[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2507},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-luther-genesis-25.31-34":3,"authors":37,"doc-luther-genesis-25.31-34":1669,"transcription-cols-luther-genesis-25.31-34":1711,"translation-cols-luther-genesis-25.31-34":2105},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":13,"document":18,"extension":19,"key":20,"meta":21,"navigation":24,"page_end":25,"page_start":26,"path":27,"pdf_page_end":28,"pdf_page_start":29,"section":30,"seo":31,"stem":32,"title_en":33,"translator":34,"year":35,"__hash__":36},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34.md","In Primum Librum Mose Enarrationes: Gen. 25, 31–34","martin-luther",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":14},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Luther's commentary on the sale of Esau's birthright reads the episode as a typological account of simony: Esau, who despises his spiritual inheritance for a bowl of lentils, becomes the type of those who traffic in sacred goods for material gain, while Jacob represents the faithful recipient of divine promise. Luther develops this through extended comparison of Esau with papal and monastic hypocrisy, contrasting carnal ostentation with the hidden, suffering life of genuine faith, and using the passage to reflect on the proper valuation of spiritual succession and ecclesiastical office.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":17},"",2,[],"weimer-43","md","luther-genesis-25.31-34",{"start_text":22,"end_text":23},"Hic magna quaestio oritur de emptione et venditione primogeniturae","quod in multis tribulationibus vitam egerit",true,"432","419","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34",444,431,"Genesis 25:31–34",{"title":5,"description":13},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34","Lectures on Genesis: Genesis 25:31–34",null,1540,"DGlrFKm9M1SjOUvSt5mVXFwwLGywaW2ge5t1VxnSMy0",[38,77,119,156,183,201,221,259,289,325,352,395,440,491,513,537,567,594,628,662,688,719,746,775,802,842,873,899,920,941,975,1001,1022,1057,1077,1106,1127,1148,1169,1202,1231,1261,1291,1316,1346,1365,1401,1426,1451,1479,1508,1535,1565,1594,1614,1640],{"id":39,"title":40,"body":41,"born":65,"description":66,"died":67,"extension":19,"image":68,"key":69,"meta":70,"name":49,"name_en":71,"navigation":24,"path":72,"seo":73,"stem":74,"wikipedia":75,"__hash__":76},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":42,"toc":63},[43],[11,44,45,46,50,51,54,55,58,59,62],{},"Albert the Great (",[47,48,49],"em",{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[47,52,53],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[47,56,57],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[47,60,61],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":64},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":66},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":78,"title":79,"body":80,"born":107,"description":108,"died":109,"extension":19,"image":110,"key":111,"meta":112,"name":87,"name_en":113,"navigation":24,"path":114,"seo":115,"stem":116,"wikipedia":117,"__hash__":118},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":81,"toc":105},[82],[11,83,84,85,88,89,92,93,96,97,100,101,104],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[47,86,87],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[47,90,91],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[47,94,95],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[47,98,99],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[47,102,103],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":106},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":108},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":120,"title":121,"body":122,"born":143,"description":144,"died":145,"extension":19,"image":146,"key":147,"meta":148,"name":149,"name_en":150,"navigation":24,"path":151,"seo":152,"stem":153,"wikipedia":154,"__hash__":155},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":123,"toc":141},[124],[11,125,126,127,130,131,130,134,130,137,140],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[47,128,129],{},"De fide",", ",[47,132,133],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[47,135,136],{},"De mysteriis",[47,138,139],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":142},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":144},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":157,"title":158,"body":159,"born":170,"description":171,"died":172,"extension":19,"image":173,"key":174,"meta":175,"name":176,"name_en":177,"navigation":24,"path":178,"seo":179,"stem":180,"wikipedia":181,"__hash__":182},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":160,"toc":168},[161],[11,162,163,164,167],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[47,165,166],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":169},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":171},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":184,"title":185,"body":186,"born":34,"description":190,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":194,"meta":195,"name":196,"name_en":185,"navigation":24,"path":197,"seo":198,"stem":199,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":200},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":187,"toc":191},[188],[11,189,190],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":192},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":190},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":202,"title":203,"body":204,"born":211,"description":208,"died":212,"extension":19,"image":213,"key":214,"meta":215,"name":203,"name_en":203,"navigation":24,"path":216,"seo":217,"stem":218,"wikipedia":219,"__hash__":220},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":205,"toc":209},[206],[11,207,208],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":210},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":208},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":222,"title":223,"body":224,"born":247,"description":248,"died":249,"extension":19,"image":250,"key":251,"meta":252,"name":253,"name_en":223,"navigation":24,"path":254,"seo":255,"stem":256,"wikipedia":257,"__hash__":258},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":225,"toc":245},[226],[11,227,228,229,232,233,236,237,240,241,244],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[47,230,231],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[47,234,235],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[47,238,239],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[47,242,243],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":246},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":248},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":260,"title":261,"body":262,"born":34,"description":277,"died":278,"extension":19,"image":279,"key":280,"meta":281,"name":282,"name_en":283,"navigation":24,"path":284,"seo":285,"stem":286,"wikipedia":287,"__hash__":288},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":263,"toc":275},[264],[11,265,266,267,270,271,274],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[47,268,269],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[47,272,273],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":276},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":277},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":290,"title":291,"body":292,"born":312,"description":313,"died":314,"extension":19,"image":315,"key":316,"meta":317,"name":318,"name_en":319,"navigation":24,"path":320,"seo":321,"stem":322,"wikipedia":323,"__hash__":324},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":293,"toc":310},[294],[11,295,296,297,300,301,130,303,130,306,309],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[47,298,299],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[47,302,299],{},[47,304,305],{},"The City of God",[47,307,308],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":311},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":313},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":326,"title":327,"body":328,"born":339,"description":340,"died":341,"extension":19,"image":342,"key":343,"meta":344,"name":345,"name_en":346,"navigation":24,"path":347,"seo":348,"stem":349,"wikipedia":350,"__hash__":351},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":329,"toc":337},[330],[11,331,332,333,336],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[47,334,335],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":338},[],329,"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":340},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":353,"title":354,"body":355,"born":384,"description":385,"died":386,"extension":19,"image":387,"key":388,"meta":389,"name":362,"name_en":354,"navigation":24,"path":390,"seo":391,"stem":392,"wikipedia":393,"__hash__":394},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":356,"toc":382},[357],[11,358,359,360,363,364,367,368,370,371,130,374,377,378,381],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[47,361,362],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[47,365,366],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,369,95],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[47,372,373],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[47,375,376],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[47,379,380],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":383},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":385},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":396,"title":397,"body":398,"born":428,"description":429,"died":430,"extension":19,"image":431,"key":432,"meta":433,"name":434,"name_en":434,"navigation":24,"path":435,"seo":436,"stem":437,"wikipedia":438,"__hash__":439},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":399,"toc":426},[400],[11,401,402,403,406,407,410,411,414,415,418,419,422,423,425],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[47,404,405],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[47,408,409],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[47,412,413],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[47,416,417],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[47,420,421],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[47,424,421],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":427},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":429},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":441,"title":442,"body":443,"born":428,"description":480,"died":481,"extension":19,"image":482,"key":483,"meta":484,"name":450,"name_en":485,"navigation":24,"path":486,"seo":487,"stem":488,"wikipedia":489,"__hash__":490},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":444,"toc":478},[445],[11,446,447,448,451,452,455,456,458,459,462,463,466,467,470,471,473,474,477],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[47,449,450],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[47,453,454],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[47,457,95],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[47,460,461],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[47,464,465],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[47,468,469],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[47,472,465],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[47,475,476],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":479},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":480},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":492,"title":493,"body":494,"born":501,"description":498,"died":502,"extension":19,"image":503,"key":504,"meta":505,"name":506,"name_en":507,"navigation":24,"path":508,"seo":509,"stem":510,"wikipedia":511,"__hash__":512},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":495,"toc":499},[496],[11,497,498],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":500},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":498},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":514,"title":515,"body":516,"born":527,"description":528,"died":172,"extension":19,"image":529,"key":530,"meta":531,"name":515,"name_en":515,"navigation":24,"path":532,"seo":533,"stem":534,"wikipedia":535,"__hash__":536},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":517,"toc":525},[518],[11,519,520,521,524],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[47,522,523],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":526},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":528},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":538,"title":539,"body":540,"born":555,"description":556,"died":557,"extension":19,"image":558,"key":559,"meta":560,"name":561,"name_en":539,"navigation":24,"path":562,"seo":563,"stem":564,"wikipedia":565,"__hash__":566},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":541,"toc":553},[542],[11,543,544,545,548,549,552],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[47,546,547],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[47,550,551],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":554},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":556},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":568,"title":569,"body":570,"born":34,"description":584,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":585,"key":586,"meta":587,"name":588,"name_en":589,"navigation":24,"path":590,"seo":591,"stem":592,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":593},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":571,"toc":582},[572],[11,573,574,575,578,579,581],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[47,576,577],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[47,580,95],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":583},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg","geoffrey-poitiers",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":584},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":595,"title":596,"body":597,"born":615,"description":616,"died":617,"extension":19,"image":618,"key":619,"meta":620,"name":621,"name_en":622,"navigation":24,"path":623,"seo":624,"stem":625,"wikipedia":626,"__hash__":627},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":598,"toc":613},[599],[11,600,601,602,377,605,608,609,612],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[47,603,604],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[47,606,607],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[47,610,611],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":614},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":616},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":629,"title":630,"body":631,"born":650,"description":651,"died":652,"extension":19,"image":653,"key":654,"meta":655,"name":656,"name_en":630,"navigation":24,"path":657,"seo":658,"stem":659,"wikipedia":660,"__hash__":661},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":632,"toc":648},[633],[11,634,635,636,639,640,643,644,647],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[47,637,638],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[47,641,642],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[47,645,646],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":649},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":651},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":663,"title":664,"body":665,"born":676,"description":677,"died":678,"extension":19,"image":679,"key":680,"meta":681,"name":682,"name_en":664,"navigation":24,"path":683,"seo":684,"stem":685,"wikipedia":686,"__hash__":687},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":666,"toc":674},[667],[11,668,669,670,673],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[47,671,672],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":675},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":677},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":689,"title":690,"body":691,"born":706,"description":707,"died":708,"extension":19,"image":709,"key":710,"meta":711,"name":712,"name_en":713,"navigation":24,"path":714,"seo":715,"stem":716,"wikipedia":717,"__hash__":718},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":692,"toc":704},[693],[11,694,695,696,699,700,703],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[47,697,698],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[47,701,702],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":705},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":707},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":720,"title":721,"body":722,"born":733,"description":734,"died":735,"extension":19,"image":736,"key":737,"meta":738,"name":739,"name_en":740,"navigation":24,"path":741,"seo":742,"stem":743,"wikipedia":744,"__hash__":745},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":723,"toc":731},[724],[11,725,726,727,730],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[47,728,729],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":732},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":734},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":747,"title":748,"body":749,"born":764,"description":765,"died":766,"extension":19,"image":767,"key":768,"meta":769,"name":748,"name_en":748,"navigation":24,"path":770,"seo":771,"stem":772,"wikipedia":773,"__hash__":774},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":750,"toc":762},[751],[11,752,753,754,757,758,761],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[47,755,756],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[47,759,760],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":763},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":765},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":776,"title":777,"body":778,"born":789,"description":790,"died":791,"extension":19,"image":792,"key":793,"meta":794,"name":795,"name_en":796,"navigation":24,"path":797,"seo":798,"stem":799,"wikipedia":800,"__hash__":801},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":779,"toc":787},[780],[11,781,782,783,786],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[47,784,785],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":788},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":790},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":803,"title":804,"body":805,"born":65,"description":830,"died":831,"extension":19,"image":832,"key":833,"meta":834,"name":835,"name_en":836,"navigation":24,"path":837,"seo":838,"stem":839,"wikipedia":840,"__hash__":841},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":806,"toc":828},[807],[11,808,809,810,812,813,816,817,819,820,823,824,827],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[47,811,577],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[47,814,815],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[47,818,461],{}," (or ",[47,821,822],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[47,825,826],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":829},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":830},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":843,"title":844,"body":845,"born":34,"description":863,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":864,"key":865,"meta":866,"name":867,"name_en":868,"navigation":24,"path":869,"seo":870,"stem":871,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":872},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":846,"toc":861},[847],[11,848,849,850,853,854,856,857,860],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[47,851,852],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[47,855,642],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[47,858,859],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":862},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":863},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":874,"title":875,"body":876,"born":706,"description":887,"died":888,"extension":19,"image":889,"key":890,"meta":891,"name":892,"name_en":893,"navigation":24,"path":894,"seo":895,"stem":896,"wikipedia":897,"__hash__":898},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":877,"toc":885},[878],[11,879,880,881,884],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[47,882,883],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":886},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":887},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":900,"title":901,"body":902,"born":909,"description":906,"died":910,"extension":19,"image":911,"key":912,"meta":913,"name":914,"name_en":901,"navigation":24,"path":915,"seo":916,"stem":917,"wikipedia":918,"__hash__":919},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":903,"toc":907},[904],[11,905,906],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":908},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":906},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":921,"title":922,"body":923,"born":930,"description":927,"died":931,"extension":19,"image":932,"key":933,"meta":934,"name":935,"name_en":922,"navigation":24,"path":936,"seo":937,"stem":938,"wikipedia":939,"__hash__":940},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":924,"toc":928},[925],[11,926,927],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":929},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg","jean-gerson",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":927},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":942,"title":943,"body":944,"born":965,"description":966,"died":109,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":967,"meta":968,"name":969,"name_en":943,"navigation":24,"path":970,"seo":971,"stem":972,"wikipedia":973,"__hash__":974},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":945,"toc":963},[946],[11,947,948,949,952,953,955,956,959,960,962],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[47,950,951],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[47,954,642],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[47,957,958],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[47,961,646],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":964},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":966},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":976,"title":977,"body":978,"born":989,"description":990,"died":991,"extension":19,"image":992,"key":993,"meta":994,"name":995,"name_en":977,"navigation":24,"path":996,"seo":997,"stem":998,"wikipedia":999,"__hash__":1000},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":979,"toc":987},[980],[11,981,982,983,986],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[47,984,985],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":988},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":990},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":1002,"title":1003,"body":1004,"born":1011,"description":1008,"died":1012,"extension":19,"image":1013,"key":1014,"meta":1015,"name":1016,"name_en":1003,"navigation":24,"path":1017,"seo":1018,"stem":1019,"wikipedia":1020,"__hash__":1021},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1005,"toc":1009},[1006],[11,1007,1008],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1010},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1008},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1023,"title":1024,"body":1025,"born":1044,"description":1045,"died":1046,"extension":19,"image":1047,"key":1048,"meta":1049,"name":1050,"name_en":1051,"navigation":24,"path":1052,"seo":1053,"stem":1054,"wikipedia":1055,"__hash__":1056},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1026,"toc":1042},[1027],[11,1028,1029,1030,1033,1034,1037,1038,1041],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[47,1031,1032],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[47,1035,1036],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[47,1039,1040],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1043},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1045},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1058,"title":1059,"body":1060,"born":1067,"description":1064,"died":557,"extension":19,"image":1068,"key":1069,"meta":1070,"name":1071,"name_en":1059,"navigation":24,"path":1072,"seo":1073,"stem":1074,"wikipedia":1075,"__hash__":1076},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1061,"toc":1065},[1062],[11,1063,1064],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1066},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1064},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1078,"title":1079,"body":1080,"born":1095,"description":1096,"died":1097,"extension":19,"image":1098,"key":6,"meta":1099,"name":1100,"name_en":1079,"navigation":24,"path":1101,"seo":1102,"stem":1103,"wikipedia":1104,"__hash__":1105},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1081,"toc":1093},[1082],[11,1083,1084,1085,1088,1089,1092],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[47,1086,1087],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[47,1090,1091],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1094},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1096},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1107,"title":1108,"body":1109,"born":1116,"description":1113,"died":1117,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":1118,"meta":1119,"name":1120,"name_en":1121,"navigation":24,"path":1122,"seo":1123,"stem":1124,"wikipedia":1125,"__hash__":1126},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1110,"toc":1114},[1111],[11,1112,1113],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1115},[],1360,1434,"maurice-of-prague",{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1113},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1128,"title":1129,"body":1130,"born":501,"description":1134,"died":1137,"extension":19,"image":1138,"key":1139,"meta":1140,"name":1141,"name_en":1142,"navigation":24,"path":1143,"seo":1144,"stem":1145,"wikipedia":1146,"__hash__":1147},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1131,"toc":1135},[1132],[11,1133,1134],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1136},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1134},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1149,"title":1150,"body":1151,"born":1158,"description":1155,"died":1159,"extension":19,"image":1160,"key":1161,"meta":1162,"name":1163,"name_en":1150,"navigation":24,"path":1164,"seo":1165,"stem":1166,"wikipedia":1167,"__hash__":1168},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1152,"toc":1156},[1153],[11,1154,1155],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1157},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1155},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1170,"title":1171,"body":1172,"born":65,"description":1191,"died":831,"extension":19,"image":1192,"key":1193,"meta":1194,"name":1195,"name_en":1196,"navigation":24,"path":1197,"seo":1198,"stem":1199,"wikipedia":1200,"__hash__":1201},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1173,"toc":1189},[1174],[11,1175,1176,1177,1180,1181,1184,1185,1188],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[47,1178,1179],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[47,1182,1183],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[47,1186,1187],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1190},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg","peraldus",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1191},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1203,"title":1204,"body":1205,"born":67,"description":1220,"died":1221,"extension":19,"image":1222,"key":1223,"meta":1224,"name":1225,"name_en":1204,"navigation":24,"path":1226,"seo":1227,"stem":1228,"wikipedia":1229,"__hash__":1230},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1206,"toc":1218},[1207],[11,1208,1209,1210,1213,1214,1217],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[47,1211,1212],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[47,1215,1216],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1219},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1220},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1232,"title":1233,"body":1234,"born":1249,"description":1250,"died":1251,"extension":19,"image":1252,"key":1253,"meta":1254,"name":1255,"name_en":1233,"navigation":24,"path":1256,"seo":1257,"stem":1258,"wikipedia":1259,"__hash__":1260},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1235,"toc":1247},[1236],[11,1237,1238,1239,1242,1243,1246],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[47,1240,1241],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[47,1244,1245],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1248},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1250},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1262,"title":1263,"body":1264,"born":1279,"description":1280,"died":1281,"extension":19,"image":1282,"key":1283,"meta":1284,"name":1285,"name_en":1263,"navigation":24,"path":1286,"seo":1287,"stem":1288,"wikipedia":1289,"__hash__":1290},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1265,"toc":1277},[1266],[11,1267,1268,1269,1272,1273,1276],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[47,1270,1271],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[47,1274,1275],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1278},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1280},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1292,"title":1293,"body":1294,"born":1305,"description":1306,"died":652,"extension":19,"image":1307,"key":1308,"meta":1309,"name":1310,"name_en":1293,"navigation":24,"path":1311,"seo":1312,"stem":1313,"wikipedia":1314,"__hash__":1315},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1295,"toc":1303},[1296],[11,1297,1298,1299,1302],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[47,1300,1301],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1304},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1306},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1317,"title":1318,"body":1319,"born":1334,"description":1335,"died":1336,"extension":19,"image":1337,"key":1338,"meta":1339,"name":1340,"name_en":1340,"navigation":24,"path":1341,"seo":1342,"stem":1343,"wikipedia":1344,"__hash__":1345},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1320,"toc":1332},[1321],[11,1322,1323,1324,1327,1328,1331],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[47,1325,1326],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[47,1329,1330],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1333},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1335},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1347,"title":1348,"body":1349,"born":1356,"description":1353,"died":1357,"extension":19,"image":1358,"key":1359,"meta":1360,"name":1348,"name_en":1348,"navigation":24,"path":1361,"seo":1362,"stem":1363,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":1364},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1350,"toc":1354},[1351],[11,1352,1353],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1355},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1353},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1366,"title":1367,"body":1368,"born":1389,"description":1390,"died":501,"extension":19,"image":1391,"key":1392,"meta":1393,"name":1394,"name_en":1395,"navigation":24,"path":1396,"seo":1397,"stem":1398,"wikipedia":1399,"__hash__":1400},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1369,"toc":1387},[1370],[11,1371,1372,1373,236,1376,1379,1380,1382,1383,1386],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[47,1374,1375],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[47,1377,1378],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[47,1381,642],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[47,1384,1385],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1388},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg","raymond-of-penyafort",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1390},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1402,"title":1403,"body":1404,"born":1414,"description":1415,"died":481,"extension":19,"image":1416,"key":1417,"meta":1418,"name":1419,"name_en":1420,"navigation":24,"path":1421,"seo":1422,"stem":1423,"wikipedia":1424,"__hash__":1425},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1405,"toc":1412},[1406],[11,1407,1408,1409,1411],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,1410,95],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1413},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1415},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1427,"title":1428,"body":1429,"born":652,"description":1439,"died":1440,"extension":19,"image":1441,"key":1442,"meta":1443,"name":1444,"name_en":1445,"navigation":24,"path":1446,"seo":1447,"stem":1448,"wikipedia":1449,"__hash__":1450},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1430,"toc":1437},[1431],[11,1432,1433,1434,1436],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[47,1435,577],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1438},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1439},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1452,"title":1453,"body":1454,"born":1468,"description":1469,"died":386,"extension":19,"image":1470,"key":1471,"meta":1472,"name":1473,"name_en":1453,"navigation":24,"path":1474,"seo":1475,"stem":1476,"wikipedia":1477,"__hash__":1478},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1455,"toc":1466},[1456],[11,1457,1458,1459,1462,1463,1465],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[47,1460,1461],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[47,1464,61],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1467},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1469},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1480,"title":1481,"body":1482,"born":501,"description":1496,"died":1497,"extension":19,"image":1498,"key":1499,"meta":1500,"name":1501,"name_en":1502,"navigation":24,"path":1503,"seo":1504,"stem":1505,"wikipedia":1506,"__hash__":1507},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1483,"toc":1494},[1484],[11,1485,1486,1487,1490,1491,1493],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[47,1488,1489],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,1492,95],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1495},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1496},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1509,"title":1510,"body":1511,"born":1522,"description":1523,"died":1524,"extension":19,"image":1525,"key":1526,"meta":1527,"name":1528,"name_en":1529,"navigation":24,"path":1530,"seo":1531,"stem":1532,"wikipedia":1533,"__hash__":1534},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1512,"toc":1520},[1513],[11,1514,1515