institutas renovando, mutando, vel interpretando circa collationem omnium spiritualium, tam a capite quam a membris, cum tali moderamine, quod neque fiat strictior prohibitio temporalium quam oportet, in capite vel in membris, sicut factum esse plures existimant in quibusdam. Neque rursus permittatur talis laxatio, quae vel veram simoniam vel scandalosam simoniae speciem introducat; haec autem particulariter aperire, sit eorum qui ad hoc particulariter commissi sunt. Ceterum generale Concilium in qua potestate possit Leges hujusmodi praescribere; praesertim Summo Pontifici, sine laesione plenitudinis suae potestatis, utilis est practicatio, de qua si annuerit Deus, alias & alibi videbitur, concordando plenitudinem potestatis Papalis, cum ipsa plenitudine potestatis Concilii generalis.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2031},[2032,2033],{"id":2018,"depth":16,"text":2019},{"id":2025,"depth":16,"text":2026},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F651",{"description":15},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F651","cLscG785ah7t-1SkTL9yL8X3XpxD1o3F_QsaviGFiYY",[2040,2081,2119,2192,2255,2292,2339],{"id":2041,"title":32,"body":2042,"description":2049,"extension":19,"meta":2076,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":2077,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":2078,"sortable_pagination_id":1746,"stem":2079,"__hash__":2080},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F645.md",{"type":8,"value":2043,"toc":2071},[2044,2047,2050,2054,2057,2061,2064,2068],[1710,2045,32],{"id":2046},"treatise-on-simony",[11,2048,2049],{},"Concerning the matter of the simoniacal stain in the conferral of benefices by the Pope: resolving the matter down to the root of Sacred Scripture—since, if that is set aside, to run through the branches of particular opinions has no end—a single Conclusion is here set down: It is a simoniacal stain contrary to the divine Law, or at least suspect of the simoniacal species, when the one conferring an ecclesiastical benefice (even if he be the Pope) demands or extorts from the one to be beneficed ready money under the title of first-fruits, and hinders his taking possession and exercising his office until he has paid that money. We shall deduce this conclusion first from seven suppositions founded in divine Law; then we shall reply to seven objections; thereafter we shall add seven considerations or teachings.",[1717,2051,2053],{"id":2052},"first-supposition","First Supposition",[11,2055,2056],{},"It is supposed, first, for the sake of proof, that in a benefice—especially one having the cure of souls—there are these two things, namely Office and Benefice. The Benefice, moreover (as is commonly said, and rightly), is given on account of the Office. Hence to the right and obligation of officiating there corresponds the right of receiving the Benefice, as will be shown below from every branch of law. For this reason no one ought to be bound to officiate by the conferral of a sacred Order, or otherwise, unless the Benefice—that is, the right of receiving sustenance for life—is annexed to it at the same time.",[1717,2058,2060],{"id":2059},"second-supposition","Second Supposition",[11,2062,2063],{},"It is further supposed that an ecclesiastical Office is sometimes taken for the right to officiate, sometimes for the obligation to officiate, and sometimes for the very act of officiating. Now the act of officiating in this sense may be described as some exercise expended for the benefit of another or of others, for the attainment of eternal happiness and the avoidance of damnation. Hence by this last clause the ecclesiastical Office differs from a temporal or civil office, namely by reason of its proximate or principally intended end; for the proximate end of a civil office is the happiness or political tranquility of the present life, whereas an ecclesiastical Office has a higher end, namely the eternal salvation of souls.",[1717,2065,2067],{"id":2066},"third-supposition","Third Supposition",[11,2069,2070],{},"It is supposed, moreover, that these three things are purely spiritual: namely, the right to officiate, which is given by the Superior who calls or elects, because no one takes this ho[nor]",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2072},[2073,2074,2075],{"id":2052,"depth":16,"text":2053},{"id":2059,"depth":16,"text":2060},{"id":2066,"depth":16,"text":2067},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F645",{"title":32,"description":2049},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F645","LlRpzR1HOOOP0MbAY9IdL86NNUEQT6iBOVzfuqy-l_E",{"id":2082,"title":1751,"body":2083,"description":2087,"extension":19,"meta":2114,"navigation":24,"page":1751,"path":2115,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":2116,"sortable_pagination_id":1786,"stem":2117,"__hash__":2118},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F646.md",{"type":8,"value":2084,"toc":2109},[2085,2088,2092,2095,2099,2102,2106],[11,2086,2087],{},"[nor] upon himself, according to the Apostle, but he who is called by God as Aaron was (Hebrews 5:4). Likewise the obligation to officiate arises from the consent of the one who receives this right or