[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2747},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-maurice-sermon":3,"authors":37,"doc-maurice-sermon":1669,"transcription-cols-maurice-sermon":1713,"translation-cols-maurice-sermon":2182},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":13,"document":18,"extension":19,"key":20,"meta":21,"navigation":24,"page_end":25,"page_start":26,"path":27,"pdf_page_end":28,"pdf_page_start":29,"section":30,"seo":31,"stem":32,"title_en":33,"translator":34,"year":35,"__hash__":36},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fmaurice-sermon.md","Consilium de Ecclesiastico Statu in Concilio Constantiensi Emendando","maurice-of-prague",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":14},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13],"p",{},"A sermon-treatise (consilium) delivered by Maurice of Prague, Chancellor of the Church of Prague and professor of sacred theology, before the Fathers of the Council of Constance in 1417. Taking as his thema \"Aperte vobis dicere\" (John 16), Maurice argues for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church, castigating arrogance and simony as the roots of dissension in the Church and pleading for the restoration of sound learning and probity among the clergy. Transcribed from a Viennese manuscript codex by Hermann von der Hardt.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":17},"",2,[],"council-of-constance","md","maurice-sermon",{"start_text":22,"end_text":23},"Aperte vobis dicere, Joh. XVI.","qui nos Deus benedicat in secula. Amen.",true,"874","860","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fmaurice-sermon",904,897,"Sermon delivered at the Council of Constance",{"title":5,"description":13},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Fmaurice-sermon","Counsel on the State of the Church to be Reformed in the Council of Constance",null,1417,"-1hR69IwTJLuEO-NHozkmZFvCtmb55iezMM1J2IVvOg",[38,77,119,156,183,201,221,259,289,325,352,395,440,491,513,537,567,594,628,662,688,719,746,775,802,842,873,899,920,941,975,1001,1022,1057,1077,1107,1127,1148,1169,1202,1231,1261,1291,1316,1346,1365,1401,1426,1451,1479,1508,1535,1565,1594,1614,1640],{"id":39,"title":40,"body":41,"born":65,"description":66,"died":67,"extension":19,"image":68,"key":69,"meta":70,"name":49,"name_en":71,"navigation":24,"path":72,"seo":73,"stem":74,"wikipedia":75,"__hash__":76},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":42,"toc":63},[43],[11,44,45,46,50,51,54,55,58,59,62],{},"Albert the Great (",[47,48,49],"em",{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[47,52,53],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[47,56,57],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[47,60,61],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":64},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":66},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":78,"title":79,"body":80,"born":107,"description":108,"died":109,"extension":19,"image":110,"key":111,"meta":112,"name":87,"name_en":113,"navigation":24,"path":114,"seo":115,"stem":116,"wikipedia":117,"__hash__":118},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":81,"toc":105},[82],[11,83,84,85,88,89,92,93,96,97,100,101,104],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[47,86,87],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[47,90,91],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[47,94,95],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[47,98,99],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[47,102,103],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":106},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":108},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":120,"title":121,"body":122,"born":143,"description":144,"died":145,"extension":19,"image":146,"key":147,"meta":148,"name":149,"name_en":150,"navigation":24,"path":151,"seo":152,"stem":153,"wikipedia":154,"__hash__":155},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":123,"toc":141},[124],[11,125,126,127,130,131,130,134,130,137,140],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[47,128,129],{},"De fide",", ",[47,132,133],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[47,135,136],{},"De mysteriis",[47,138,139],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":142},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":144},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":157,"title":158,"body":159,"born":170,"description":171,"died":172,"extension":19,"image":173,"key":174,"meta":175,"name":176,"name_en":177,"navigation":24,"path":178,"seo":179,"stem":180,"wikipedia":181,"__hash__":182},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":160,"toc":168},[161],[11,162,163,164,167],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[47,165,166],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":169},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":171},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":184,"title":185,"body":186,"born":34,"description":190,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":194,"meta":195,"name":196,"name_en":185,"navigation":24,"path":197,"seo":198,"stem":199,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":200},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":187,"toc":191},[188],[11,189,190],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":192},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":190},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":202,"title":203,"body":204,"born":211,"description":208,"died":212,"extension":19,"image":213,"key":214,"meta":215,"name":203,"name_en":203,"navigation":24,"path":216,"seo":217,"stem":218,"wikipedia":219,"__hash__":220},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":205,"toc":209},[206],[11,207,208],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":210},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":208},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":222,"title":223,"body":224,"born":247,"description":248,"died":249,"extension":19,"image":250,"key":251,"meta":252,"name":253,"name_en":223,"navigation":24,"path":254,"seo":255,"stem":256,"wikipedia":257,"__hash__":258},