,1516,1519],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[47,1517,1518],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1521},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1523},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1536,"title":1537,"body":1538,"born":1553,"description":1554,"died":1555,"extension":19,"image":1556,"key":1557,"meta":1558,"name":1559,"name_en":1537,"navigation":24,"path":1560,"seo":1561,"stem":1562,"wikipedia":1563,"__hash__":1564},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1539,"toc":1551},[1540],[11,1541,1542,1543,1546,1547,1550],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[47,1544,1545],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[47,1548,1549],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1552},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1554},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1566,"title":1567,"body":1568,"born":1581,"description":1582,"died":1583,"extension":19,"image":1584,"key":1585,"meta":1586,"name":1587,"name_en":1588,"navigation":24,"path":1589,"seo":1590,"stem":1591,"wikipedia":1592,"__hash__":1593},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1569,"toc":1579},[1570],[11,1571,1572,1573,1575,1576,1578],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[47,1574,815],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[47,1577,95],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1580},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1582},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1595,"title":1596,"body":1597,"born":1604,"description":1601,"died":1605,"extension":19,"image":1606,"key":1607,"meta":1608,"name":1596,"name_en":1596,"navigation":24,"path":1609,"seo":1610,"stem":1611,"wikipedia":1612,"__hash__":1613},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1598,"toc":1602},[1599],[11,1600,1601],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1603},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1601},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1615,"title":1616,"body":1617,"born":65,"description":1628,"died":1629,"extension":19,"image":1630,"key":1631,"meta":1632,"name":1633,"name_en":1634,"navigation":24,"path":1635,"seo":1636,"stem":1637,"wikipedia":1638,"__hash__":1639},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1618,"toc":1626},[1619],[11,1620,1621,1622,1625],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[47,1623,1624],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1627},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg","william-saint-amour",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1628},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1641,"title":1642,"body":1643,"born":1658,"description":1659,"died":1660,"extension":19,"image":1661,"key":1662,"meta":1663,"name":1642,"name_en":1642,"navigation":24,"path":1664,"seo":1665,"stem":1666,"wikipedia":1667,"__hash__":1668},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1644,"toc":1656},[1645],[11,1646,1647,1648,1651,1652,1655],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[47,1649,1650],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[47,1653,1654],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1657},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg","william-tyndale",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1659},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1670,"title":1671,"authors":1672,"body":1673,"cover":1687,"description":1688,"document":1689,"editors":34,"extension":19,"filesize":1690,"key":18,"language":1691,"meta":1692,"navigation":24,"ocr_model":1693,"pages":1694,"pagination_starts":1695,"path":1704,"seo":1705,"stem":1706,"title_en":1707,"typeface":1699,"url":1708,"year":1709,"__hash__":1710},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Fweimer-43.md","D. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe. 43. Band",[6],{"type":8,"value":1674,"toc":1685},[1675],[11,1676,1677,1678,1680,1681,1684],{},"Volume 43 of the Weimar Edition (",[47,1679,1091],{},") of Luther's works, edited by O. Reichert and published by Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger in 1912. Contains the continuation of Luther's Lectures on Genesis (",[47,1682,1683],{},"In Primum Librum Mose Enarrationes","), covering chapters 18–30, delivered at Wittenberg University from 1535 to 1545 and representing one of his most extensive exegetical works. The lectures combine close philological commentary with theological exposition, engaging patristic sources and scholastic interpreters throughout. Also includes supplements and corrections for volumes 42 and 43.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1686},[],"\u002Fd\u002Fweimer-43\u002Fcover.jpg","Volume 43 of the Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) of Luther's works, edited by O. Reichert and published by Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger in 1912. Contains the continuation of Luther's Lectures on Genesis (In Primum Librum Mose Enarrationes), covering chapters 18–30, delivered at Wittenberg University from 1535 to 1545 and representing one of his most extensive exegetical works. The lectures combine close philological commentary with theological exposition, engaging patristic sources and scholastic interpreters throughout. Also includes supplements and corrections for volumes 42 and 43.","\u002Fd\u002Fweimer-43.pdf","41MB","latin",{},"10.5281\u002Fzenodo.11113737",714,[1696,1701],{"pdf_page":1697,"printed_page":1698,"numeral_type":1699,"pagination":1700},7,1,"roman","page",{"pdf_page":1702,"printed_page":1698,"numeral_type":1703,"pagination":1700},13,"arabic","\u002Fdocuments\u002Fweimer-43",{"title":1671,"description":1688},"documents\u002Fweimer-43","D. Martin Luther's Works: Critical Complete Edition, Volume 43","https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002Fdmartinlutherswe143luth\u002F",1912,"okesZflE6YHYGo1szMrABWAs08gSBQ6x826hCJ_52-g",[1712,1731,1756,1781,1806,1834,1862,1893,1921,1955,1983,2017,2048,2079],{"id":1713,"title":1714,"body":1715,"description":1723,"extension":19,"meta":1726,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":1727,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":1728,"sortable_pagination_id":29,"stem":1729,"__hash__":1730},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F419.md","Gen. 25, 31-34. Dixit autem Iacob: Vende iuxta hunc diem mihi primogenituram tuam.",{"type":8,"value":1716,"toc":1724},[1717,1721],[1718,1719,1714],"h1",{"id":1720},"gen-25-31-34-dixit-autem-iacob-vende-iuxta-hunc-diem-mihi-primogenituram-tuam",[11,1722,1723],{},"Hic magna quaestio oritur de emptione et venditione primogeniturae. Est enim res sacra, quam nec emere licet, nec vendere. Quaeritur igitur, an uterque deliquerit: alter vendendo, alter emendo. Lyra dicit Esau pec-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1725},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F419",{"title":1714,"description":1723},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F419","xiJIsT7XptvolxhwkpXGdhwJnau9b1XYltBdaJyBeFw",{"id":1732,"title":1733,"body":1734,"description":1738,"extension":19,"meta":1750,"navigation":24,"page":1733,"path":1751,"pdf_page":1752,"reading":20,"seo":1753,"sortable_pagination_id":1752,"stem":1754,"__hash__":1755},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F420.md","420",{"type":8,"value":1735,"toc":1748},[1736,1739,1742,1745],[11,1737,1738],{},"caseo vendendo. Iacob vero emendo negat peccasse: quia ordinatione divina fuerit primogenitus, iuxta sententiam: 'Maior serviet minori.' Esau erat in possessione primogeniturae non debitae: Licet enim ex nativitate sibi arrogaret: non tamen divina voluntate eam tenebat. Sed quod dici solet, possidentis conditio est potior. Ideo non poterat Iacob eum turbare: et tuebatur se Esau iure humano, divino et nativitate, quae omnia gemello primogenito attribuunt possessionem et dominium apud omnes gentes. Lex insuper duplicem portionem in bonis paternis concedit. Nisi igitur Deus mutasset, et revocasset illud Ius, mansisset Esau primogenitura integra. Sed quia Iacob divina voce eam ad se pertinere scit: non peccat vendendo sibi suum, imo ne bene fecit, quod patienter exspectavit in omnes occasiones, ut debitam sibi primogenituram acquireret.",[11,1740,1741],{},"Non potuit autem alia ratione commodiore id fieri, quam per venditionem. Etsi enim coctum illud vel offa non est precium iustum pro primogenitura, tamen pertinet ad redemptionem litis, sive ad redimendam vexationem, ut loquuntur Iureconsulti. Saepe enim usu venit, ut quis a Sycophantis vexetur, qui ipsum in ius trahunt, et vel falsis testibus adductis, vel aliis technis inventis, bona eius eripere conantur, tanquam iniuste ab ipso occupata. Ibi qui amant pacem, quanquam ius suum tueri queant, potius tamen, quam lites sectentur, pecuniam Sycophantis obiiciunt, ut calumnias eorum defugiant. Ibi valet id, quod vulgo dicitur: Man muß dem teufel den fegen auffleben. Ad hunc modum Iacob offulum rasam dedit, et se a vexatione fraterna liberavit, qui de primogenitura gloriabatur, ut posthac in pace rem et ius suum tenere posset. Ista fere Lyra hoc loco adfert satis bene et pie pro illo tempore.",[11,1743,1744],{},"Supra autem de Simonia dixi in historia Abrahae, qui emit agrum in sepulturam, Geneseis 23. An sit Simoniacus Abraham propterea dicendus, cum sepultura sit inter res sacras, et rerum sacrarum emptio vel venditio Simonia dicatur? Sed audivimus agrum illum emptum, fuisse rem prophanam, subiectam domino carnali. Et venditio agri prorsus civile commercium est. Non igitur peccavit Abraham, cum emit agrum, et sepulchrum ibi condidit, alioqui Simoniacum esset, quicquid a Christianis emitur in usus necessarios: panis, carnes, vinum, quae omnia in usum sanctorum vertuntur, quod est absurdum.",[11,1746,1747],{},"Caeterum Iura et Canones vocant Simoniam, quando emuntur res spirituales pro pecunia: Cimiterium venditum dicunt Simoniam, quia est sacrum Christianis. Item vendere partem Parochiae, aut fundos de beneficiis, quae vocant Ecclesiastica, Id erat peccatum illud ingens, in quod uno ore invehebantur Theologi et Canonistae ante haec tempora, et damnabant Episcopos et Romanenses, qui emebant aut vendebant Episcopatus.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1749},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F420",432,{"description":1738},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F420","reYeLThlabRKhIosYLSj1bczsqhpc5A2qLpL_Bcsiek",{"id":1757,"title":1758,"body":1759,"description":1763,"extension":19,"meta":1775,"navigation":24,"page":1758,"path":1776,"pdf_page":1777,"reading":20,"seo":1778,"sortable_pagination_id":1777,"stem":1779,"__hash__":1780},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F421.md","421",{"type":8,"value":1760,"toc":1773},[1761,1764,1767,1770],[11,1762,1763],{},"Sed nihil profecerunt suis clamoribus, et nunc ridentur a toto Papatu, qui repletus est substantialiter Simonia. Ac si tuleris Simoniam ex Papatu, iam solem inde tulisti. Nihil enim aliud negocii Curtisanis est, quam ut emant et vendant sacerdotia.",[11,1765,1766],{},"Reformare igitur Ecclesiam Romanam a Simonia est eam funditus vastare. Ubi splendor et pompa Cardinalium Romanae curiae, si sustuleris Simoniam? Quin ipsa curia tota funditus intercidet. Numerus enim Cardinalium nimis magnus est, qui iam devorarunt omnia bona Ecclesiastica. Agnetis monasterium Romae, quod aluit 160. homines. Cardinales diripuerunt et absumpserunt. Plena igitur sunt omnia Simonia secundum ius Canonicum. Et qui volet tollere a Papatu Simoniam, perinde faciet, ac si velit Diabolum in coelum collocare. Ioannes Huss et alii, qui eo tempore docuerunt, graviter taxarunt hoc vicium, sed frustra. Quia curia Romana est damnata res, quam omnes cavere et detestari debent. Quid igitur de fide et bonis moribus praeciperet? Est congregatio daemonum et hominum pessimorum Papatus. Ipsi Simoniam damnant, et tamen vivunt et sustentantur inde. Ideo recte monemur in Apocalipsi 18.: 'Exite de illa populus meus: ut ne participes sitis delictorum eius, et de plagis eius non accipiatis.' Collegia omnia sunt Diaboli, ideoque fugiamus, ne fiamus participes plagae eorum.",[11,1768,1769],{},"Possemus autem aliqua glosa haec eorum furta excusare, ne Simonia diceretur: quia sunt rapinae civiles. Nec est aliqua differentia inter talem Simoniam et civilem occupationem. Non aliter atque nobiles hodie videmus certare inter se rapiendis fundis, praediis et pagis. Nostra quoque beneficia et stipendia, quibus fruimur, sunt Simoniacae partae, 'de mercedibus meretricis congregata sunt', ut Micheae 1. dicitur. Sed si ipsi diripiunt bona Ecclesiae, non in usum piorum sacerdotum, sed ad luxum et pompam vertunt, nos vertimus, scilicet ut alantur ministri Ecclesiae, et conserventur scholae. Itaque nihil curamus istam Simoniam. Sed quia ipsi se gravant suo iure Canonico, dicimus eis: 'Ex ore tuo te iudico.'",[11,1771,1772],{},"Vera autem Simonia est venditio et emptio rei spiritualis pro pecunia. Ut si quis velit gratiam, fidem, charitatem, miracula, virtutes Spiritus sancti, quibus ornatur Ecclesia Dei, mercari, id quod Simon conabatur Actorum 8. Non quod res ipsa possit tradi, emendo aut vendendo sacra. Spiritus sanctus enim non dat sua dona pro pecunia: Nec Deus accipit pro remissione peccatorum, pro vita, oculis, sensibus et omnibus beneficiis aurum et argentum. Sed divina munificentia dispergit super gratos et ingratos dona sua: tantum requirit gratiarum actionem, ut dicamus: Benedictus Dominus Deus in donis suis. Ut tribuatur ei divinitas, hoc est, ut agnoscamus eum Deum, quem confiteamur toto corde, ore et opere, quod sit creator. Neque enim aliud precium pro tantis donis potest persolvi.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1774},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F421",433,{"description":1763},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F421","SMKBf3DhwCMuBRWtovsAjSg661e4QwPtyzK2oaO7l4Q",{"id":1782,"title":1783,"body":1784,"description":1788,"extension":19,"meta":1800,"navigation":24,"page":1783,"path":1801,"pdf_page":1802,"reading":20,"seo":1803,"sortable_pagination_id":1802,"stem":1804,"__hash__":1805},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F422.md","422",{"type":8,"value":1785,"toc":1798},[1786,1789,1792,1795],[11,1787,1788],{},"Sed studium et voluntas emendi aut distrahendi sacra spectanda est, at Simonis studium et Simoniacum: quia optat fieri posse, ut numerata pecunia accipiat spiritum sanctum. Talis etiam sensus horum verborum est, quando oramus, ut glorificetur Deus, servetur regnum ipsius. Deus non potest confundi, aut ignominia adfici: quia substantialiter est ipsa gloria, potentia et bonitas. Sed studium et voluntas nostra talis est, ut Deum non esse, et gloriam eius confundi cupiamus. Idque declaramus erga verbum et Sacramenta. Si possemus Deum ea iniuria aut contumelia adficere, qua verbum et Sacramenta ipsius aedificare: ne tam quidem abstineremus. Vera igitur Simonia est mercatura, quae exercetur in verbo Dei, in Sacramentis, in Ecclesia et Sanctis. Hanc non intellexit Papa, neque hodie intelligit: quanquam in ea totus Papatus submersus est, et fuit multo ante, quam fieret Simoniacus secundum iura: quia vendebant coelum, remissionem peccatorum, gratiam et spiritum sanctum pro operibus. Hinc tanta multitudo templorum, coenobiorum, missarum, indulgentiarum, ordinum sacrorum: quibus operibus gratiam divinam mereri voluimus.",[11,1790,1791],{},"Hac ratione fecerunt ex Deo mercatorem, qui conferat regnum coelorum non gratuito, sed pro precio et meritis. Etsi enim gratis offert: tamen gratuitum beneficium reiiciunt, et conferunt centum aut mille aureos ad aedificationem Coenobiorum, Templorum et similia, quibus redimant gratiam et beneficia divina. An non id est mercari gratiam et remissionem peccatorum? Ac talis fuit Papa, quando fuit optimus, et hoc genere Simoniae replevit totum orbem terrarum, adeo ut mundus nihil aliud sit, quam sentina Simoniae verae. Quid enim aliud faciunt Collegia, quam quod accipiunt pecuniam, et habent quaestum pro pietate?",[11,1793,1794],{},"Proprie autem loquendo impossibile est emere gratiam. Et perinde est, si coneris id, ac si velis mulgere hircum. Papa mulget hircum, populus supponit cribrum, ut in Proverbio dicitur. Etsi igitur possibile esset, ut Papa reformaretur, ut repurgaretur crassa Simonia, tamen non possunt repurgari a vera Simonia, quia haec est anima Papae. Sicut illa substantia corporis est: ita corpore et anima est Simoniacus, sublata autem Simonia, quicquid est pomparum, splendoris et dignitatis Pontificiae, id totum tolletur, et manebit tantum Episcopus Romanus.",[11,1796,1797],{},"Videre igitur est, quantum sit periculorum et malorum in Papatu, quanta vorago, quam horribiliter absorptus sit totus mundus per primatum Papae. Ideo odio perfecto debemus illam bestiam odisse. Et tamen adhuc pugnant, ut primatus ei maneat salvus et integer, sed hoc quid esset aliud, quam reddere animam Simoniae? Horribilis certe et blas-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1799},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F422",434,{"description":1788},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F422","f_uToBpDK5IKj2EC2F3cy9JcfUj5MBYmZ0pf1FLaabE",{"id":1807,"title":1808,"body":1809,"description":1813,"extension":19,"meta":1828,"navigation":24,"page":1808,"path":1829,"pdf_page":1830,"reading":20,"seo":1831,"sortable_pagination_id":1830,"stem":1832,"__hash__":1833},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F423.md","423",{"type":8,"value":1810,"toc":1826},[1811,1814,1817,1820,1823],[11,1812,1813],{},"phemia