honor. Likewise the act of officiating is spiritual by reason of its end or object, and frequently by reason of the service itself, as are baptizing, preaching, ordaining, celebrating the Mass, absolving, and so on with the rest.",[1717,2089,2091],{"id":2090},"fourth-supposition","Fourth Supposition",[11,2093,2094],{},"It is further supposed, as being sufficiently and expressly determined by divine Law through Christ and through the Apostle, that to an ecclesiastical Office—taken in the threefold manner just described, for right, for obligation, and for the work itself—there corresponds a Benefice taken proportionately in a threefold manner, namely for right, for obligation, and for the work itself. Hence the Benefice, taken for the right itself, may be described as the right of receiving sustenance for temporal life from the one granting it, by reason of one’s spiritual office. The obligation of providing the Benefice arises from the obligation to officiate. Hence those who minister spiritual things purely of their own accord are not always under obligation to those to whom this ministration is made; rather, the latter have Curates or Prelates obligated to minister this very thing to them, for otherwise they would be pressed by a twofold crushing or burden. Furthermore, the act of the Benefice corresponds to the act or exercise of the Office, and this indeed by divine Law, and inseparably, as the Apostle deduces from a manifold root drawn now from the Law of Scripture, now from the Law of nature. Hence he speaks thus in the passage already cited: “Who ever serves as a soldier at his own expense? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat of its fruit? Who tends a flock and does not drink the milk of the flock? Do I say these things according to man, or does not the Law also say the same? For it is written in the Law of Moses (Deuteronomy 25:4), ‘You shall not muzzle the ox that treads out the grain.’ Is it for the oxen that God is concerned? Or does he say it for our sake? For our sake it was written, because he who plows ought to plow in hope, and he who threshes, in the hope of receiving fruit. If we have sown spiritual things among you, is it a great matter if we reap your carnal things? If others partake of this power over you, why not rather we? But we have not used this power; we bear all things, lest we give any hindrance to the Gospel of Christ. Do you not know that those who work in the sanctuary eat of the things of the sanctuary, and those who serve at the altar share with the altar? So the Lord has ordained that those who preach the Gospel should live by the Gospel.” Thus the Apostle, 1 Corinthians 9:7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14—indeed, the Lord through the Apostle.",[1717,2096,2098],{"id":2097},"fifth-supposition","Fifth Supposition",[11,2100,2101],{},"It is further supposed that, in those matters which are simoniacal by divine Law—and not only because forbidden by human Law (to speak in the manner of the Jurists)—the Pope can commit simony; for he is subject to the divine Law like any other, and when he transgresses it he sins the more gravely, the greater he is held to be. Now it is established that it is forbidden by divine Law for that which is truly spiritual to be sought out for buying or selling, as Sacred Scripture openly hands down concerning Gehazi and Simon Magus. And as Christ, speaking to the Disciples, determines: “Freely you have received, freely give” (Matthew 10:8). Where in the same chapter he had determined what has been said concerning the right of the Benefice with respect to the Office, when he says: “The laborer is worthy of his food” (verse 10). And in Luke 10:7 it is said: “of his wages.”",[1717,2103,2105],{"id":2104},"sixth-supposition","Sixth Supposition",[11,2107,2108],{},"It is further supposed that, although to the Papal Office—by reason of right, of obligation, and of spiritual work—there corresponds a Benefice taken proportionately in a threefold way; nevertheless the Pope himself cannot demand or extort that Benefice in whatever ways he pleases, but must justly carry out, according to the divine Law, what is just, and must abstain “from every evil appearance” (as the Apostle commands in 1 Thessalonians 5:22).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2110},[2111,2112,2113],{"id":2090,"depth":16,"text":2091},{"id":2097,"depth":16,"text":2098},{"id":2104,"depth":16,"text":2105},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F646",{"description":2087},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F646","c4FiRdUomciBDji0SSeMcTr82ySbpAW59YKaAXg_nnI",{"id":2120,"title":1791,"body":2121,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":2187,"navigation":24,"page":1791,"path":2188,"pdf_page":1861,"reading":20,"seo":2189,"sortable_pagination_id":1863,"stem":2190,"__hash__":2191},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F647.md",{"type":8,"value":2122,"toc":2176},[2123,2127,2130,2134,2138,2141,2145,2148,2152,2155,2159,2162,2166,2169,2173],[1795,2124,2126],{"id":2125},"seventh-supposition","Seventh Supposition.",[11,2128,2129],{},"It is further supposed that this is unjust, and such as no one would wish done to himself: namely, that