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":225,"toc":245},[226],[11,227,228,229,232,233,236,237,240,241,244],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[47,230,231],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[47,234,235],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[47,238,239],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[47,242,243],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":246},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":248},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":260,"title":261,"body":262,"born":34,"description":277,"died":278,"extension":19,"image":279,"key":280,"meta":281,"name":282,"name_en":283,"navigation":24,"path":284,"seo":285,"stem":286,"wikipedia":287,"__hash__":288},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":263,"toc":275},[264],[11,265,266,267,270,271,274],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[47,268,269],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[47,272,273],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":276},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":277},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":290,"title":291,"body":292,"born":312,"description":313,"died":314,"extension":19,"image":315,"key":316,"meta":317,"name":318,"name_en":319,"navigation":24,"path":320,"seo":321,"stem":322,"wikipedia":323,"__hash__":324},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":293,"toc":310},[294],[11,295,296,297,300,301,130,303,130,306,309],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[47,298,299],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[47,302,299],{},[47,304,305],{},"The City of God",[47,307,308],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":311},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":313},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":326,"title":327,"body":328,"born":339,"description":340,"died":341,"extension":19,"image":342,"key":343,"meta":344,"name":345,"name_en":346,"navigation":24,"path":347,"seo":348,"stem":349,"wikipedia":350,"__hash__":351},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":329,"toc":337},[330],[11,331,332,333,336],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[47,334,335],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":338},[],329,"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":340},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":353,"title":354,"body":355,"born":384,"description":385,"died":386,"extension":19,"image":387,"key":388,"meta":389,"name":362,"name_en":354,"navigation":24,"path":390,"seo":391,"stem":392,"wikipedia":393,"__hash__":394},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":356,"toc":382},[357],[11,358,359,360,363,364,367,368,370,371,130,374,377,378,381],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[47,361,362],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[47,365,366],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,369,95],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[47,372,373],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[47,375,376],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[47,379,380],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":383},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":385},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":396,"title":397,"body":398,"born":428,"description":429,"died":430,"extension":19,"image":431,"key":432,"meta":433,"name":434,"name_en":434,"navigation":24,"path":435,"seo":436,"stem":437,"wikipedia":438,"__hash__":439},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":399,"toc":426},[400],[11,401,402,403,406,407,410,411,414,415,418,419,422,423,425],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[47,404,405],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[47,408,409],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[47,412,413],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[47,416,417],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[47,420,421],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[47,424,421],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":427},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":429},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":441,"title":442,"body":443,"born":428,"description":480,"died":481,"extension":19,"image":482,"key":483,"meta":484,"name":450,"name_en":485,"navigation":24,"path":486,"seo":487,"stem":488,"wikipedia":489,"__hash__":490},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":444,"toc":478},[445],[11,446,447,448,451,452,455,456,458,459,462,463,466,467,470,471,473,474,477],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[47,449,450],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[47,453,454],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[47,457,95],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[47,460,461],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[47,464,465],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[47,468,469],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[47,472,465],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[47,475,476],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":479},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":480},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":492,"title":493,"body":494,"born":501,"description":498,"died":502,"extension":19,"image":503,"key":504,"meta":505,"name":506,"name_en":507,"navigation":24,"path":508,"seo":509,"stem":510,"wikipedia":511,"__hash__":512},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":495,"toc":499},[496],[11,497,498],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":500},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":498},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":514,"title":515,"body":516,"born":527,"description":528,"died":172,"extension":19,"image":529,"key":530,"meta":531,"name":515,"name_en":515,"navigation":24,"path":532,"seo":533,"stem":534,"wikipedia":535,"__hash__":536},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":517,"toc":525},[518],[11,519,520,521,524],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[47,522,523],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