et abusus nominis Dei, qui aeterna damnatione punietur. Huc enim rapuerunt Verbum, nomen Dei et Ecclesiam: et tamen nihil fuit emptum, tantum finxerunt talem esse Deum, qui velit vendere gratiam. Studium et voluntas est Simoniaca, sed proprie est cribrum et hircus.",[11,1815,1816],{},"Naturaliter tamen hoc malum cordibus omnium hominum insitum est. Si Deus vellet vendere gratiam, citius et libentius acciperemus, quam cum gratis offert. Antea cum regnaret Simonia, omnes homines erant avidissima ad aedificanda infinita Monasteria et templa, quia erat venditio et emptio regni coelorum. Nunc cum gratis offertur et dicitur: Deus misit filium suum in carnem, ut omnibus credentibus donet vitam aeternam. Tu nihil es meritus, gratis dantur: liberatio a morte et a peccatis, Spiritus sanctus et regnum coelorum. Hanc misericordiam et munificentiam divinam mundus contemnit. Prius cum doceremur, quomodo gratiam nostris operibus emereri possemus, ibi certatim omnes omnia studia et opes conferebant. Sicut hoc parvum oppidum Witeberga singulis annis 1000. aureos dedit Monachis.",[11,1818,1819],{},"Ubique sententia Ambrosii celebratur admodum perniciosa: Regnum coelorum est pauperum, ex dicto Christi: 'ut recipiant vos in aeterna tabernacula.' Hoc dictum sicut novacula acuta omnium animos penetrabat. Si divites volunt salvari, emant a pauperibus, clamabant: pauperes vero sunt fratres minores, et alii religiosi fratres, illi habent regnum coelorum, ab illis oportet te emere.",[11,1821,1822],{},"Quid igitur monstri, portenti et prodigii hoc est, quod mundus redemptionem a peccato, morte, inferno, per Christum gratuito oblatam aspernatur? Si Simonia iterum regnaret, liberaliter omnes opes suas profunderent. Sed cum nos docemus ex verbo et mandato Christi: Accipe gratis, et da gratis, parochis, ministris, scholasticis, surdis narratur fabula. Imo spoliant eos, quos ornare et iuvare debebant. Nonne horribiles hi furores sunt tenebrarum? Sic igitur omnis homo est Simoniacus, et tamen non potest fieri aliqua venditio talis. Neque enim ulli hominum, nec Monachis pro suis votis aliud dedit Deus, quod flammas et cruciatus inferni aeternos.",[11,1824,1825],{},"Videre autem est, quam sit misera et periculosa res, lapsum esse a capitali sententia de iustificatione fidei absque operibus. Ea enim obscurata et extincta totus mundus fit Simoniacus. Sic Turci etiam nituntur Deum placare suis operibus, et emere spiritualia pro pecunia et pro meritis. Ideo Simonia est in nomine, ut illa, quae in iure Canonico describitur. Nihil enim redimunt nec impetrant precio et meritis, sed studium illud et voluntas radices egit in profundo cordis humani, qua omnis homo naturaliter est Simoniacus, qua vellet talem Deum esse, qui placaretur operibus et meritis humanis, cui posset obiicere: multa feci, multum ieiunavi, haec respicias, et vendas mihi salutem et vitam aeternam. Sed non agnoscit Deus, nec audit tales operarios iniquitatis. Et proponit suam",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1827},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F423",435,{"description":1813},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F423","RevXGDSEw-V_jtmq4pDPgJ4rDqH00tWnfBkEarosGNs",{"id":1835,"title":1836,"body":1837,"description":1841,"extension":19,"meta":1856,"navigation":24,"page":1836,"path":1857,"pdf_page":1858,"reading":20,"seo":1859,"sortable_pagination_id":1858,"stem":1860,"__hash__":1861},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F424.md","424",{"type":8,"value":1838,"toc":1854},[1839,1842,1845,1848,1851],[11,1840,1841],{},"voluntatem in doctrina Apostolica: 'Gratis et gratis iustificati estis absque omnibus operibus.' Illa gratia sublata nihil discriminis amplius est inter Turcam et Papam, Ethnicos et Iudaeos, omnes sunt Simoniaci et caprimulgi, Sodomiter.",[11,1843,1844],{},"Canonistarum Simonia levior est et corporalis tantum, quae referenda est ad civilem rapinam. Sed quando Papa accipit a Regibus et Monarchis coronas, civitates, regiones, ut roboretur contra eos missa, cum speciem pietatis prae se fert, ut vult videri optimus, ibi est pessimus et totus Simoniacus. Illic enim exemplo tantum nocet, et confitetur Simoniam rapinis civilibus. Hic non fatetur peccatum, sed laudat et praedicat iustitiam ac religionem. Haec itaque monere volui, ut intelligatur, quae sit vera Simonia, et ut maneamus in pura doctrina, quae tradit, quomodo donaverit nobis Deus filium suum, et per ipsum omnia bona coelestia et spiritualia, quae mundus precio redimere, non gratis accipere vult.",[11,1846,1847],{},"Redeamus ad historiam. Apparet Iacob ursisse emptionem: ita ut non possit excusari et liberari crimine Simoniae, quia aperte dicit: 'Vende mihi primogenita tua.' Quo iure igitur hoc postulat, et tantum peccatum committit, ut conetur emere benedictionem, quae est spiritualis, et pertinet ad Christum et ad res futuras, quae omnes sunt sacrae, et ad futuram vitam spectant? In hac vita sunt omnia profana et polluta. Sacramenta autem et res sacrae non propter praesentem vitam institutae sunt, sed ideo, ut sint praeparatio quaedam sacra rerum futurarum. Evangelio enim praeparor, renascor, innovor ad futuram vitam. Non est mihi traditum, ut inde ditescam. Qui autem pastor est, et ideo hoc administrat, ut opes et gloriam huius seculi acquirat, est Simoniacus. Sic Baptismi usus is est, ut ex gremio matris et ex sepulchro transferar et reponar in paradisum, ex morte in vitam. Non igitur ibi quaero gaudia et voluptates mundi. Sed ita utor donis spiritualibus, ut, cum cessant corporalia, ex hac vita ad aeternam et immortalitatem deducar. Qui ideo pastorem agit, ideo absolvit aut sacra administrat, ut inde gloriam et potentiam consequatur, Simoniacus est iuxta crassam illam definitionem Canonistarum. Non est de illorum numero, qui subtiliores sunt, et vitam aeternam ex sacramentis quaerunt.",[11,1849,1850],{},"Sed cur Iacob postulat, ut sibi vendatur primogenitura? et cum velit emere, sequitur esse negociationem. Respondeo: Iacob animadvertit occasionem illam, qua posset adipisci primogenituram, et ea uti voluit.",[11,1852,1853],{},"Deinde frater Esau de numero illorum est, qui crasse Simoniaci sunt, hoc est, nihil aliud in spirituali benedictione quaerebat praeter ventrem. Quia non visitavit tabernaculum, sed contempsit cultum Dei. Modica primo neglexit, donec in contemptum maiorum bonorum incidit, sicut Cain primogenitus. Non intellexit Esau magnitudinem benedictionis, ideo",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1855},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F424",436,{"description":1841},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F424","osEir1fA4qw8l1JbhM5u0H75_aeIvViDhLT8UoKdu7k",{"id":1863,"title":1864,"body":1865,"description":1869,"extension":19,"meta":1887,"navigation":24,"page":1864,"path":1888,"pdf_page":1889,"reading":20,"seo":1890,"sortable_pagination_id":1889,"stem":1891,"__hash__":1892},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F425.md","425",{"type":8,"value":1866,"toc":1885},[1867,1870,1873,1876,1879,1882],[11,1868,1869],{},"pro praesentis saeculi bonis et voluptatibus eam vendidit: ita ut coram Deo revera primogenitura et omnibus bonis privatus sit. Ideo Iacob in praesentem occasionem intentus fuit, et cum fratre certum precium pactus est, ne porro aliquid turbarum aut incommodi a fratre propter primogenituram obiiceretur.",[11,1871,1872],{},"Sic hodie Papa habet nomen Ecclesiae. Nos non habemus. Scimus autem nos vere Ecclesiam esse, quia habemus verbum, Sacramenta et claves, quas Christus post se reliquit, non ut serviant nostrae potentiae et cupiditatibus huius vitae, sed ut praeparent nos ad adventum filii Dei. Ideo sumus vera Ecclesia.",[11,1874,1875],{},"Papa econtra nomen et titulum hunc sibi arrogat: quia est in possessione, et iactat se successorem esse Petri et Pauli. Iam si sic cum Papa pacisci velim, dabo tibi tot millia aureorum quotannis, et sinas me libere et sincere praedicare Euangelium. Essetne illa Simonia? Non. Quia ego non emo, quod antea habeo, scilicet legitimum usum Sacramentorum, sinceram doctrinam Euangelii, fidei, spei, expectationibus vitae futurae, quae omnia concessa mihi sunt etiam invito Papa, et absque eius autoritate. Tantum vero quaero offerendo mille aureos, ut redimam illam vexationem. Itaque non emo, sed tantum obiicio adversario offam et rufam lentem, ut possim privare Papam vocabulo Ecclesiae, nihil curo bullas et indulgentias illas. Idque vellem suadere nostrae partis Principibus, ut numerarent illi quotannis aliquot millia coronatorum, eam ob causam, ut cessaret effusio sanguinis et alia scandala: ac posset in pace spargi Euangelium. Haec non est Simonia, sed redemptio vexationis.",[11,1877,1878],{},"Ideo cum dicit Iacob ad Esau: 'Vende mihi primogenitura', non est res vera: quia primogenitura iam ante penes Iacob est: et Esau ea est spoliatus. Apud Iacob est possessio, sed sine nomine. Apud Esau est nomen sine possessione. Iam quia videt Iacob Esau aliud intelligere aut quaerere in benedictione, quam ventrem: Sicut Papa sub praetextu Ecclesiae tantum suam gloriam et potentiam quaerit: Ideo obicit Cerbero offam, ne posthac sibi molestus sit.",[11,1880,1881],{},"Ad eundem modum optarim sane nostros Principes numerare Caesari quotannis viginti millia aureorum, ut in pace et tranquille Euangelium doceri posset. Sed sic pecuniam pro rebus sacris dabitis? inquit aliquis: Minime. Quod enim iam habemus, non emimus, et ipsi non possunt auferre. Sed ideo daremus istam pecuniam, ut missos nos facerent, et pacem concederent Papa et Caesar.",[11,1883,1884],{},"Caeterum illa bona spiritualia non sunt vestra, o Papa et Cardinales, sed nostra sunt. Etiamsi Papa nunquam daret utranque speciem, habemus tamen divinitus. Nec possunt vendere, aut, si velint, mulgebunt hircum, et supponent cribrum. Nos habemus utranque speciem, repugnante Papa, concedente Deo. Sed si non desinunt nobis molesti esse persecutionibus,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1886},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F425",437,{"description":1869},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F425","wld4ez_YyE6xzub1jIOm5ZdzhFlHDPurTfRCv-4AkSo",{"id":1894,"title":1895,"body":1896,"description":1900,"extension":19,"meta":1915,"navigation":24,"page":1895,"path":1916,"pdf_page":1917,"reading":20,"seo":1918,"sortable_pagination_id":1917,"stem":1919,"__hash__":1920},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F426.md","426",{"type":8,"value":1897,"toc":1913},[1898,1901,1904,1907,1910],[11,1899,1900],{},"caedibus, rapinis, paciscemur cum eis, ut vorent rufum pulmentum. Sed non debent eam gloriam obtinere, quod nobis dederint aut donarint, hoc enim esset consentire in eorum autoritatem. Et sic haec divina et sacra res, quam pro pecunia non possum emere, ideo nec dari, nec donari a Papa eas volumus.",[11,1902,1903],{},"Sic Esau, ut supra Ismael, haud dubie fratri Iacob multum molestus fuit, et superbe ei imperavit, quod esset ipse dominus et primogenitus: Iacob autem servus et stultus habitus est. Ab ista persecutione et molestia fraterna voluit se liberare Iacob, ut secure obtinere posset benedictionem spritualem. Sic hodie multi Christiani cedunt urbibus propter confessionem Euangelii, ne cogantur ferre tyrannidem Papistarum. Et Paulus inquit Romanorum 12: Si fieri potest, quod in vobis est, cum omnibus hominibus pacem habete. Si nolunt adversarii quiescere, da illis rufum pulmentum, ut dent tibi pacem, hoc est, sinant te frui illis bonis in pace, quae ante habes.",[11,1905,1906],{},"Sequitur responsum Esau ad petitionem fratris: En morior, et ad quid mihi primogenitura? Da et suo ipsius testimonio prodit animum prophanum. Ita de religione, pietate et primogenituris agendum est et sentiendum? Iam enim aperte fatetur, quod primogenituram non intelligit, nec habeat pro haereditate futurae vitae et re sacra. Si vero nihil prodest primogenitura, nisi ad gloriam et opes huius vitae, ubi fides, ubi spes et expectatio aeternorum bonorum manebit? Dicemus ergo cum impiis et Epicureis, quod solent dicere, cum audiunt coelum nominari, quod sonat nostra lingua Himel, respondent ipsi: Das Himel? letten wir hie nit, quid coelum? si hac farinam haberemus. Sicut Papa sentit de Ecclesia et clavibus. Quid de clavibus dicis? oportet me iis uti ad cumulandas opes et coccendos reges. Hae sunt voces Esauiticae impiorum, qui arbitrantur pietatem lucrum, et Christo et Euangelio ipsius longum valedicerent, si non temporaliter possent beati esse.",[11,1908,1909],{},"Itaque grave hoc testimonium est scripturae sanctae, quod Esau iam amiserit primogenituram. Nam ex ore suo iudicatur. Quanquam cogitavit haud dubie: Ego sum Dominus: vendam quidem primogenita, sed ludam cum tantum. Etsi enim vendidero, tamen possum recuperare. Ita lusit et contempsit fratrem. Sicut Papa cum suis larvis totum mundum ludificatus est vendendis bonis operibus et indulgentiis, et putavit sibi id impune fore, aut tandem et poenitentiam se redire posse.",[11,1911,1912],{},"Et multi hodie doctrina Euangelii abutuntur, et interim sibi ipsis blandinntur: etsi haereo in peccatis et sum impius, inquiunt, tamen resipiscam tandem, et redibo in viam. Sicut etiam de Duce Georgio quidam",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1914},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F426",438,{"description":1900},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F426","QsaaJqEaO-WWddWajeWd0oF-JKtAPYWICnrmd_f44WI",{"id":1922,"title":1923,"body":1924,"description":1928,"extension":19,"meta":1949,"navigation":24,"page":1923,"path":1950,"pdf_page":1951,"reading":20,"seo":1952,"sortable_pagination_id":1951,"stem":1953,"__hash__":1954},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F427.md","427",{"type":8,"value":1925,"toc":1947},[1926,1929,1932,1935,1938,1941,1944],[11,1927,1928],{},"dicunt: Potuit in ultimo articulo vitae converti. Sed hi omnes audiunt tandem tristem illam sententiam, quae in Epistola ad Hebraeos extat de Esau: 'Scitote enim, quoniam et postea cupiens haereditare benedictionem, reprobatus est: non enim invenit poenitentiae locum, quanquam cum lachrymis inquisivisset eam.'",[11,1930,1931],{},"Sic Antinomi fruuntur commodis mundi, ut sint beati in hac vita, et dicunt se suo tempore converti velle, contemnunt benedictionem suam, Ecclesiam, Baptismum, claves, remissionem peccatorum vitam aeternam: gratiam Dei accipiunt in vanum, 'negligunt tempus acceptabile et diem salutis'. 2. Corinthiorum 6. Sed frustra et sero neglectam occasionem olim requirent. Sicut in canticis queritur sponsa: 'Pessulum ostii mei aperui dilecto meo, at ille declinaverat atque transierat.'",[11,1933,1934],{},"Quando igitur dicit Esau: Moriendum mihi est, ad quid primogenitura? significat se tantum cogitare de ventre, et reiicere promissionem tanquam inanem et inutilem ad futuram vitam, prorsus ut hodie Epicurei dicunt: quorsum opus est audire Euangelium, uti clavibus aut coena Domini? Iacob vero aliter sentit, et scit res sacras esse praeparamenta ad futuram vitam, ideo magnificat et ardet studio earum. Qui vero iis tantum ad hanc vitam uti volunt, iure et autoritate divina spoliantur: est ibi enim libertas arbitrii, ut scientes et volentes vendant aut abiiciant.",[11,1936,1937],{},"Igitur postquam videt Iacob occasionem versantem in articulo et momento temporis, urget petitionem, et vult confirmari contractum: 'Iura, inquit, mihi hoc tempore', sive hac hora. Quia occasio non est negligenda. Ibi iurat Esau, atque ita vendit primogenita. Sic cum Papistis quoque agendum esset. Si iuramentum, obsides, sigilla darent, se non moturos bellum contra nos, mox eis rufum pulmentum obiiceremus.",[11,1939,1940],{},"Reliqua autem est quaestio, quae ab aliis hic movetur, eam etiam tractabimus, ne impediat lectorem. Num illud rufum edulium fuerit venditionis et emptionis precium? Respondent ipsi, non fuisse, quia primogenitura fuerit res maxima et preciosissima. Ideo non esse verisimile, quod Esau acceperit hoc tenue edulium tanquam precium. Volunt igitur edulium id fuisse tantum arrham confirmantem contractum, quam acceperit Esau in signum venditae primogeniturae. Sicut solet apud nos inter emptorem et venditorem apponi cantharus vini unus aut alter in signum venditionis, Germani gleichtauff appellant.",[11,1942,1943],{},"Haec opinio ex Rabinorum commentariis nata est, quam nos reicimus. Sicut omnes eorum sententiae ita tractandae sunt, ut, quod boni inest, retineatur, mala autem et falsa caveantur. Pugnat enim cum textu manifesto in Epistola ad Haebraeos, ubi dicitur aperte: 'Esau propter unam escam vendidisse primogenita sua'.",[11,1945,1946],{},"Quia voluit scriptura sancta depingere ingenium et mores prophanae et hypocriticae Ecclesiae, quae agnoscenda ac intelligenda est ex suis",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1948},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F427",439,{"description":1928},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F427","18_AMmpo2Kb4j99KnMUaJ8lfHRIHIshWQUUNC9o5WBA",{"id":1956,"title":1957,"body":1958,"description":1962,"extension":19,"meta":1977,"navigation":24,"page":1957,"path":1978,"pdf_page":1979,"reading":20,"seo":1980,"sortable_pagination_id":1979,"stem":1981,"__hash__":1982},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F428.md","428",{"type":8,"value":1959,"toc":1975},[1960,1963,1966,1969,1972],[11,1961,1962],{},"moribus, quorum typus et figura est Esau. Solet enim ea maxime gloriari de nomine Dei, vult esse et haberi Ecclesia, et est coram mundo. Sicut Esau habet primogenituram, sed contemnit eam, et per illam contemptam amittit. Vicissim enim contemnuntur, reprobantur et spoliantur, ideo nihil est gloriatio eius. Sicut nec Papistarum, qui se iactant Ecclesiam et successores Apostolorum. Qui enim vult esse Ecclesia, cum oportet magnificare primogenituram, non tantum in hac vita, sed etiam post hanc vitam.",[11,1964,1965],{},"Ac perpetua haec contentio est in mundo. Sicut fuit Esau cum Iacob: ita nobis cum Papistis est, ac ante nos populo Iudaico fuit cum Apostolis. Iudaei vehementer contendebant se esse populum Dei, et Paulus fatetur eos esse Ecclesiam, Romanorum 2. et 9. Sed quia nomen tantum retinebant, rem ipsam veram Ecclesiae contemnebant, ideo abiecti sunt. Ipsis Gentes vocatae sunt. Oseae 1.: 'Et dicam non populo meo, populus meus es tu: et ipsi dicet: Deus meus es tu.' Et Deuteronomii 32.: 'Provocabo eos in eo, qui non est populus, et in gente stulta irritabo illos.'",[11,1967,1968],{},"Est ergo haec una nota, imo color pessimus Ecclesiae hypocriticae, quod est superbissima et confidentissima in usurpando nomine Dei, Ecclesiae, Clavium, Ministerii, Sacramentorum, nihil amplius potest: quam gloriari de Deo. Altera nota est, quod revera contemnit et negligit ea, quae sunt verae Ecclesiae. Non multum curat primogenituram suam, sicut Papa et Episcopi nec docent, nec baptisant, nec ullum officium Ecclesiae faciunt: tantum habent nomen. Fructum vero et effectum non ostendunt. Ideo Christus dicit: 'Ex fructibus eorum cognoscetis eos.' Qui vero Papa contemnit Ecclesiam, igitur amittit Ecclesiam. Nec valet inanis illa gloria: Nos sumus Christiani, sumus Ecclesia, sumus Episcopi. Si non subest res vera, non diu retinebis nomen: Imo iam reprobatus es, quod habes, non habes. Sic haeretici, qui post nos venient, eam amittent: quia est columna veritatis. 