in regard to a benefice rightfully owed to Peter himself, he should pay money before he enjoys the benefice, lest perchance he become a usurer. Now this is just the case in the conclusion, whose truth seems sufficiently established from these suppositions taken together. We omit the application of this deduction, which, virtually and by way of resolution, comes down to this: that the right of receiving temporal goods, however temporal they may appear, is purely spiritual by reason of its end and its object; and therefore an ecclesiastical benefice can no more be sold than the office to which it is necessarily connected; and that such an office is not saleable, no one is unaware.",[1717,2131,2133],{"id":2132},"objections","OBJECTIONS.",[1795,2135,2137],{"id":2136},"first-objection","First Objection.",[11,2139,2140],{},"But it is objected on several grounds. First: just as under the old Law the tithes of tithes were owed to the High Priest by the Levites (Num. 18; Deut. 16), so no less under the new Law is this tithing, or sufficient recompense, owed to the Pope by those beneath him. Now this recompense seems reasonable, namely that the fruits of the first year be paid by every newly beneficed person; since in this the Pope serves the Church, and therefore, on account of this office of promoting men, there is owed to him [a payment] for the fitting sustenance of his state; and for this both persons and benefices can be charged.",[1795,2142,2144],{"id":2143},"second-objection","Second Objection.",[11,2146,2147],{},"Further: the Pope can no less receive or request money from a beneficed person, even before he is in possession, than can the canons of a cathedral church, who nevertheless by custom receive both money paid down and a bond of obligation before possession is taken.",[1795,2149,2151],{"id":2150},"third-objection","Third Objection.",[11,2153,2154],{},"Further: no less reasonably, indeed more reasonably, can the Pope receive the first annates of benefices than is received by lesser prelates, or by cathedral churches, or by certain religious orders — and yet this is found to be done quite frequently.",[1795,2156,2158],{"id":2157},"fourth-objection","Fourth Objection.",[11,2160,2161],{},"Further: many benefices are handed over at farm, or for an annual pension, or on title, and sometimes part of the pension, or the whole pension, is received before anything has been taken from the revenues.",[1795,2163,2165],{"id":2164},"fifth-objection","Fifth Objection.",[11,2167,2168],{},"Further: because it is not probable that the Church would have tolerated for so long a time, among those promoting and those promoted, such an exaction of money, if it had been simoniacal by divine law; for not only those who commit evil deeds, but also those who consent to those who commit them (according to the Apostle, Rom. 1:32) are worthy of death.",[1795,2170,2172],{"id":2171},"sixth-objection","Sixth Objection.",[11,2174,2175],{},"Further: from these considerations it would seem that a dreadful confusion would have existed hitherto in the Church, owing to a defect of title, or of right, in benefices, and consequently to a defect in the administration of the sacraments to the people, on account",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2177},[2178,2179],{"id":2125,"depth":1693,"text":2126},{"id":2132,"depth":16,"text":2133,"children":2180},[2181,2182,2183,2184,2185,2186],{"id":2136,"depth":1693,"text":2137},{"id":2143,"depth":1693,"text":2144},{"id":2150,"depth":1693,"text":2151},{"id":2157,"depth":1693,"text":2158},{"id":2164,"depth":1693,"text":2165},{"id":2171,"depth":1693,"text":2172},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F647",{"description":15},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F647","ctV443P7MhdSCs23fo3paxu4UqH9gohrOZtF2yfGksQ",{"id":2193,"title":1868,"body":2194,"description":2198,"extension":19,"meta":2250,"navigation":24,"page":1868,"path":2251,"pdf_page":1861,"reading":20,"seo":2252,"sortable_pagination_id":1928,"stem":2253,"__hash__":2254},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F648.md",{"type":8,"value":2195,"toc":2241},[2196,2199,2203,2206,2210,2213,2217,2220,2224,2227,2231,2234,2238],[11,2197,2198],{},"of the defect or suspension of ecclesiastical power in its ministers.",[1795,2200,2202],{"id":2201},"seventh-objection","Seventh Objection.",[11,2204,2205],{},"Further: how would provision be made for those thus promoted by the Pope, or by any other promoter who commits simony?",[1717,2207,2209],{"id":2208},"responses-to-the-foregoing-objections","RESPONSES TO THE FOREGOING OBJECTIONS.",[11,2211,2212],{},"In reply to such objections we say first that they imply and include certain truths: namely, that a sufficient and fitting benefice is owed to the office of the Pope; and that support is owed to him by his inferiors; and that such support can, or could, with the due circumstances observed, be taken from the fruits of lesser benefices, where no other sufficient provision has been made for the Pope — as the first argument sufficiently concludes, both by divine law and by natural law, the divine being presupposed. But that there should be exaction or extortion, as the conclusion