":526},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":528},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":538,"title":539,"body":540,"born":555,"description":556,"died":557,"extension":19,"image":558,"key":559,"meta":560,"name":561,"name_en":539,"navigation":24,"path":562,"seo":563,"stem":564,"wikipedia":565,"__hash__":566},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":541,"toc":553},[542],[11,543,544,545,548,549,552],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[47,546,547],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[47,550,551],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":554},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":556},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":568,"title":569,"body":570,"born":34,"description":584,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":585,"key":586,"meta":587,"name":588,"name_en":589,"navigation":24,"path":590,"seo":591,"stem":592,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":593},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":571,"toc":582},[572],[11,573,574,575,578,579,581],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[47,576,577],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[47,580,95],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":583},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg","geoffrey-poitiers",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":584},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":595,"title":596,"body":597,"born":615,"description":616,"died":617,"extension":19,"image":618,"key":619,"meta":620,"name":621,"name_en":622,"navigation":24,"path":623,"seo":624,"stem":625,"wikipedia":626,"__hash__":627},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":598,"toc":613},[599],[11,600,601,602,377,605,608,609,612],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[47,603,604],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[47,606,607],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[47,610,611],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":614},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":616},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":629,"title":630,"body":631,"born":650,"description":651,"died":652,"extension":19,"image":653,"key":654,"meta":655,"name":656,"name_en":630,"navigation":24,"path":657,"seo":658,"stem":659,"wikipedia":660,"__hash__":661},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":632,"toc":648},[633],[11,634,635,636,639,640,643,644,647],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[47,637,638],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[47,641,642],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[47,645,646],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":649},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":651},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":663,"title":664,"body":665,"born":676,"description":677,"died":678,"extension":19,"image":679,"key":680,"meta":681,"name":682,"name_en":664,"navigation":24,"path":683,"seo":684,"stem":685,"wikipedia":686,"__hash__":687},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":666,"toc":674},[667],[11,668,669,670,673],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[47,671,672],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":675},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":677},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":689,"title":690,"body":691,"born":706,"description":707,"died":708,"extension":19,"image":709,"key":710,"meta":711,"name":712,"name_en":713,"navigation":24,"path":714,"seo":715,"stem":716,"wikipedia":717,"__hash__":718},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":692,"toc":704},[693],[11,694,695,696,699,700,703],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[47,697,698],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[47,701,702],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":705},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":707},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":720,"title":721,"body":722,"born":733,"description":734,"died":735,"extension":19,"image":736,"key":737,"meta":738,"name":739,"name_en":740,"navigation":24,"path":741,"seo":742,"stem":743,"wikipedia":744,"__hash__":745},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":723,"toc":731},[724],[11,725,726,727,730],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[47,728,729],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":732},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":734},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":747,"title":748,"body":749,"born":764,"description":765,"died":766,"extension":19,"image":767,"key":768,"meta":769,"name":748,"name_en":748,"navigation":24,"path":770,"seo":771,"stem":772,"wikipedia":773,"__hash__":774},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":750,"toc":762},[751],[11,752,753,754,757,758,761],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[47,755,756],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[47,759,760],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":763},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":765},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":776,"title":777,"body":778,"born":789,"description":790,"died":791,"extension":19,"image":792,"key":793,"meta":794,"name":795,"name_en":796,"navigation":24,"path":797,"seo":798,"stem":799,"wikipedia":800,"__hash__":801},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":779,"toc":787},[780],[11,781,782,783,786],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[47,784,785],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":788},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":790},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":803,"title":804,"body":805,"born":65,"description":830,"died":831,"extension":19,"image":832,"key":833,"meta":834,"name":835,"name_en":836,"navigation":24,"path":837,"seo":838,"stem":839,"wikipedia":840,"__hash__":841},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":806,"toc":828},[807],[11,808,809,810,812,813,816,817,819,820,823,824,827],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[47,811,577],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[47,814,815],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[47,818,461],{}," (or ",[47,821,822],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[47,825,826],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":829},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":830},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":843,"title":844,"body":845,"born":34,"description":863,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":864,"key":865,"meta":866,"name":867,"name_en":868,"navigation":24,"path":869,"seo":870,"stem":871,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":872},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":846,"toc":861},[847],[11,848,849,850,853,854,856,857,860],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[47,851,852],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[47,855,642],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[47,858,859],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":862},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":863},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":874,"title":875,"body":876,"born":706,"description":887,"died":888,"extension":19,"image":889,"key":890,"meta":891,"name":892,"name_en":893,"navigation":24,"path":894,"seo":895,"stem":896,"wikipedia":897,"__hash__":898},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":877,"toc":885},[878],[11,879,880,881,884],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[47,882,883],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":886},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":887},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":900,"title":901,"body":902,"born":909,"description":906,"died":910,"extension":19,"image":911,"key":912,"meta":913,"name":914,"name_en":901,"navigation":24,"path":915,"seo":916,"stem":917,"wikipedia":918,"__hash__":919},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":903,"toc":907},[904],[11,905,906],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":908},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":906},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":921,"title":922,"body":923,"born":930,"description":927,"died":931,"extension":19,"image":932,"key":933,"meta":934,"name":935,"name_en":922,"navigation":24,"path":936,"seo":937,"stem":938,"wikipedia":939,"__hash__":940},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":924,"toc":928},[925],[11,926,927],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":929},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg","jean-gerson",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":927},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":942,"title":943,"body":944,"born":965,"description":966,"died":109,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":967,"meta":968,"name":969,"name_en":943,"navigation":24,"path":970,"seo":971,"stem":972,"wikipedia":973,"__hash__":974},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":945,"toc":963},[946],[11,947,948,949,952,953,955,956,959,960,962],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[47,950,951],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[47,954,642],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[47,957,958],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[47,961,646],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":964},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":966},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":976,"title":977,"body":978,"born":989,"description":990,"died":991,"extension":19,"image":992,"key":993,"meta":994,"name":995,"name_en":977,"navigation":24,"path":996,"seo":997,"stem":998,"wikipedia":999,"__hash__":1000},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":979,"toc":987},[980],[11,981,982,983,986],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[47,984,985],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":988},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":990},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":1002,"title":1003,"body":1004,"born":1011,"description":1008,"died":1012,"extension":19,"image":1013,"key":1014,"meta":1015,"name":1016,"name_en":1003,"navigation":24,"path":1017,"seo":1018,"stem":1019,"wikipedia":1020,"__hash__":1021},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1005,"toc":1009},[1006],[11,1007,1008],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1010},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1008},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1023,"title":1024,"body":1025,"born":1044,"description":1045,"died":1046,"extension":19,"image":1047,"key":1048,"meta":1049,"name":1050,"name_en":1051,"navigation":24,"path":1052,"seo":1053,"stem":1054,"wikipedia":1055,"__hash__":1056},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1026,"toc":1042},[1027],[11,1028,1029,1030,1033,1034,1037,1038,1041],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[47,1031,1032],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[47,1035,1036],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[47,1039,1040],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1043},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1045},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1058,"title":1059,"body":1060,"born":1067,"description":1064,"died":557,"extension":19,"image":1068,"key":1069,"meta":1070,"name":1071,"name_en":1059,"navigation":24,"path":1072,"seo":1073,"stem":1074,"wikipedia":1075,"__hash__":1076},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1061,"toc":1065},[1062],[11,1063,1064],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1066},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1064},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1078,"title":1079,"body":1080,"born":1095,"description":1096,"died":1097,"extension":19,"image":1098,"key":1099,"meta":1100,"name":1101,"name_en":1079,"navigation":24,"path":1102,"seo":1103,"stem":1104,"wikipedia":1105,"__hash__":1106},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1081,"toc":1093},[1082],[11,1083,1084,1085,1088,1089,1092],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[47,1086,1087],