1. Timothei III., quam ipsi abiicient, nec prodest gloriatio et nomen sine veritate.",[11,1970,1971],{},"Quando igitur clamant: Nos sumus Ecclesia, habemus autoritatem praecipendi, et volunt nos cogere, ut statutis eorum assentiamur. Respondebimus: Ecclesia est duplex, Numero et Specie, merito et veritate. Ego vos non cognosco Nomine et re, ut et ipsi docent. Esau sine re tantum nomine et specie est Ecclesia: Sicut omnes idolatrae et haeretici, qui sibi titulum Ecclesiae arrogant. Hoc possum ferre, ut quis numero tantum Christianus sit, et tamen interim faciat officium externum. Si etiam occulte impius est et sceleratus, modo baptiset, curet infirmos et confirmet conscientias adflictas, nihil obstat, quo minus dicatur numero Christianus sive Ecclesia. Sed non merito. Hoc papa et Episcopi non faciunt. Ideo ne comparandi quidem sunt cum iis, qui sunt occulte impii, quia contraria officio Ecclesiastico faciunt, blasphemant verbum, persequuntur pios, hoc est, veram Ecclesiam.",[11,1973,1974],{},"In nostra Ecclesia multi ministri sunt tantum numero, sine merito.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1976},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F428",440,{"description":1962},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F428","OyGHwboAeWH8DGeI6jsYztaxkRjlZyaPxGm3J51YNlE",{"id":1984,"title":1985,"body":1986,"description":1990,"extension":19,"meta":2011,"navigation":24,"page":1985,"path":2012,"pdf_page":2013,"reading":20,"seo":2014,"sortable_pagination_id":2013,"stem":2015,"__hash__":2016},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F429.md","429",{"type":8,"value":1987,"toc":2009},[1988,1991,1994,1997,2000,2003,2006],[11,1989,1990],{},"Sed Papa ex professo adversatur Ecclesiae, opprimit doctrinam fidei, replet orbem terrarum idolatria, Simonia et infinitis portentis. Illud est insanire contra Ecclesiam numero et merito, Turcarum in morem. Nihil itaque valet argumentum Papistarum: Nos sumus Ecclesia numero, Igitur debetis nos ferre. Si vellent talem esse, consentire eos oporteret de doctrina, docere et gubernare, quod veros et pios Episcopos decet: Sed sunt nepotes Esau, adversarii et vastatores Ecclesiae, ut haeretici.",[11,1992,1993],{},"Caeterum qui simulant pietatem, et hypocritae sunt, ut sunt multi admixti caetui piorum, eos ferimus in numero fidelium, modo non doceant contrarium professioni verae doctrinae.",[11,1995,1996],{},"Tertiam notam Ecclesiae hypocriticae Moses quoque in hoc typo depinxit. Postquam enim Esau securissime et magna confidendia neglexit spiritualia bona, fidem, caritatem, pacientiam, benignitatem, quae sunt in Ecclesia: imo contempsit haec omnia, sequitur iam appetitus et ardens desiderium istius rufi edulii, hoc est, quia non curat agnitionem Christi, nec augmentum donorum spiritualium, nec vitam aeternam, fit avarus et cupidus voluptatum, gloriae, honorum huius vitae.",[11,1998,1999],{},"Hoc nimirum est, quod praefert edulium primogeniturae, id est, est numero Ecclesia: sed sectatur carnem et sanguinem, quaerit quaestum in pietate. Sic falsa Ecclesia simulat pietatem, tantum ut fruatur voluptatibus et honoribus huius mundi. Vera autem Ecclesia quaerit aeternam vitam per pacientiam et fidem. Illi sunt animalia ventris, et Deus ipsorum venter est.",[11,2001,2002],{},"Hoc mysterium rufi edulii, quod hoc loco proponit scriptura sancta, quo contentio de primogenitura inter fratres dirimitur. Lentes vero non rufae, sed flavae magis sunt. Ideo puto croco aut alio condi­mento praeparatas esse, ut moverent appetitum. Talia autem sunt prae­sentia bona huius mundi, quibus mirum in modum delectantur homines, ut potius comessationibus et liguritionibus indulgeant, quam carnem et sanguinem filii Dei edant ac bibant, hoc est, credant et sectentur bona coelestia: tantum quaestum et gloriam mundi aucupantur, quorum tanta suavitas et oblectatio est, ut hominibus non famem tantum, sed concu­piscentiam quandam cieat. Ideo Esau repetitione utitur: Ciba me, quaeso, de rufo, de rufo isto.",[11,2004,2005],{},"Significat ergo scriptura sancta omnes fieri avariores, superbiores, carnaliores amissa benedictione, quam antea fuerunt. Quia omnibus est caro et sanguis, ideo nihil aliud, quam carnalia quaerunt, et horribili cupi­ditate appetunt pulmentum rufum. Sed sub nomine Christi et Dei, sub titulo Ecclesiae. Iacob etiam rufo edulio vescitur, sed non tam avide, non ut Esau rufum bis repetit, hoc est, pii utuntur rebus praesentibus non pro salute, sed pro necessitate sua.",[11,2007,2008],{},"Postremo addit Moses Esau parvipendisse, quod vendidisset primo­genita. Ibi quoque confidentissima superbia notatur. Cogitavit enim se",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2010},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F429",441,{"description":1990},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F429","ZCgwyjnFDOwnJZs7mOmS_5CO_M0z4wEOO4Cc8pKd-kg",{"id":2018,"title":2019,"body":2020,"description":2024,"extension":19,"meta":2042,"navigation":24,"page":2019,"path":2043,"pdf_page":2044,"reading":20,"seo":2045,"sortable_pagination_id":2044,"stem":2046,"__hash__":2047},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F430.md","430",{"type":8,"value":2021,"toc":2039},[2022,2025,2028,2033,2036],[11,2023,2024],{},"tutum humanis praesidiis facile ius suum contra fratrem obtinere posse, nulla ratione contractus habita. Sic solent hypocritae et falsi fratres, tragen den baum auff beiden Achseln. Sunt versipelles: modo cedere se simulant et largiri aliquid: modo rapiunt rursus nullo iure sibi debitum: et tamen habent glosas suas, quibus hypocrisin suam tegunt et excusant, ut pariter cum primogenitura rufum pulmentum retineant. Quia volunt simul servire Deo et ventri, sive Mammonae.",[11,2026,2027],{},"Sic Esau cogitavit: Etsi vendidi primogenita, iuravi et offam voravi, iamque contemptissimus frater videtur abstulisse primogenita: tamen reti-nebo, nec servabo fidem. Non enim vendidit serio, sed voluit illudere fratri et fucum facere quasi vendidisset, et tamen nihilominus ius suum obtinere. Sed Epistola ad Hebraeos testatur eum postea reprobatum esse, et quanquam conatus sit recuperare primogenituram, quod poeniteret eum venditionis, tamen nihil profecisse poenitentia illa: Non quod non sit salvatus, sed quod nullis lachrymis benedictionem semel amissam consequi potuerit. Sic igitur sentio offam illam fuisse precium huius venditionis, nec accipio Rabinorum glosam: quia sunt homines carnales, qui nihil intel-ligunt in sacris literis.",[2029,2030,2032],"h2",{"id":2031},"caput-xxvi","Caput XXVI.",[11,2034,2035],{},"Orta est autem fames in terra praeter famem priorem, quae fuit in diebus Abraham, et abiit Isaac ad Abimelech, regem Palestinorum in Gerar.",[11,2037,2038],{},"Saepe dictum est in hoc toto libro, historias patrum describi, quasi in cortice valde vili, et proponi sine omni splendore aut pompa religionis, iustitiae et sapientiae: imo abiectissima specie oeconomiae et vitae corporalis. Quid enim aliud de Isaac recitat Moses, quam quod natus sit ex patre Abraham, generaverit filios, paverit pecudes, vagatus sit in diversis regionibus? Parum ibi vel nihil de precibus aut monstrosis religionibus monachorum docetur. Quid ad me autem, quod fuit maritus, quod dormivit cum uxore? Num ista in Ecclesia docenda sunt? Sic enim caro in ista externa et vilissima specie haeret, cum intuetur vitam patrum: neque quicquam aedificationis percipit, sed tantum offenditur. Postea vero cogitat de cognoscenda vita S. Bernhardi, Antonii et similium, ubi sunt mirabilia et incredibilia opera abstinentiae, ieiuniorum, vigiliarum. Ubi nullus usus est mulierum, servorum, multo minus pecorum: Ista vulgaria et abiecta in oeconomia Abrahae, Isaac aut Iacob ridet, et sectatur splendida et magnifica. Aut si quando leguntur in templis, nemo ea admiratur: quia nemo veram dignitatem et vera ornamenta harum historiarum perspicit.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2040},[2041],{"id":2031,"depth":16,"text":2032},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F430",442,{"description":2024},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F430","EnH4HAg-y33G_UbAMDSqfjgoyZntzqNM0g8GE2EEt9k",{"id":2049,"title":2050,"body":2051,"description":2055,"extension":19,"meta":2073,"navigation":24,"page":2050,"path":2074,"pdf_page":2075,"reading":20,"seo":2076,"sortable_pagination_id":2075,"stem":2077,"__hash__":2078},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F431.md","431",{"type":8,"value":2052,"toc":2071},[2053,2056,2059,2062,2065,2068],[11,2054,2055],{},"Nos igitur docemus, et diligenter hoc ac saepe inculcandum est. In exemplis sanctorum patrum hoc tanquam caput et summam commendationis spectandum esse, quod Deus cum eis locutus est, quod habuerunt verbum Dei. Ille est locus, qui illustrat hasce historias, et praebet verum intellectum, quid et quantae sint istae feces et contemptibiles species, ut apparent, sanctissimorum virorum. Ubi enim est verbum Dei, ibi et vera fides est et sunt opera vera: quia geruntur omnia in verbo et sub verbo. Caetera, quae extra verbum et sine verbo humano arbitrio fiunt, ea vere nihil aliud sunt, quam feces et stercora coram Deo.",[11,2057,2058],{},"Ideo omnes omnium monachorum vitae, quantumvis speciosae in oculis carnis, tamen prorsus nihil sunt. Magna fuit species sanctitatis in Antonio, in Hilarione et aliis multis, quorum alii ieiuniis, alii prodigiosis vigiliis vitam suam usque ad septuagesimum annum transegerunt, quibus portentis capitur caro, cor et oculus hominis, sed inspice tu, an ibi sit adiunctum verbum Dei. Quaere ex Antonio, an habeat verbum, quo iussus sit ire in desertum, et macerare carnem? Non. Sed mihi sic visum est hoc bonum et Deo gratum, inquiet. Atqui illud caput rei est, quod eminere in tuis operibus debebat, Antoni, sine quo tota ista vita mors est, et tantum electio carnis, arbitrium proprium et mera ostentatio et demutatio hominum carnalium.",[11,2060,2061],{},"Commendat itaque scriptura sancta in historiis Patrum praecipue fidem in verbum. Quia verbum Dei omnia sanctificat. Siquidem est sanctum, imo sanctitas, veritas, sapientia ipsa. Atque ea vita, quae regitur verbo, haec verax vita est, iusta, sapiens et aeterna. Quod si verbo caret, etiam veritate, luce, sapientia coram Deo caret, et omnes actiones eius sunt opera tenebrarum.",[11,2063,2064],{},"Sic coniugium quanquam est immundum vitae genus: quia copulatio masculi et foeminae non potest fieri sine immunditia carnali: Sordidum est pascere pecora: Magistratus quoque et subditorum vita est impurissima et plena vitiis, multa ibi peccata concurrunt, et excessus privati et personalia vitia, praeter illa communia: Tamen Deus haec omnia magnifice ornavit, et ordinavit verbo suo. Ac si adhaeresis verbo, iam mundatus es ab omni immunditia tua.",[11,2066,2067],{},"Denique nemo sine peccatis vivit. Sed tanta vis verbi est, ut ista omnia absorbeat, ut possis dicere: Vivo ego vitam coniugalem cum uxore et filiis in pace, in timore et fiducia tua, et sic scio omnia salva esse. Sic enim Paulus de vita coniugum inquit 1 Timothei 2.: 'Mulier salva erit per filiorum generationem.' Quomodo? 'Si manserit in fide.' Haec prima virtus verbi est.",[11,2069,2070],{},"Deinde non solum hoc praestat, ut ipsum genus vitae sit sanctum et placeat Deo, Sed etiam excitat te ad omnis generis virtutes et laudatissima opera: Quia non est ociosum, et si modo est in corde tuo secundum verum",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2072},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F431",443,{"description":2055},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F431","sAXeAYNXIodsg4XFSKXueq8XqoGabdE7rylHveuF7s8",{"id":2080,"title":25,"body":2081,"description":2085,"extension":19,"meta":2100,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":2101,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2102,"sortable_pagination_id":28,"stem":2103,"__hash__":2104},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F432.md",{"type":8,"value":2082,"toc":2098},[2083,2086,2089,2092,2095],[11,2084,2085],{},"sensum et intellectum. Sed monebit te, ut cogites de Deo invocando et laudando, constituit te sacerdotem et Prophetam Dei, cuius sacrificia erunt Deo gratissima, quia oculi eius respiciant in fidem. Hunc quoque effectum verbi monstrosi monachi non vident.",[11,2087,2088],{},"Tertio si senserit Diabolus te habere verbum et confidere, quod tua vita sit grata et accepta Deo propter verbum, non quiescet ipse, sed omnis generis tentationes et crucem etiam in levissimis rebus obiciet. In re familiari experieris perfidiam familiae, odium vicinorum, mortem liberorum aut coniugis. Illa omnia evenient, ut fides tua exerceatur. Quod si verbum non adest, sequitur impacientia et indignatio propter genus vitae tam molestum et afflictum. Sicut multos audimus, qui exclamant se non Deo duce, sed Diabolo instinctu coniugium ingressos esse.",[11,2090,2091],{},"Accidit idem magistratibus, qui cum vident indomitam maliciam subditorum, usuras, avaritiam, libidines, et ea pro officio corrigere aut punire student, incurrunt odia et invidiam hominum. Ibi tum fremitus et exacerbationes non minus, ac in coniugio existunt. Ac si tales Papistae fuerint, ignari verbi Dei, fugiunt et deserunt coniugium aut magistratum, et secedent in solitudinem, ut ibi servient Deo in pace et tranquillitate: Sed sine gratia et voluntate Dei. Deus enim omnibus proposuit verbum suum, et mandavit, ut quilibet suae vocationi serviat.",[11,2093,2094],{},"Proinde ut vincas difficultates illas et molestias: sive coniugii, sive magistratus, primum omnium cura, ut bene meditatum habeas verbum Dei, quo magistratus opulenter confirmatus est. Romanorum 12. et 13. Similiter in coniugio, sive servus sit, sive ancilla, sive praeceptor, sive discipulus, certi sunt de suo statu et voluntate Dei. Tu tantum apprehende verbum, et fac fructus dignos verbo, et statim videbis sequi crucem et tentationes. Eas vero sequitur oratio: Orationi liberatio: Liberationem sacrificium laudis. Ita simul et crucem ferre et sacrificium laudis offerre poteris: quod monachi nec volunt, nec possunt, qui tantum quaerunt pacem, ventrem et voluptatem.",[11,2096,2097],{},"Ad hunc modum Moses describit istius sancti patris legendam hoc uno capite, quod in multis tribulationibus vitam egerit.