speaks of, the argument does not establish.",[1795,2214,2216],{"id":2215},"to-the-second-argument","To the Second Argument.",[11,2218,2219],{},"Next, where the opposite seems to be concluded by the second argument concerning canons, the reply is that there is a great difference: for such monies are not exacted from canons for a benefice or an office, but for the supporting of common burdens, in which that canon will share as to the common emolument — such as for the fabric, for bread, for the choir-boys, for retainers, for the cope, and the like. We do not deny, however, that among some persons the manner of exacting is not altogether pure and becoming, though not properly simoniacal.",[1795,2221,2223],{"id":2222},"to-the-third-argument","To the Third Argument.",[11,2225,2226],{},"Next, the third argument concludes in conformity with the first. Therefore a like conformity ought to hold as to not exacting the fruits before they have been received, just as they are not exacted from those of whom the argument speaks.",[1795,2228,2230],{"id":2229},"to-the-fourth-argument","To the Fourth Argument.",[11,2232,2233],{},"Next, concerning the fourth argument we can speak as we did of the second, and likewise of those that follow, to this effect: that very many things (alas!) are done, and have been done, bearing the evil appearance of shameful gain, and in many cases simoniacal depravity, just as we see other vices also reigning everywhere among men, while virtues rarely do. Therefore the old Law says: “Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil” (Exod. 23:2); for this is a most wicked form of argument: “The multitude does this, therefore it is lawful”; since the opposite of the consequent frequently, and almost always, stands together with the antecedent.",[1795,2235,2237],{"id":2236},"to-the-fifth-argument","To the Fifth Argument.",[11,2239,2240],{},"Next, reply is made by this also to the fifth. Adding that among the good, the conscientious, and the learned, whom malice — whether of pride, or of flattery, or of avarice — has not blinded, this simoniacal plague has been reproved by preachings and teachings, by words and by writings; and most recently, by this sacred Council, namely the Council of Constance, it was condemned with judicial severity in the Head.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2242},[2243,2244],{"id":2201,"depth":1693,"text":2202},{"id":2208,"depth":16,"text":2209,"children":2245},[2246,2247,2248,2249],{"id":2215,"depth":1693,"text":2216},{"id":2222,"depth":1693,"text":2223},{"id":2229,"depth":1693,"text":2230},{"id":2236,"depth":1693,"text":2237},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F648",{"description":2198},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F648","W-h76aGHerDaTKPw4vLIEoH7YqoGLMFTPU1EV2zB4Ck",{"id":2256,"title":1933,"body":2257,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":2287,"navigation":24,"page":1933,"path":2288,"pdf_page":1962,"reading":20,"seo":2289,"sortable_pagination_id":1964,"stem":2290,"__hash__":2291},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F649.md",{"type":8,"value":2258,"toc":2281},[2259,2263,2266,2270,2274],[1717,2260,2262],{"id":2261},"to-the-sixth-argument","To the Sixth Argument.",[11,2264,2265],{},"Finally, from what has been said above, some answer to the sixth [objection] becomes apparent: adding that some, though not all, could have held a true title to their benefices and a true Order, as is evident; and this on account of certain excuses probable in the eyes of some, both prelates and subjects. For ignorance of law and of fact could excuse the subjects, in which cases the supreme Pope Christ supplied, and still supplies, the defect of the prelates, so long as the good faith of the subjects stands. Again, those promoted through this simoniacal exaction could perhaps be excused on the ground of redeeming their own harassment; just as the theologians likewise say in a parallel case, that where a priest would refuse to baptize a child at the point of death unless money were first received, and no other person capable or knowledgeable in baptizing appears, because of a lack of water or of instruction, the parents of the child may give the money — not, indeed, with the intention of buying Baptism, but of redeeming their own harassment and providing for the child. Nor are they on this account to be said to consent to the sin of simony of that curate; just as in the matter of usury one may lawfully borrow at usury in certain cases, even though it is in no way lawful for the other party to lend. Hence redemption of harassment seems to have its place — not indeed in acquiring a new right to an office or benefice of this spiritual sort, particularly with respect to the conferrer; but it is found to have its place when one seeks to remove an impediment that is placed [in the way], so that one may not peaceably possess or use his own right or his own property. Thus perhaps the subjects would be excusable with respect to curates or prelates, when they are compelled to hand over money before spiritual things are duly conferred upon them; as in the earlier example concerning the Baptism of infants, concerning burials, concerning the