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[47,1090,1091],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1094},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg","martin-luther",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1096},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1108,"title":1109,"body":1110,"born":1117,"description":1114,"died":1118,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":6,"meta":1119,"name":1120,"name_en":1121,"navigation":24,"path":1122,"seo":1123,"stem":1124,"wikipedia":1125,"__hash__":1126},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1111,"toc":1115},[1112],[11,1113,1114],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1116},[],1360,1434,{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1114},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1128,"title":1129,"body":1130,"born":501,"description":1134,"died":1137,"extension":19,"image":1138,"key":1139,"meta":1140,"name":1141,"name_en":1142,"navigation":24,"path":1143,"seo":1144,"stem":1145,"wikipedia":1146,"__hash__":1147},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1131,"toc":1135},[1132],[11,1133,1134],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1136},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1134},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1149,"title":1150,"body":1151,"born":1158,"description":1155,"died":1159,"extension":19,"image":1160,"key":1161,"meta":1162,"name":1163,"name_en":1150,"navigation":24,"path":1164,"seo":1165,"stem":1166,"wikipedia":1167,"__hash__":1168},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1152,"toc":1156},[1153],[11,1154,1155],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1157},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1155},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1170,"title":1171,"body":1172,"born":65,"description":1191,"died":831,"extension":19,"image":1192,"key":1193,"meta":1194,"name":1195,"name_en":1196,"navigation":24,"path":1197,"seo":1198,"stem":1199,"wikipedia":1200,"__hash__":1201},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1173,"toc":1189},[1174],[11,1175,1176,1177,1180,1181,1184,1185,1188],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[47,1178,1179],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[47,1182,1183],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[47,1186,1187],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1190},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg","peraldus",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1191},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1203,"title":1204,"body":1205,"born":67,"description":1220,"died":1221,"extension":19,"image":1222,"key":1223,"meta":1224,"name":1225,"name_en":1204,"navigation":24,"path":1226,"seo":1227,"stem":1228,"wikipedia":1229,"__hash__":1230},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1206,"toc":1218},[1207],[11,1208,1209,1210,1213,1214,1217],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[47,1211,1212],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[47,1215,1216],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1219},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1220},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1232,"title":1233,"body":1234,"born":1249,"description":1250,"died":1251,"extension":19,"image":1252,"key":1253,"meta":1254,"name":1255,"name_en":1233,"navigation":24,"path":1256,"seo":1257,"stem":1258,"wikipedia":1259,"__hash__":1260},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1235,"toc":1247},[1236],[11,1237,1238,1239,1242,1243,1246],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[47,1240,1241],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[47,1244,1245],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1248},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1250},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1262,"title":1263,"body":1264,"born":1279,"description":1280,"died":1281,"extension":19,"image":1282,"key":1283,"meta":1284,"name":1285,"name_en":1263,"navigation":24,"path":1286,"seo":1287,"stem":1288,"wikipedia":1289,"__hash__":1290},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1265,"toc":1277},[1266],[11,1267,1268,1269,1272,1273,1276],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[47,1270,1271],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[47,1274,1275],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1278},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1280},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1292,"title":1293,"body":1294,"born":1305,"description":1306,"died":652,"extension":19,"image":1307,"key":1308,"meta":1309,"name":1310,"name_en":1293,"navigation":24,"path":1311,"seo":1312,"stem":1313,"wikipedia":1314,"__hash__":1315},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1295,"toc":1303},[1296],[11,1297,1298,1299,1302],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[47,1300,1301],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1304},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1306},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1317,"title":1318,"body":1319,"born":1334,"description":1335,"died":1336,"extension":19,"image":1337,"key":1338,"meta":1339,"name":1340,"name_en":1340,"navigation":24,"path":1341,"seo":1342,"stem":1343,"wikipedia":1344,"__hash__":1345},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1320,"toc":1332},[1321],[11,1322,1323,1324,1327,1328,1331],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[47,1325,1326],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[47,1329,1330],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1333},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1335},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1347,"title":1348,"body":1349,"born":1356,"description":1353,"died":1357,"extension":19,"image":1358,"key":1359,"meta":1360,"name":1348,"name_en":1348,"navigation":24,"path":1361,"seo":1362,"stem":1363,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":1364},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1350,"toc":1354},[1351],[11,1352,1353],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1355},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1353