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2099},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F432",{"description":2085},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F432","Wn0vAsqOuKd0bVYn6OjFCZM7-KmWDxL74pUObWY5Lys",[2106,2124,2151,2174,2197,2223,2254,2283,2321,2361,2387,2419,2452,2481],{"id":2107,"title":2108,"body":2109,"description":2116,"extension":19,"meta":2119,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":2120,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":2121,"sortable_pagination_id":29,"stem":2122,"__hash__":2123},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F419.md","Gen. 25:31–34. Jacob said: Sell me this day your birthright.",{"type":8,"value":2110,"toc":2117},[2111,2114],[1718,2112,2108],{"id":2113},"gen-253134-jacob-said-sell-me-this-day-your-birthright",[11,2115,2116],{},"Here a great question arises concerning the buying and selling of the birthright. For it is a sacred matter, which it is lawful neither to buy nor to sell. The question is therefore whether both sinned — the one by selling, the other by buying. Lyra says Esau sin[ned by]",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2118},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F419",{"title":2108,"description":2116},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F419","WjOFpSf5aKkwul0Y1s_qlXQLk-zGY2rpcX021ShrEdI",{"id":2125,"title":1733,"body":2126,"description":2130,"extension":19,"meta":2146,"navigation":24,"page":1733,"path":2147,"pdf_page":1752,"reading":20,"seo":2148,"sortable_pagination_id":1752,"stem":2149,"__hash__":2150},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F420.md",{"type":8,"value":2127,"toc":2144},[2128,2131,2138,2141],[11,2129,2130],{},"having sinned by selling [the birthright]. As for Jacob, he denies that he sinned by buying it, because by divine ordinance he was the firstborn, in accordance with the declaration: “The elder shall serve the younger.” Esau was in possession of a birthright that was not rightfully his: for although he claimed it for himself by right of birth, he did not hold it by divine will. But as the common saying goes, the position of the one in possession is the stronger. Therefore Jacob could not disturb him; and Esau defended himself by human law, divine law, and birth order, all of which, among all peoples, assign possession and lordship to the firstborn twin. Moreover, the Law grants a double portion of the paternal estate. Unless therefore God had changed and revoked that right, Esau’s birthright would have remained intact. But because Jacob knows by a divine voice that it belongs to him, he does not sin by acquiring through the sale what is rightfully his own; indeed, he did well to wait patiently for every opportunity to acquire the birthright that was owed to him.",[11,2132,2133,2134,2137],{},"No other more convenient means could have been found to accomplish this than through a purchase. For although that cooked dish or morsel is not a just price for a birthright, it nonetheless pertains to the settlement of a dispute — or, as the jurists say, to “buying off a vexation.” For it often happens that someone is harassed by sycophants [i.e., vexatious accusers] who drag him into court, and, by producing false witnesses or devising other tricks, attempt to seize his property as though unjustly occupied by him. Those who love peace, though they could defend their right, prefer to throw money at the sycophants rather than pursue litigation, in order to escape their calumnies. In such a case, the common proverb holds: ",[47,2135,2136],{},"Man muß dem teufel den fegen auffleben"," [“One must give the devil his broom”]. In this manner Jacob gave a small scraped morsel and freed himself from his brother’s harassment — who had been boasting about the birthright — so that henceforth he might hold his property and his right in peace. These are roughly the points Lyra brings forward at this place, quite well and piously for that time.",[11,2139,2140],{},"Above, however, in the history of Abraham, who bought a field for burial in Genesis 23, I spoke about simony. The question was: should Abraham therefore be called a simoniac, since burial is among sacred things, and the buying or selling of sacred things is called simony? But we heard that that purchased field was a profane thing, subject to a carnal lord. And the sale of a field is an entirely civil transaction. Abraham therefore did not sin when he bought the field and established a tomb there; otherwise, everything that Christians buy for necessary purposes — bread, meat, wine, all of which are turned to the use of the saints — would be simoniacal, which is absurd.",[11,2142,2143],{},"Now, laws and canons call it simony when spiritual things are bought for money: they say that selling a cemetery is simony, because it is sacred to Christians. Likewise, selling a portion of a parish, or lands belonging to what they call ecclesiastical benefices — this was that great sin against which theologians and canonists cried out with one voice in earlier times, and by which they condemned bishops and Romanists who bought or sold bishoprics.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2145},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F420",{"description":2130},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F420","kXZCM0p7km-jKKRA8ImqrCCAeWKH804GmbmiqfZ2aIs",{"id":2152,"title":1758,"body":2153,"description":2157,"extension":19,"meta":2169,"navigation":24,"page":1758,"path":2170,"pdf_page":1777,"reading":20,"seo":2171,"sortable_pagination_id":1777,"stem":2172,"__hash__":2173},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F421.md",{"type":8,"value":2154,"toc":2167},[2155,2158,2161,2164],[11,2156,2157],{},"But they accomplished nothing with their outcries, and now they are laughed at by the whole papacy, which is substantially filled with simony. Indeed, if you were to remove simony from the papacy, you would have removed the sun from it. For the courtiers have no other business than buying and selling priesthoods.",[11,2159,2160],{},"To reform the Roman Church from simony is therefore to lay it utterly waste. Where would be the splendor and pomp of the Cardinals of the Roman Curia, if you were to take away simony? Indeed the whole Curia itself would collapse entirely. For the number of Cardinals is far too great — they have already devoured all the goods of the Church. The monastery of [Saint] Agnes in Rome, which once supported 160 persons, the Cardinals have plundered and consumed. All things therefore are full of simony according to canon law. And whoever would wish to remove simony from the papacy would do the same as one who wished to place the Devil in heaven. John Huss and others who taught at that time taxed this vice severely, but in vain. For the Roman Curia is a condemned thing, which all ought to shun and detest. What then could it prescribe concerning faith and good morals? The papacy is a congregation of demons and most wicked men. They themselves condemn simony, yet they live and are sustained by it. Therefore we are rightly warned in Revelation 18: “Come out of her, my people, that you be not partakers of her sins, and that you receive not of her plagues.” All the colleges are of the Devil, and therefore let us flee, lest we become partakers of their plague.",[11,2162,2163],{},"We could, however, excuse these thefts of theirs by some gloss, so that they would not be called simony — because they are civil seizures. Nor is there any difference between such simony and civil occupation. Just as we see nobles today striving among themselves to seize estates, farmlands, and villages. Our own benefices and stipends, from which we draw benefit, are also simoniacally obtained, “gathered from the wages of a harlot,” as it is said in Micah 1. But if they plunder the goods of the Church not for the use of godly priests, but turn them to luxury and pomp, we turn them [to good use] — namely that the ministers of the Church may be sustained and the schools preserved. And so we take no account of this simony. But since they burden themselves by their own canon law, we say to them: “Out of your own mouth I judge you.”",[11,2165,2166],{},"True simony, however, is the buying and selling of a spiritual thing for money. As if someone wished to purchase grace, faith, charity, miracles, or the virtues of the Holy Spirit with which the Church of God is adorned — which is what Simon attempted in Acts 8. Not that the thing itself can be conveyed by buying or selling sacred things. For the Holy Spirit does not give his gifts for money; nor does God accept gold and silver in exchange for the forgiveness of sins, for life, eyes, senses, and all his benefits. But the divine munificence scatters his gifts upon the grateful and ungrateful alike; he requires only thanksgiving, that we say: Blessed be the Lord God in his gifts. That divinity be ascribed to him — that is, that we acknowledge him as God, whom we confess with our whole heart, mouth, and deed to be the Creator. For no other price can be paid for such great gifts.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2168},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F421",{"description":2157},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F421","5bOPxdJNX-40ZB5Y6_znGvy-GqIvwiAm1Tv6MM34joM",{"id":2175,"title":1783,"body":2176,"description":2180,"extension":19,"meta":2192,"navigation":24,"page":1783,"path":2193,"pdf_page":1802,"reading":20,"seo":2194,"sortable_pagination_id":1802,"stem":2195,"__hash__":2196},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F422.md",{"type":8,"value":2177,"toc":2190},[2178,2181,2184,2187],[11,2179,2180],{},"But what must be examined is the intention and will to buy or to traffic in sacred things — and that is Simon’s intention, and it is simoniacal: for he desires that it be possible, by paying money, to receive the Holy Spirit. This same meaning underlies our prayers, when we ask that God be glorified and his kingdom preserved. God cannot be confounded or brought to dishonor, because he is substantially glory itself, power, and goodness. But our intention and will is such that we desire God not to exist, and that his glory be confounded. And we declare this in our attitude toward the Word and the Sacraments. If we could inflict upon God the same injury and contempt by which we undermine his Word and Sacraments, we would not refrain even from that. True simony, therefore, is the trafficking that is carried on in the Word of God, in the Sacraments, in the Church, and among the Saints. This the Pope has not understood, nor does he understand it today — even though the entire papacy is submerged in it, and had been so long before it became simoniacal according to the [canon] laws, because they were selling heaven, the forgiveness of sins, grace, and the Holy Spirit in exchange for works. Hence the vast multitude of temples, monasteries, masses, indulgences, and sacred orders, by which works we sought to merit divine grace.",[11,2182,2183],{},"In this way they made of God a merchant, who bestows the kingdom of heaven not freely but for a price and for merits. For even if he offers it freely, they nevertheless reject the gratuitous benefit and contribute a hundred or a thousand gold pieces toward the building of monasteries, temples, and the like, by which to purchase divine grace and benefits. Is this not trading in grace and the forgiveness of sins? And such was the Pope even when he was at his best; and with this kind of simony he filled the whole world, so much so that the world is nothing other than a cesspool of true simony. For what else do the Colleges [of canons] do but take money and turn piety into profit?",[11,2185,2186],{},"But strictly speaking, it is impossible to buy grace. It is as if one were to try to milk a he-goat. The Pope milks the he-goat; the people hold out a sieve — as the proverb says. Even if it were possible for the Pope to be reformed and purged of gross simony, they still cannot be purged of true simony, because that is the soul of the Pope. Just as bodily substance constitutes the body, so he is a simoniac in body and soul; and once simony is removed, whatever remains of the pomp, splendor, and dignity of the pontiff will be entirely swept away, and there will remain only the Bishop of Rome.",[11,2188,2189],{},"It is evident, then, how great the dangers and evils in the papacy are, what an abyss it is, how horribly the whole world has been swallowed up by the primacy of the Pope. Therefore we ought to hate that beast with perfect hatred. And yet there are still those who fight to preserve his primacy safe and intact — but what would that be other than to hand back the soul of simony? A horrible and blas-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2191},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F422",{"description":2180},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F422","UyB6kvZozbuKVyMeZHb_a9txjC39j8ijB30wQ62cW3c",{"id":2198,"title":1808,"body":2199,"description":2203,"extension":19,"meta":2218,"navigation":24,"page":1808,"path":2219,"pdf_page":1830,"reading":20,"seo":2220,"sortable_pagination_id":1830,"stem":2221,"__hash__":2222},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F423.md",{"type":8,"value":2200,"toc":2216},[2201,2204,2207,2210,2213],[11,2202,2203],{},"phemy, and abuse of the name of God, which will be punished with eternal damnation. For they swept the Word, the name of God, and the Church into this trade — and yet nothing was truly bought; they merely invented a god of that kind, one who is willing to sell grace. The intent and will is simoniac, but in truth it is only a sieve and a he-goat [i.e., a futile enterprise — milking the he-goat into a sieve, as the proverb has it].",[11,2205,2206],{},"Yet this evil is naturally implanted in the hearts of all people. If God were willing to sell grace, we would receive it more eagerly and gladly than when he offers it freely. Previously, when simony reigned, all people were most avid to build endless monasteries and churches, because it was a buying and selling of the kingdom of heaven. Now, when it is offered freely and proclaimed: “God sent his Son in the flesh, to give eternal life to all who believe. You have merited nothing; it is given freely — liberation from death and from sins, the Holy Spirit, and the kingdom of heaven.” This mercy and divine generosity the world despises. Before, when we were taught how we could earn grace by our works, everyone competed to pour out all their zeal and resources. Just as this little town of Wittenberg gave a thousand gold coins a year to the monks.",[11,2208,2209],{},"Everywhere the maxim of Ambrosius is celebrated — most perniciously: “The kingdom of heaven belongs to the poor,” from the saying of Christ: “that they may receive you into the eternal tabernacles.” This saying, like a sharp razor, pierced the minds of all. “If the rich wish to be saved, let them buy from the poor,” they cried; “for the poor are the Friars Minor and other religious brothers — they hold the kingdom of heaven; from them you must buy.”",[11,2211,2212],{},"What kind of monstrosity, portent, and prodigy is this, then, that the world spurns redemption from sin, death, and hell, freely offered through Christ? If simony were to reign again, all would lavishly pour out their wealth. But when we teach from the word and command of Christ: “Receive freely, and give freely,” it falls on deaf ears — for parish priests, ministers, and schoolmasters. Indeed, they plunder those whom they ought to adorn and support. Are these not horrible frenzies of darkness? Thus every person is a simoniac, and yet no such sale can actually be made. For God has given nothing to any person, nor to the monks for their vows, save flames and the eternal torments of hell.",[11,2214,2215],{},"One can also see how wretched and dangerous a thing it is to have fallen from the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith apart from works. For when that doctrine is obscured and extinguished, the whole world becomes simoniac. Thus the Turks too strive to appease God by their works, and to buy spiritual things with money and with merits. Therefore simony exists in name, as it is described in canon law. For they redeem nothing and obtain nothing by price and merits; but that intent and will has sunk its roots deep in the human heart, by which every person is naturally a simoniac — wishing there were such a god as could be appeased by works and human merits, to whom one could present the account: “I have done many things, I have fasted much — look upon these, and sell me salvation and eternal life.” But God does not acknowledge or hear such workers of iniquity. And he sets forth his own",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2217},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F423",{"description":2203},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F423","kN9kCe-StFq-N0-p-azL9xHou_paP2iukYm3AH7eMIA",{"id":2224,"title":1836,"body":2225,"description":2248,"extension":19,"meta":2249,"navigation":24,"page":1836,"path":2250,"pdf_page":1858,"reading":20,"seo":2251,"sortable_pagination_id":1858,"stem":2252,"__hash__":2253},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F424.md",{"type":8,"value":2226,"toc":2246},[2227,2234,2237,2240,2243],[11,2228,2229,2230,2233],{},"his will in the apostolic teaching: “You have been justified freely and without cost, apart from all works.” When that grace is taken away, there is no longer any difference between the Turk and the Pope, pagans and Jews — all are simoniacs, ",[47,2231,2232],{},"caprimulgi"," [milkers of he-goats], and Sodomites.",[11,2235,2236],{},"The simony of the canonists is the lesser kind and purely corporeal, belonging to the category of civil plunder. But when the Pope receives crowns, cities, and territories from kings and monarchs, and does so under cover of masses offered to strengthen their cause — presenting himself with an appearance of piety, wishing to seem the best of men — there he is at his worst and utterly simoniacal. For in the other case he does harm only by example and confesses simony through acts of civil robbery; here he does not acknowledge sin but praises and proclaims justice and religion. These things, then, I wished to note, so that it might be understood what true simony is, and so that we might remain in the pure doctrine which teaches how God has given us his Son, and through him all heavenly and spiritual goods — which the world wishes