ministration of the Body of Christ, concerning sacramental Absolution, concerning the conferral of Orders, of Matrimony, and the like. Finally, by way of answer to the seventh argument, a sixfold Consideration will be set down, sufficiently in conformity with what has gone before.",[1717,2267,2269],{"id":2268},"to-the-seventh-argument","TO THE SEVENTH ARGUMENT.",[1795,2271,2273],{"id":2272},"first-consideration","First Consideration.",[11,2275,2276,2277,2280],{},"The stain of simony, just as of itself it is not heresy, likewise does not necessarily take away from the Pope his power or the plenitude of ecclesiastical power, nor indeed the exercise of it. The first part is therefore manifest, because it stands that someone may be a simoniac from a mere depravation of affection through avarice, while the right judgment of the intellect remains — namely, that to act thus is a sin. But there is no heresy without a depravation of the intellect through error concerning those things which the right Faith delivers. Nevertheless, by presumption of law or of the deed, every simoniac may be held suspect in the Faith. The other part is clear, since the Pope is not subject to his own positive laws, insofar as they are such. But that the simoniac be suspended from all exercise as one excommunicated ",[46,2278,2279],{},"ipso facto"," is a positive [matter] which does not bind the Pope, since an equal has no authority over an equal: since, moreover, he is in this way loosed from the laws — understand, purely positive penal laws, as above — taking law in this sense. Thus (as I judge) the distinction of the lords Jurists is to be understood, when they say that something is simoniacal because it is prohibited, and that in such a matter the Pope cannot commit simony — plainly there is properly no simony there; except insofar as it is prohibited by divine law, that is to say, where there takes place that contract of spiritual things for something commensurable with money: “I give if you give,” or “I give that you may give.” Nevertheless, in some contracts which are not of themselves simoniacal, the penalty of simony is attached, where it is true that the thing is called simoniacal for this reason, that it is prohibited by human law — just as someone may be punished as a heretic by presumption of positive law or of the deed, who is truly a Catholic.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2282},[2283,2284],{"id":2261,"depth":16,"text":2262},{"id":2268,"depth":16,"text":2269,"children":2285},[2286],{"id":2272,"depth":1693,"text":2273},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F649",{"description":15},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F649","Lc0ItHhdo42utz6oKfB2rdSK0Y2FDzUYnMnBitRGQU8",{"id":2293,"title":1969,"body":2294,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":2334,"navigation":24,"page":1969,"path":2335,"pdf_page":1962,"reading":20,"seo":2336,"sortable_pagination_id":2009,"stem":2337,"__hash__":2338},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F650.md",{"type":8,"value":2295,"toc":2328},[2296,2300,2303,2307,2314,2318,2321,2325],[1795,2297,2299],{"id":2298},"second-consideration","Second Consideration.",[11,2301,2302],{},"The stain of simony in a Pope conferring a prelacy or a benefice does not necessarily take away the right to the benefice, nor does it suspend the exercise of ecclesiastical power. This consideration follows from the preceding, since the Pope can will that one so promoted does not incur the sentence of positive law, even where he would commit true simony by consenting to his own simoniacal promotion — although in God’s sight he would not escape every penalty. The consideration is also clear from another angle, in line with what has been said concerning the sixth objection about the redemption of harassment; or likewise, where there is good and simple faith in the one promoted, this would save him.",[1795,2304,2306],{"id":2305},"third-consideration","Third Consideration.",[11,2308,2309,2310,2313],{},"The stain of simony is more perilous — even if not with respect to God, yet with respect to the ecclesiastical forum — in those promoted by lower prelates than by the Pope. This is plain from the preceding consideration: attending to the fact that every simoniac is ",[46,2311,2312],{},"ipso jure"," excommunicated, with the other penalties, from which he is not freed by the Ordinary, as has been touched upon concerning the Pope.",[1795,2315,2317],{"id":2316},"fourth-consideration","Fourth Consideration.",[11,2319,2320],{},"Although the stain of simony may be excused, or may not be found in the receiving of monies, or of those things which are measurable in money (such as services or favors and binding promises concerning the administration of spiritual things, in the conferring of letters testimonial and the like) — nevertheless it is expedient in all these matters that the apostolic rule be observed: “As far as can be done, abstain from every appearance of evil.” 1 Thessalonians 5:22. On the first part a deduction could be made through many [examples] concerning the various Orders and estates, concerning religious convents and secular churches, concerning prelates and their