},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1366,"title":1367,"body":1368,"born":1389,"description":1390,"died":501,"extension":19,"image":1391,"key":1392,"meta":1393,"name":1394,"name_en":1395,"navigation":24,"path":1396,"seo":1397,"stem":1398,"wikipedia":1399,"__hash__":1400},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1369,"toc":1387},[1370],[11,1371,1372,1373,236,1376,1379,1380,1382,1383,1386],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[47,1374,1375],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[47,1377,1378],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[47,1381,642],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[47,1384,1385],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1388},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg","raymond-of-penyafort",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1390},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1402,"title":1403,"body":1404,"born":1414,"description":1415,"died":481,"extension":19,"image":1416,"key":1417,"meta":1418,"name":1419,"name_en":1420,"navigation":24,"path":1421,"seo":1422,"stem":1423,"wikipedia":1424,"__hash__":1425},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1405,"toc":1412},[1406],[11,1407,1408,1409,1411],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,1410,95],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1413},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1415},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1427,"title":1428,"body":1429,"born":652,"description":1439,"died":1440,"extension":19,"image":1441,"key":1442,"meta":1443,"name":1444,"name_en":1445,"navigation":24,"path":1446,"seo":1447,"stem":1448,"wikipedia":1449,"__hash__":1450},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1430,"toc":1437},[1431],[11,1432,1433,1434,1436],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[47,1435,577],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1438},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1439},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1452,"title":1453,"body":1454,"born":1468,"description":1469,"died":386,"extension":19,"image":1470,"key":1471,"meta":1472,"name":1473,"name_en":1453,"navigation":24,"path":1474,"seo":1475,"stem":1476,"wikipedia":1477,"__hash__":1478},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1455,"toc":1466},[1456],[11,1457,1458,1459,1462,1463,1465],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[47,1460,1461],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[47,1464,61],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1467},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1469},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1480,"title":1481,"body":1482,"born":501,"description":1496,"died":1497,"extension":19,"image":1498,"key":1499,"meta":1500,"name":1501,"name_en":1502,"navigation":24,"path":1503,"seo":1504,"stem":1505,"wikipedia":1506,"__hash__":1507},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1483,"toc":1494},[1484],[11,1485,1486,1487,1490,1491,1493],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[47,1488,1489],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,1492,95],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1495},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1496},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1509,"title":1510,"body":1511,"born":1522,"description":1523,"died":1524,"extension":19,"image":1525,"key":1526,"meta":1527,"name":1528,"name_en":1529,"navigation":24,"path":1530,"seo":1531,"stem":1532,"wikipedia":1533,"__hash__":1534},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1512,"toc":1520},[1513],[11,1514,1515,1516,1519],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[47,1517,1518],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1521},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1523},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1536,"title":1537,"body":1538,"born":1553,"description":1554,"died":1555,"extension":19,"image":1556,"key":1557,"meta":1558,"name":1559,"name_en":1537,"navigation":24,"path":1560,"seo":1561,"stem":1562,"wikipedia":1563,"__hash__":1564},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1539,"toc":1551},[1540],[11,1541,1542,1543,1546,1547,1550],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[47,1544,1545],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[47,1548,1549],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1552},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1554},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1566,"title":1567,"body":1568,"born":1581,"description":1582,"died":1583,"extension":19,"image":1584,"key":1585,"meta":1586,"name":1587,"name_en":1588,"navigation":24,"path":1589,"seo":1590,"stem":1591,"wikipedia":1592,"__hash__":1593},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1569,"toc":1579},[1570],[11,1571,1572,1573,1575,1576,1578],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[47,1574,815],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[47,1577,95],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1580},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1582},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1595,"title":1596,"body":1597,"born":1604,"description":1601,"died":1605,"extension":19,"image":1606,"key":1607,"meta":1608,"name":1596,"name_en":1596,"navigation":24,"path":1609,"seo":1610,"stem":1611,"wikipedia":1612,"__hash__":1613},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1598,"toc":1602},[1599],[11,1600,1601],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1603},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1601},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1615,"title":1616,"body":1617,"born":65,"description":1628,"died":1629,"extension":19,"image":1630,"key":1631,"meta":1632,"name":1633,"name_en":1634,"navigation":24,"path":1635,"seo":1636,"stem":1637,"wikipedia":1638,"__hash__":1639},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1618,"toc":1626},[1619],[11,1620,1621,1622,1625],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[47,1623,1624],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1627},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg","william-saint-amour",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1628},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1641,"title":1642,"body":1643,"born":1658,"description":1659,"died":1660,"extension":19,"image":1661,"key":1662,"meta":1663,"name":1642,"name_en":1642,"navigation":24,"path":1664,"seo":1665,"stem":1666,"wikipedia":1667,"__hash__":1668},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1644,"toc":1656},[1645],[11,1646,1647,1648,1651,1652,1655],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[47,1649,1650],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[47,1653,1654],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1657},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg","william-tyndale",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1659},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1670,"title":1671,"authors":1672,"body":1673,"cover":1684,"description":1685,"document":1686,"editors":1687,"extension":19,"filesize":1688,"key":18,"language":1689,"meta":1690,"navigation":24,"ocr_model":1691,"pages":1692,"pagination_starts":1693,"path":1705,"seo":1706,"stem":1707,"title_en":1708,"typeface":1709,"url":1710,"year":1711,"__hash__":1712},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcouncil-of-constance.md","Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium De Universali Ecclesiae Reformatione, Unione, Et Fide. Tomus I",[6],{"type":8,"value":1674,"toc":1682},[1675],[11,1676,1677,1678,1681],{},"The first volume of Hermann von der Hardt's monumental six-volume documentary collection on the Council of Constance (1414–1418), published at Frankfurt and Leipzig in 1700 under the patronage of Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This volume opens with extensive prolegomena and indices, followed by Theoderich of Niem's ",[47,1679,1680],{},"Historia Concilii Constantiensis"," and related contemporary narrative sources, gathered from manuscripts in the Imperial Library at Vienna and elsewhere. The edition assembles previously unpublished manuscripts alongside earlier editions, furnishing the documentary foundation for modern study of the council that ended the Western Schism.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1683},[],"\u002Fd\u002Fcouncil-of-constance\u002Fcover.jpg","The first volume of Hermann von der Hardt's monumental six-volume documentary collection on the Council of Constance (1414–1418), published at Frankfurt and Leipzig in 1700 under the patronage of Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This volume opens with extensive prolegomena and indices, followed by Theoderich of Niem's Historia Concilii Constantiensis and related contemporary narrative sources, gathered from manuscripts in the Imperial Library at Vienna and elsewhere. The edition assembles previously unpublished manuscripts alongside earlier editions, furnishing the documentary foundation for modern study of the council that ended the Western Schism.","\u002Fd\u002Fcouncil-of-constance.pdf",[793],"104.1MB","latin",{},"10.5281\u002Fzenodo.11113737",1116,[1694,1699,1701],{"pdf_page":1695,"printed_page":1696,"numeral_type":1697,"pagination":1698},103,13,"arabic","page",{"pdf_page":29,"printed_page":1700,"numeral_type":1697,"pagination":1698},860,{"pdf_page":1702,"printed_page":1703,"numeral_type":1697,"pagination":1704},898,861,"column","\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcouncil-of-constance",{"title":1671,"description":1685},"documents\u002Fcouncil-of-constance","The Great Ecumenical Council of Constance on the Universal Reformation, Union, and Faith of the Church. Volume I","roman","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FMagnum_Oecumenicum_Constantiense_Concili\u002F6cREAAAAcAAJ",1700,"BXteN1w6I191kYRsI0at9LxXRSo2eI7lIBaq6Dv0KB8",[1714,1759,1787,1812,1838,1866,1904,1935,1970,1998,2048,2094,2126,2151,2167],{"id":1715,"title":5,"body":1716,"description":1724,"extension":19,"meta":1754,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":1755,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":1756,"sortable_pagination_id":29,"stem":1757,"__hash__":1758},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F860.md",{"type":8,"value":1717,"toc":1751},[1718,1722,1725,1728,1731,1734,1737,1740,1745,1748],[1719,1720,5],"h1",{"id":1721},"consilium-de-ecclesiastico-statu-in-concilio-constantiensi-emendando",[11,1723,1724],{},"Aperte vobis dicere, Joh. XVI. originative, & in officio Missae transumtive.",[11,1726,1727],{},"Reverendissimi Patres, Domini Magistri, ac bases & columnae atque paxilli tabernaculi testimonii, Exodi XXVII. figurati.",[11,1729,1730],{},"Locuturus vestrae beatitudini in quadam ancipiti versor sententia. Ut gravatis moestitudine mentibus quidam diffidentiae torpor obrepserit in dicendis. Tum, propter auditorum dignitatem. Terribilis beato Gregorio (prope finem Sexti Moralium) nuncupatur, dum ait: Cum talibus doctrina mens polleat, gravis est imperitia, velle docere meliores. In eo namque, verba vim suae rectitudinis amittunt, dum auditori non congruunt, nam & medicamina vires perdunt, cum sanis membris apponuntur.",[11,1732,1733],{},"Tum, propter morum pravitatem. Quia, ut idem ait in Pastorali, durum est, ut, qui nescit moderamina suae vitae, fiat judex alienae.",[11,1735,1736],{},"Tum, propter dicendorum tarditatem, Nam, ut scribit Petrus Damianus, dum Sermo Dei curiosorum auribus promitur, utrum artificiosi styli lepor adsit, attenditur, Rhetoricae venustatis color inquiritur, & captiosos Syllogismorum atque enthymematum circulos mens curiosa rimatur.",[11,1738,1739],{},"Super qua tarditate licet praeceptum habeamus, quo in templo Dei lucus infructuosae loquacitatis plantari prohibetur, Deut. XVI. Et cuncti procul dubio scimus, quod, quoties malae segetis culmi proficiunt, spicarum grana minori plenitudine turgescunt. Tamen salvator, in cujus manu sunt & sapientia, & operis & scientiae disciplina, Sap. VII. a quo est & nostra sufficientia, II. Cor. III. nostram solatur penuriam, inquiens, ubi thema, multa habeo vobis dicere, sed non potestis portare modo, cum autem venerit ille Spiritus veritatis, docebit vos omnem veritatem. Igitur pro impetranda ejusdem adventatione, matrem virginem eodem plenam spiritu salutemus, mente