to purchase at a price rather than receive freely.",[11,2238,2239],{},"Let us return to the narrative. It is apparent that Jacob pressed the purchase in such a way that he cannot be excused or freed from the charge of simony, because he says openly: “Sell me your birthright.” By what right, then, does he demand this? And does he commit so great a sin as to attempt to buy the blessing, which is spiritual and pertains to Christ and to future things — all of which are sacred and look toward the life to come? In this life all things are profane and polluted. The sacraments and sacred things, however, were not instituted for the sake of the present life, but in order to be a certain sacred preparation for future things. For by the Gospel I am prepared, reborn, and renewed for the life to come. It was not handed to me so that I might grow rich from it. But whoever is a pastor and administers these things in order to acquire the wealth and glory of this age is a simoniac. So too the use of Baptism is this: that I might be transferred and reposited from the womb of my mother and from the grave into paradise, from death into life. I do not therefore seek there the pleasures and delights of the world. Rather I use spiritual gifts in such a way that, when bodily things cease, I might be led from this life to eternal life and immortality. Whoever plays the pastor, or absolves, or administers sacred things in order to gain glory and power thereby, is a simoniac according to that gross definition of the canonists — not among those of the subtler sort who seek eternal life through the sacraments.",[11,2241,2242],{},"But why does Jacob demand that the birthright be sold to him? And since he wishes to buy it, it follows that there is a transaction. I answer: Jacob perceived that occasion by which he might obtain the birthright, and he wished to make use of it.",[11,2244,2245],{},"Furthermore, brother Esau belongs to the number of those who are grossly simoniacal — that is, he sought nothing other than his belly in the spiritual blessing. For he did not attend the tabernacle but despised the worship of God. He first neglected small things, until he fell into contempt of greater goods, just as Cain, the firstborn [did]. Esau did not understand the greatness of the blessing, and therefore",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2247},[],"his will in the apostolic teaching: “You have been justified freely and without cost, apart from all works.” When that grace is taken away, there is no longer any difference between the Turk and the Pope, pagans and Jews — all are simoniacs, caprimulgi [milkers of he-goats], and Sodomites.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F424",{"description":2248},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F424","6Tws2ULXZUbLBiFLubldO2lLuA1cuqQk2N4JHs7x6ik",{"id":2255,"title":1864,"body":2256,"description":2260,"extension":19,"meta":2278,"navigation":24,"page":1864,"path":2279,"pdf_page":1889,"reading":20,"seo":2280,"sortable_pagination_id":1889,"stem":2281,"__hash__":2282},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F425.md",{"type":8,"value":2257,"toc":2276},[2258,2261,2264,2267,2270,2273],[11,2259,2260],{},"for the goods and pleasures of the present age he sold it: so that before God he is in truth stripped of the birthright and all its blessings. Therefore Jacob was intent upon this present opportunity, and struck a definite price with his brother, so that no further disturbance or trouble might be raised by his brother on account of the birthright.",[11,2262,2263],{},"So today the Pope holds the name of the Church. We do not. Yet we know that we are truly the Church, because we have the Word, the Sacraments, and the keys, which Christ left behind him — not to serve our power and the desires of this life, but to prepare us for the coming of the Son of God. Therefore we are the true Church.",[11,2265,2266],{},"The Pope, on the other hand, arrogates this name and title to himself because he is in possession [of the outward office], and boasts that he is the successor of Peter and Paul. Now if I were willing to make a bargain with the Pope in this way — I will give you so many thousands of gold pieces each year, and you will allow me to preach the Gospel freely and sincerely — would that be simony? No. Because I am not buying what I already have, namely the legitimate use of the Sacraments, the sincere doctrine of the Gospel, of faith, of hope, of expectation of the life to come, all of which are granted to me even against the Pope’s will and without his authority. In offering a thousand gold pieces I seek only to redeem the harassment [I suffer at his hands]. I am not buying anything, but merely throwing a sop to the adversary — throwing him the red lentils — so that I may deprive the Pope of the title “Church.” I care nothing for his bulls and indulgences. And this is what I would urge upon the princes of our side: that they pay him so many thousands of crowns each year for this purpose, that bloodshed and other scandals might cease, and the Gospel might be spread in peace. This is not simony, but the redemption of vexation.",[11,2268,2269],{},"Therefore when Jacob says to Esau, “Sell me your birthright,” it is not a real purchase — because the birthright already belongs to Jacob, and Esau has been stripped of it. Possession is with Jacob, but without the name. The name is with Esau, but without possession. Now because Jacob sees that Esau understands or seeks nothing in the blessing except his belly — just as the Pope under the pretext of the Church seeks only his own glory and power — he therefore throws a sop to Cerberus, lest Esau be troublesome to him any further.",[11,2271,2272],{},"In the same way I would truly wish that our princes would pay the Emperor twenty thousand gold pieces each year, so that the Gospel might be taught in peace and tranquility. But will you thus give money for sacred things? someone asks. By no means. For what we already have, we have not bought, and they cannot take it from us. We would give that money only so that they might leave us alone and grant us peace — the Pope and the Emperor alike.",[11,2274,2275],{},"Moreover, those spiritual goods, O Pope and Cardinals, are not yours but ours. Even if the Pope were never to grant both kinds [of the Eucharist], we have them by divine gift. Nor can they sell them; or if they try, they will be milking a he-goat and holding a sieve beneath it. We have both kinds, with God’s consent and against the Pope’s resistance. But if they do not cease troubling us with persecutions,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2277},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F425",{"description":2260},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F425","i_hqx9Kuu4dG05ii2pi9URTSEctjJKj-C8YlXD5XKH0",{"id":2284,"title":1895,"body":2285,"description":2289,"extension":19,"meta":2316,"navigation":24,"page":1895,"path":2317,"pdf_page":1917,"reading":20,"seo":2318,"sortable_pagination_id":1917,"stem":2319,"__hash__":2320},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F426.md",{"type":8,"value":2286,"toc":2314},[2287,2290,2293,2308,2311],[11,2288,2289],{},"killings, and plunderings, we will make a pact with them, so that they may devour the red pottage. But they must not gain the glory of being seen as having given or bestowed it upon us — for that would be to consent to their authority. And so we do not wish these divine and sacred things, which I cannot purchase with money, to be given or donated to us by the Pope.",[11,2291,2292],{},"Thus Esau, just as Ishmael above, undoubtedly made himself greatly troublesome to his brother Jacob, and arrogantly commanded him, since he himself was the lord and the firstborn, while Jacob was regarded as a servant and a fool. Jacob wished to free himself from this persecution and fraternal harassment, so that he might securely obtain the spiritual blessing. So today many Christians yield up cities on account of their confession of the Gospel, to avoid being compelled to bear the tyranny of the Papists. And Paul says in Romans 12: “If it be possible, as much as lies within you, live peaceably with all men.” If the adversaries are unwilling to keep the peace, give them the red pottage, so that they grant you peace — that is, allow you to enjoy in peace those goods which you already possess.",[11,2294,2295,2296,2299,2300,2303,2304,2307],{},"There follows Esau’s response to his brother’s request: “Behold, I am at the point of death, and what profit shall this birthright do to me?” He even reveals by his own testimony a profane spirit. Is this how one should deal with and think about religion, piety, and birthrights? For he openly confesses that he does not understand the birthright, nor does he hold it as the inheritance of the life to come and as a sacred thing. But if the birthright profits nothing except for glory and wealth in this present life, where will faith, hope, and expectation of eternal goods remain? We shall then speak as the impious and the Epicureans, who are accustomed to say when they hear heaven named — which in our language sounds as ",[47,2297,2298],{},"Himel"," — they answer: “",[47,2301,2302],{},"Das Himel? letten wir hie nit","” [Heaven? We don’t need it here] — ",[47,2305,2306],{},"quid coelum? si hac farinam haberemus"," [what good is heaven? if only we had this flour here]. This is how the Pope thinks about the Church and the keys. What do you say about the keys? I must use them to heap up riches and to bend kings. These are the Esau-like words of the impious, who regard godliness as gain, and who would bid a long farewell to Christ and his Gospel if they could not thereby prosper in temporal things.",[11,2309,2310],{},"Therefore this is a weighty testimony of Holy Scripture, that Esau had already forfeited his birthright. For he is judged out of his own mouth. He undoubtedly thought to himself: I am the lord; I will indeed sell the birthright, but it is only a game. For even if I have sold it, I can still recover it. Thus he played and despised his brother. Just as the Pope with his masks has made sport of the whole world by selling good works and indulgences, and thought it would go unpunished for him, or that he could at last return to repentance.",[11,2312,2313],{},"And today many abuse the doctrine of the Gospel, and meanwhile flatter themselves: “Even though I persist in sins and am impious,” they say, “I will yet repent in the end and return to the way.” Just as some also say of Duke George",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2315},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F426",{"description":2289},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F426","sQ0VvxQSZuuzgDD2-6U07b5VdogZm1nSNg4habmK_iM",{"id":2322,"title":1923,"body":2323,"description":2327,"extension":19,"meta":2356,"navigation":24,"page":1923,"path":2357,"pdf_page":1951,"reading":20,"seo":2358,"sortable_pagination_id":1951,"stem":2359,"__hash__":2360},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F427.md",{"type":8,"value":2324,"toc":2354},[2325,2328,2331,2334,2337,2348,2351],[11,2326,2327],{},"they say: he could have converted in the last moment of his life. But all these people finally hear that sad verdict which stands in the Epistle to the Hebrews concerning Esau: “Know that afterward, when he desired to inherit the blessing, he was rejected; for he found no place of repentance, though he sought it with tears.”",[11,2329,2330],{},"So the Antinomians enjoy the comforts of the world, that they may be happy in this life, and say they intend to convert in their own good time; they despise their blessing — the Church, Baptism, the keys, the forgiveness of sins, eternal life; they receive the grace of God in vain, “neglecting the acceptable time and the day of salvation” (2 Corinthians 6). But in vain and too late will they one day seek the opportunity they neglected. As the bride laments in the Song of Songs: “I opened the bolt of my door to my beloved, but he had turned and gone.”",[11,2332,2333],{},"When Esau therefore says, “I must die; what use is the birthright to me?” he shows that he thinks only of his belly and rejects the promise as empty and useless for the life to come — precisely as the Epicureans say today: what is the point of hearing the Gospel, of using the keys, or of the Lord’s Supper? Jacob, however, thinks differently and knows that sacred things are preparations for the life to come; therefore he magnifies them and burns with zeal for them. Those who wish to use them only for this life are rightfully stripped of them by divine authority and right: for there freedom of will operates, so that men knowingly and willingly sell or cast them away.",[11,2335,2336],{},"Therefore, when Jacob sees the opportunity turning on the hinge and moment of time, he presses his petition and wants the contract confirmed: “Swear to me,” he says, “at this time” — that is, at this very hour. Because the opportunity must not be neglected. Then Esau swears, and so sells his birthright. In the same way we ought to deal with the Papists: if they would give an oath, hostages, and seals [pledging] that they would not make war against us, we would at once set the red pottage before them.",[11,2338,2339,2340,2343,2344,2347],{},"The remaining question, which others raise here, we shall also treat, lest it hinder the reader. Was that red dish the price of the sale and purchase? They themselves answer that it was not, because the birthright was a very great and most precious thing, and therefore it is not credible that Esau received this meager dish as the price. They therefore want the dish to have been only an earnest [",[47,2341,2342],{},"arrha","] confirming the contract, which Esau received as a token of the sold birthright — just as it is customary among us for a cup or two of wine to be set between buyer and seller as a sign of the sale, which the Germans call ",[47,2345,2346],{},"gleichtauff",".",[11,2349,2350],{},"This opinion arose from the commentaries of the Rabbis, and we reject it. Just as all their opinions must be handled in this way: whatever good there is in them should be retained, but what is bad and false must be guarded against. For it conflicts with the plain text in the Epistle to the Hebrews, where it is openly said: “Esau sold his birthright for a single meal.”",[11,2352,2353],{},"Because Holy Scripture wished to portray the character and habits of the profane and hypocritical Church, which must be recognized and understood from its own habits",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2355},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F427",{"description":2327},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F427","-9GkgfoFGrq74TIX1ksapMT8eQSdkmYrmtyZvUevJUI",{"id":2362,"title":1957,"body":2363,"description":2367,"extension":19,"meta":2382,"navigation":24,"page":1957,"path":2383,"pdf_page":1979,"reading":20,"seo":2384,"sortable_pagination_id":1979,"stem":2385,"__hash__":2386},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F428.md",{"type":8,"value":2364,"toc":2380},[2365,2368,2371,2374,2377],[11,2366,2367],{},"by their conduct — of which Esau is the type and figure. For this [hypocritical] Church is especially given to boasting in God’s name: it wishes to be and to be regarded as the Church, and it is so before the world. Just as Esau holds the birthright, yet despises it, and through that contempt loses it. For in turn they are despised, rejected, and stripped of it, and therefore their boasting counts for nothing. So too with the Papists, who vaunt themselves as the Church and as successors of the Apostles. For whoever wishes to be the Church must magnify the birthright — not only in this life, but also beyond this life.",[11,2369,2370],{},"And this is a perpetual contest in the world. As it was between Esau and Jacob, so it is for us with the Papists, and before us it was for the Jewish people with the Apostles. The Jews strenuously contended that they were the people of God, and Paul acknowledges them to be the Church in Romans 2 and 9. But because they retained only the name while despising the true substance of the Church, they were therefore cast away. The Gentiles were called in their place. Hosea 1: “And I will say to those who were not my people, ‘You are my people,’ and they shall say, ‘You are my God.’” And Deuteronomy 32: “I will provoke them with that which is not a people; with a foolish nation I will anger them.”",[11,2372,2373],{},"This then is one mark — indeed, the most sinister feature — of the hypocritical Church: that it is supremely arrogant and utterly confident in usurping the name of God, the Church, the Keys, the Ministry, and the Sacraments; it can do nothing more than boast of God. The second mark is that it truly despises and neglects the things that belong to the true Church. It cares little for its own birthright, just as the Pope and the bishops neither teach, nor baptize, nor perform any function of the Church: they have only the name. But they display neither the fruit nor the effect. Therefore Christ says: “You will know them by their fruits.” Whoever — as the Pope does — despises the Church, thereby forfeits the Church. That empty boast — “We are Christians, we are the Church, we are Bishops” — avails nothing. If the substance is absent, you will not long retain the name: indeed you are already rejected; what you have, you do not have. So too the heretics who will come after us will lose it, because the Church is the pillar of truth (1 Timothy 3), which they themselves will cast away, and boasting and the name profit nothing without truth.",[11,2375,2376],{},"When therefore they cry: “We are the Church, we have the authority to command,” and wish to compel us to assent to their decrees — we shall answer: The Church is twofold: by number and by kind, by merit and by truth. I do not recognize you by name and by reality, as even their own teachers acknowledge. Esau is the Church without substance — in name and appearance only — just as all idolaters and heretics are who arrogate the title of Church to themselves. I can tolerate it when someone is a Christian by number only, yet meanwhile performs the external office. Even if he is secretly impious and wicked, provided he baptizes, cares for the sick, and strengthens afflicted consciences, nothing prevents him from being called a Christian by number, or the Church. But not by merit. This the Pope and the bishops do not do. Therefore they are not even to be compared with those who are secretly impious, because they do the opposite of the ecclesiastical office: they blaspheme the Word, they persecute the godly — that is, the true Church.",[11,2378,2379],{},"In our own Church many ministers are Christians by number only, without merit.