officers, concerning curates and their vicars or subjects. Many things, then, are done by such persons in this way, which can have a right intention, although the manner of doing them gives scandal — as when a bargain seems to be made concerning temporal things, or a denial of spiritual things, or a delay of them on account of temporal things; or conversely, the conferral, exercise, or frequenting of spiritual things seems to be done for the sake of temporal things, as in Masses to be said, as in the profitable Hours being frequented while others are not. Let this manifold appearance of evil therefore be guarded against by the appearance of good set against it, so far as it shall be granted to do so — for it is not within our power to meet all possible scandals.",[1795,2322,2324],{"id":2323},"fifth-consideration","Fifth Consideration.",[11,2326,2327],{},"The stain of simony can more conveniently be avoided by the rectification of intention, namely, by desiring or accepting temporal things not as the price of spiritual things or as nourishment of cupidity, but as the necessary support of bodily sustenance. Thus it will be preserved that there is no simoniacal exchange there, even where this concurs: “I give if you give” or “I give that you may give”; since these conditional and causal expressions — “if,” “that,” “on account of,” and the like — will not denote the principal cause, but a consequent and less principal one, or a motive, auxiliary, or meritorious [cause], as in that passage: “I have inclined my heart to perform thy statutes for ever, for the reward.” Psalm 119:112. Which reward was indeed referred by the Prophet to God, as an end under [a higher] end. For where one thing is for the sake of another (as the Philosopher says), both are one.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2329},[2330,2331,2332,2333],{"id":2298,"depth":1693,"text":2299},{"id":2305,"depth":1693,"text":2306},{"id":2316,"depth":1693,"text":2317},{"id":2323,"depth":1693,"text":2324},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F650",{"description":15},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F650","rqH6o0cf9GRBKwE3nl4bRcbcnQgx7VJ8Qdh8M7IeANk",{"id":2340,"title":25,"body":2341,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":2361,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":2362,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2363,"sortable_pagination_id":28,"stem":2364,"__hash__":2365},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F651.md",{"type":8,"value":2342,"toc":2357},[2343,2347,2350,2354],[1717,2344,2346],{"id":2345},"sixth-consideration","Sixth Consideration",[11,2348,2349],{},"The stain of simony can, as regards the past, admit of provision and remedy through this sacred Council, for the calming of consciences and the salvation of souls, in such a way that by a general edict any penalties or sentences of positive law enacted against simoniacs be abolished, together with a restoration of eligibility for benefices already obtained, granting in addition a license for the past whereby anyone may choose a suitable confessor who shall absolve him, in the forum of conscience, from all doubts or scruples. This provision may perhaps seem too broad or lax when measured against the severity of ecclesiastical discipline; but if regard is had to the immensity of God’s mercy and to human frailty — which would often prefer to renounce its own salvation rather than its benefice or status — this provision will appear tolerable. Or if of necessity some who are too notoriously scandalous must be punished, let thought nonetheless be given to the welfare of the community and of the many.",[1717,2351,2353],{"id":2352},"seventh-consideration","Seventh Consideration",[11,2355,2356],{},"The stain of simony will be able to have a safeguard for the future. Let care be taken by this sacred Council, in renewing, altering, or interpreting the due laws or those already instituted concerning the collation of all spiritual things — whether by the head or by the members — that it be done with such moderation that there be neither a stricter prohibition of temporal things than is fitting, in the head or in the members (as many judge has been made in certain matters), nor again such a relaxation permitted as would introduce either true simony or a scandalous appearance of simony. But to set these matters forth in particular belongs to those who have been specifically commissioned for this purpose. As for the further question, by what authority a general Council may prescribe laws of this sort — especially to the Supreme Pontiff, without injury to the plenitude of his power — the practical working out of this is useful, and, if God grant it, will be examined elsewhere and at another time, harmonizing the plenitude of papal power with the very plenitude of power of the general Council.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2358},[2359,2360],{"id":2345,"depth":16,"text":2346},{"id":2352,"depth":16,"text":2353},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F651",{"description":15},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fgerson-simony\u002F651","xYBPjqZvXLfelO8DPsxuXf-7vXVVqL5Yx0c74iIpkc0",1789161139877]