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2381},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F428",{"description":2367},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F428","C13_pOFvll8ev1t73S-lMi1_eh9jzsHS-renAeOCGS0",{"id":2388,"title":1985,"body":2389,"description":2393,"extension":19,"meta":2414,"navigation":24,"page":1985,"path":2415,"pdf_page":2013,"reading":20,"seo":2416,"sortable_pagination_id":2013,"stem":2417,"__hash__":2418},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F429.md",{"type":8,"value":2390,"toc":2412},[2391,2394,2397,2400,2403,2406,2409],[11,2392,2393],{},"But the Pope openly sets himself against the Church: he suppresses the teaching of faith, fills the whole world with idolatry, simony, and endless monstrosities. That is to rage against the Church in both number and merit, after the manner of the Turks. The argument of the Papists is therefore worth nothing: “We are the Church by number, and therefore you must bear with us.” If they wished to be such [a church], they would have to agree on doctrine, to teach and to govern — as befits true and godly bishops. But they are the grandsons of Esau, enemies and destroyers of the Church, like heretics.",[11,2395,2396],{},"As for those who feign piety and are hypocrites — as many are mixed in among the assembly of the godly — we bear with them in the number of the faithful, provided they do not teach anything contrary to the profession of true doctrine.",[11,2398,2399],{},"Moses has also depicted a third mark of the hypocritical church in this type. For after Esau had most carelessly and with great confidence neglected the spiritual goods — faith, love, patience, gentleness — which are found in the Church, and had indeed despised all these things, there now follows the appetite and burning desire for that red pottage: that is, because he does not care for the knowledge of Christ, nor for growth in spiritual gifts, nor for eternal life, he becomes greedy and covetous of the pleasures, glory, and honors of this present life.",[11,2401,2402],{},"This is precisely what it means to prefer the pottage to the birthright — that is, he is a member of the Church by number; but he pursues flesh and blood, and seeks gain in godliness. So the false church feigns piety, only to enjoy the pleasures and honors of this world. The true Church, however, seeks eternal life through patience and faith. Those [of the false church] are creatures of the belly, and their god is their stomach.",[11,2404,2405],{},"This is the mystery of the red pottage, which holy Scripture sets forth in this place, whereby the dispute over the birthright between the brothers is settled. Lentils are in fact not red but rather yellowish. I therefore think they were prepared with saffron or some other condiment, so as to whet the appetite. Such are the present goods of this world, in which men delight in a wonderful way — preferring to indulge in feasting and dainty fare rather than to eat and drink the flesh and blood of the Son of God, that is, to believe and pursue heavenly goods; they hunt only for the gain and glory of the world, which hold such sweetness and allurement that they stir in men not merely hunger but a certain craving. Hence Esau uses repetition: “Feed me, I pray, of the red, of that red [pottage].”",[11,2407,2408],{},"Holy Scripture therefore signifies that all men become more covetous, more arrogant, and more carnal upon the loss of the blessing than they were before. Because they are all flesh and blood, they seek nothing but carnal things, and with terrible greed they hunger for the red pottage — but under the name of Christ and God, under the title of the Church. Jacob too eats of the red pottage, but not so eagerly — he does not repeat “red” twice as Esau does — that is, the godly make use of present things not for salvation but for their necessity.",[11,2410,2411],{},"Finally Moses adds that Esau despised the fact that he had sold his birthright. There too the most confident pride is noted. For he thought",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2413},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F429",{"description":2393},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F429","UbtPbsmPIq5xiqO2zGO1y822SZwWYxO-wsjOce2c1nQ",{"id":2420,"title":2019,"body":2421,"description":2446,"extension":19,"meta":2447,"navigation":24,"page":2019,"path":2448,"pdf_page":2044,"reading":20,"seo":2449,"sortable_pagination_id":2044,"stem":2450,"__hash__":2451},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F430.md",{"type":8,"value":2422,"toc":2443},[2423,2430,2433,2437,2440],[11,2424,2425,2426,2429],{},"that he could easily secure his rights against his brother through human means, with no regard whatsoever for the contract. This is how hypocrites and false brothers typically behave — ",[47,2427,2428],{},"tragen den baum auff beiden Achseln"," [carrying the beam on both shoulders]. They are shape-shifters: at one moment they pretend to yield and give something; at the next they snatch back what is owed them by no right — and yet they have their glosses by which they cover and excuse their hypocrisy, so as to retain the red stew along with the birthright. For they wish to serve both God and their belly, or Mammon, at the same time.",[11,2431,2432],{},"So Esau reasoned: Even if I sold my birthright, swore an oath, and gulped down the morsel, and even if my most contemptible brother now appears to have taken the birthright — still, I will keep it and not hold to my promise. For he had not sold it in earnest, but meant to mock his brother and put on a show as if he had sold it, while nevertheless retaining his rights. But the Letter to the Hebrews testifies that he was afterward rejected, and that although he tried to recover the birthright — for he repented of the sale — yet that repentance availed nothing: not that he was not saved, but that by no tears could he recover the blessing once forfeited. I therefore hold that the morsel was the price of this sale, and I do not accept the gloss of the Rabbis, since they are carnal men who understand nothing in Holy Scripture.",[2029,2434,2436],{"id":2435},"chapter-xxvi","Chapter XXVI.",[11,2438,2439],{},"There arose a famine in the land, besides the former famine that was in the days of Abraham; and Isaac went to Abimelech, king of the Philistines, in Gerar.",[11,2441,2442],{},"It has often been said in this whole book that the histories of the fathers are described as if in a very cheap and coarse rind, and set forth without any splendor or pomp of religion, righteousness, and wisdom — indeed under the most abject appearance of household management and bodily life. For what else does Moses recount of Isaac than that he was born of his father Abraham, that he begat sons, tended flocks, and wandered through various regions? There is little or nothing there about the prayers or the monstrous religious observances of monks. And what is it to me that he was a husband, that he slept with his wife? Surely these things are not what are to be taught in the Church? For when the flesh looks upon the outward and very common appearance of the fathers’ lives, it clings to that, perceives no edification from it, and is only offended. Then afterward it thinks of learning about the life of Saint Bernhardus, of Antonius, and others like them, where there are marvelous and incredible feats of abstinence, fasting, and vigils — where there is no use of women, servants, still less of livestock. The flesh laughs at the commonplace and lowly things in the household life of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and instead pursues what is splendid and magnificent. Or if these histories are ever read in churches, no one marvels at them, because no one perceives the true dignity and the true adornments of these stories.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2444},[2445],{"id":2435,"depth":16,"text":2436},"that he could easily secure his rights against his brother through human means, with no regard whatsoever for the contract. This is how hypocrites and false brothers typically behave — tragen den baum auff beiden Achseln [carrying the beam on both shoulders]. They are shape-shifters: at one moment they pretend to yield and give something; at the next they snatch back what is owed them by no right — and yet they have their glosses by which they cover and excuse their hypocrisy, so as to retain the red stew along with the birthright. For they wish to serve both God and their belly, or Mammon, at the same time.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F430",{"description":2446},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F430","07fOEKyymjjYjmY0ixibbKB-I91tWXygnAa0yJXYGC4",{"id":2453,"title":2050,"body":2454,"description":2458,"extension":19,"meta":2476,"navigation":24,"page":2050,"path":2477,"pdf_page":2075,"reading":20,"seo":2478,"sortable_pagination_id":2075,"stem":2479,"__hash__":2480},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F431.md",{"type":8,"value":2455,"toc":2474},[2456,2459,2462,2465,2468,2471],[11,2457,2458],{},"We therefore teach — and this must be impressed upon people diligently and often — that in the examples of the holy fathers what is to be regarded as the chief and sum of their commendation is this: that God spoke with them, that they had the Word of God. That is the point which illuminates these histories and provides the true understanding of what and how great these things are — base dregs and contemptible in outward appearance, as they seem — of those most holy men. For where the Word of God is, there also is true faith and there are true works, because everything is done in the Word and under the Word. All other things that are done apart from the Word and without the Word by human discretion are in truth nothing other than dregs and dung before God.",[11,2460,2461],{},"Therefore all the lives of all monks, however splendid in the eyes of the flesh, are nevertheless utterly nothing. Great was the appearance of holiness in Antonius, in Hilarion, and in many others, some of whom spent their lives to the age of seventy in fasts, others in prodigious vigils — portents by which the flesh, the heart, and the eye of man are captivated. But look and see whether the Word of God is joined to these things. Ask Antonius whether he has a word by which he was commanded to go into the desert and mortify the flesh. He does not. “But it seemed good to me in this way, and pleasing to God,” he will say. Yet that is the very head of the matter, which ought to stand out in your works, Antonius — without which that entire life is death, and nothing but the choice of the flesh, self-will, and sheer display and the self-fashioning of carnal men.",[11,2463,2464],{},"Holy Scripture therefore commends in the histories of the Fathers above all faith in the Word. For the Word of God sanctifies all things. Indeed it is holy — rather, it is holiness, truth, and wisdom itself. And that life which is governed by the Word is a true life, righteous, wise, and eternal. But if it lacks the Word, it also lacks truth, light, and wisdom before God, and all its actions are works of darkness.",[11,2466,2467],{},"Thus marriage, although it is an unclean kind of life — since the union of male and female cannot take place without carnal impurity — and tending livestock is a sordid thing, and likewise the life of magistrates and of their subjects is most impure and full of vices, with many sins converging there, both private excesses and personal faults beyond the common ones: nevertheless God has magnificently adorned and ordered all these things with his Word. And if you cling to the Word, you are already cleansed from all your impurity.",[11,2469,2470],{},"In sum, no one lives without sins. But the power of the Word is so great that it absorbs all these things, so that you can say: I live the married life with wife and children in peace, in your fear and trust, and thus I know that all is well. So Paul speaks of the life of married people in 1 Timothy 2: “The woman will be saved through the bearing of children.” How? “If she remains in faith.” This is the first power of the Word.",[11,2472,2473],{},"Then it accomplishes not only this — that the very manner of life is holy and pleasing to God — but it also stirs you up to every kind of virtue and most praiseworthy works, because it is not idle, provided it is truly in your heart according to the true",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2475},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F431",{"description":2458},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F431","huirvPyE14sprfYJPK7dqZvQBhLxp20uGnt35g2Y_os",{"id":2482,"title":25,"body":2483,"description":2487,"extension":19,"meta":2502,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":2503,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2504,"sortable_pagination_id":28,"stem":2505,"__hash__":2506},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F432.md",{"type":8,"value":2484,"toc":2500},[2485,2488,2491,2494,2497],[11,2486,2487],{},"meaning and understanding. Rather, it will prompt you to think about calling upon and praising God; it appoints you a priest and prophet of God, whose sacrifices will be most pleasing to him, because his eyes look upon faith. This effect of the Word the monstrous monks likewise fail to see.",[11,2489,2490],{},"Third: if the Devil perceives that you possess the Word and trust that your life is pleasing and acceptable to God on account of the Word, he will not rest, but will cast in your way temptations of every kind and the cross, even in the smallest matters. In your household affairs you will encounter the faithlessness of servants, the hatred of neighbors, the death of children or of a spouse. All these things will come to pass so that your faith may be exercised. But if the Word is absent, impatience and resentment over a way of life so burdensome and afflicted follow in its wake — as we hear from many who cry out that they entered marriage not at God’s leading, but at the Devil’s instigation.",[11,2492,2493],{},"The same befalls magistrates who, when they see the ungovernable wickedness of their subjects — usury, greed, licentiousness — and strive in the discharge of their office to correct or punish it, incur the hatred and envy of men. There arise then grumblings and embitterments no less than in marriage. And if such persons were Papists, ignorant of the Word of God, they flee and forsake marriage or the magistracy and withdraw into solitude, there to serve God in peace and tranquility — but without the grace and will of God. For God has set forth his Word before all people and has commanded that each one serve in his own calling.",[11,2495,2496],{},"Therefore, in order that you may overcome those difficulties and hardships — whether of marriage or of the magistracy — take care above all to have the Word of God thoroughly pondered, by which the magistracy is richly confirmed: Romans 12 and 13. Likewise in marriage, whether one is a servant or a maidservant, a teacher or a pupil, [all] are certain of their estate and of God’s will. Only lay hold of the Word, and bring forth fruits worthy of the Word, and you will immediately see the cross and temptations follow. After these follows prayer; after prayer, deliverance; after deliverance, the sacrifice of praise. Thus you will be able both to bear the cross and to offer the sacrifice of praise at the same time — which monks neither will nor can do, since they seek only peace, the belly, and pleasure.",[11,2498,2499],{},"In this manner Moses describes the legend of this holy patriarch in this single chapter: that he lived his life amid many tribulations.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2501},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F432",{"description":2487},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fluther-genesis-25.31-34\u002F432","_sWQhrYTWtpUXFvMvcmAWHcNehShbyIxOqUXj237ReY",1789161142784]