serena dicentes: Ave Maria gratia plena.",[1741,1742,1744],"h2",{"id":1743},"habeo-vobis-dicere-ubi-supra","Habeo vobis dicere, ubi supra.",[11,1746,1747],{},"Quia secundum beatum Gregorium, sermone in Moralibus, in oratione, quando dicitur, necesse est, ut tempus, causa, & persona pensentur, si verba sententiae veritas roborat, si hanc tempus congruum expostulat, si veritatem sententiae & congruentiam temporis personae qualitas non impugnat, Ille enim laudabiliter spicula mittit, qui prius hostem conspicit, quam feriat. Haec Gregorius, Cumque gradus dicibilitatis consurgant ex gradibus entitatis, propter stylum veritatis: Hinc, quia primum propter reformandam corporis Ecclesiastici unitatem, secundo propter excludendam rectitudinis pravitatem, tertio propter erigendam sacerdotii dignitatem, vos congregatos video: Quamobrem super illis tribus vobis dicere habeo; Urgentibus, fructuosae fidelitatis necessitate, ut aliquem fructum in vobis habeam Rom. I. imperiosae noscibilitatis auctoritate, quam habeo a vobis, quibus datum est noscere mysterium regni Dei; animosae dicibilitatis utilitate, qua Salvator permotus ait: Simon habeo tibi aliquid dicere Luc. VII.",[11,1749,1750],{},"Cumque omne dicibile vel est honestatis, quale est reformatio Ecclesiastica unitatis, quoad primum: Vel utilitatis, quale",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1752},[1753],{"id":1743,"depth":16,"text":1744},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F860",{"title":5,"description":1724},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F860","g2mY5Xd8myk7DN1MVrasW9pt89YmgVXIoCw6UVq1Jxs",{"id":1760,"title":1761,"body":1762,"description":1766,"extension":19,"meta":1781,"navigation":24,"page":1761,"path":1782,"pdf_page":1702,"reading":20,"seo":1783,"sortable_pagination_id":1784,"stem":1785,"__hash__":1786},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F861.md","861",{"type":8,"value":1763,"toc":1779},[1764,1767,1770,1773,1776],[11,1765,1766],{},"est exclusio recidiva pravitatis, quoad secundum: Vel delectabilitatis, quale est erectio sacerdotalis dignitatis, quoad tertium:",[11,1768,1769],{},"Liquet pro primo, quod perveniri ad reformandam corporis Ecclesiastici unitatem non potest nisi per hoc medium primitivæ Ecclesiæ, ad cujus formam seu sanctiones Ecclesiasticas disponitur Ecclesiæ præsentis reformatio, videlicet, ut sit vobis cor unum, & anima una in Domino Act. IV. Tum quia in ipso solo duntaxat nostra scismata uniuntur, dicente beato Augustino Confessione prima ad Dominum: Fecisti nos ad te: Inquietum est cor nostrum, nisi quiescat in te. Et infra lib. X. In omnibus his, quæ percurro, consulens te in creaturis, non invenio locum animæ meæ, in quo colligantur sparsa mea, nisi in te. Quod nisi in te, recedit a me. Cujus significat necessitatem Salvator dicens: Martha, Martha sollicita es & turbaris erga plurima: Porro unum est necessarium Luc. X. Super quo B. Augustinus in homiliis: Præponitur unum multis. Non enim a multis unum, sed multa ab uno sunt. Multa sunt unius, qui fecit. Hæc ille.",[11,1771,1772],{},"In quo facta prælatorum communio, est Ecclesiæ unio: A quo eorundem divisio, est Ecclesiæ scissio.",[11,1774,1775],{},"Quod sic suadetur. Vera Ecclesia universalis constat in particularibus, secundum Augustinum de civitate Dei, Lib. XVI. cap. IV. Particularis autem Ecclesia prælatorum particularis per Salvatorem dicitur Matth. XIIX. Si te non audierit, dic Ecclesiæ. Igitur si particularium prælatorum in Deo communio est Ecclesiæ universalis unio: Sic eorum a Domino per peccatum divisio, fuit Schismatis occasio.",[11,1777,1778],{},"Sed, inquis, durum est, de Prælatis talia sentire. Respondeo, utinam ipsi agnito crimine talia de se sentirent. Nam cum beato Augustino de Civit. Dei lib. 14. cap. 14. audeo dicere: Superbis est utile, cadere in aliquod apertum, manifestum peccatum, ut sibi displiceant, qui sibi placendo ceciderant. Salubrius enim sibi Petrus displicuit, quando flevit, quam quum sibi placuit, quando præsumsit. Hinc ait Propheta: Imple facies eorum ignominia & quærent nomen tuum Domine, qui sibi placuerunt quærendo suum. Sed pejor est superbia, qua in",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1780},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F861",{"description":1766},898.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F861","GRJyaaIF9xrnpikH1wwseeVl4wn1ivP_XBU5mIgWHpQ",{"id":1788,"title":1789,"body":1790,"description":1794,"extension":19,"meta":1806,"navigation":24,"page":1789,"path":1807,"pdf_page":1702,"reading":20,"seo":1808,"sortable_pagination_id":1809,"stem":1810,"__hash__":1811},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F862.md","862",{"type":8,"value":1791,"toc":1804},[1792,1795,1798,1801],[11,1793,1794],{},"manifestis peccatis quæritur suffragium excusationis, sicut ille, quorum unus dixit: Domine, mulier, quam dedisti mihi, & illa & serpens seduxit me. Nusquam sonat hic petitio veniæ, nusquam imploratio medicinæ. Nam licet non negent, sicut Cain, tamen in alium quærunt referre. Quod perperam fecerunt, quasi quidquam Deo, cui crederetur, proponendum foret. Unde non excusatio, sed potius vera accusatio est, ubi mandati divini est aperta transgressio, Hæc ille.",[11,1796,1797],{},"Nec allegatio metus subvenit, qui in schismate intervenerit. Beato Augustino Super Joh. XII. Qui amat animam suam perdit eam, dicente. Cum iste articulus venerit, ut aliquid faciendum sit contra Dei præceptum, aut ex hac vita migrandum, comminante mortem persecutore; Ibi eligat homo Deo dilecto mori, quam offenso vivere. Hæc Augustinus.",[11,1799,1800],{},"Et quia portatores rubei capelli sunt Papæ electores, ex signo rubedinis profecto sunt per Ecclesiam in statu martyrum. Est autem verendum, metum mortis martyribus adscribere. Qua in re non est fugiendum, Qvod seculares, qui assimulantur corpori, sicut Ecclesiæ prælati Spiritui, possint Ecclesiam scindere, Quod ex conditione status innocentiæ colligitur, in Adam, in quo tunc fuit universalis Ecclesia, dicente Apostolo Rom. VI. in quo omnes peccavimus, secundum B. Augustinum lib. XVI. de civit. Dei cap. 26. Legem datam omnibus, in Adam prævaricantibus, si spiritus Adæ, sicut in conditione acceperat, servasset unicus per obedientiam, nunquam etiam ab eo descendens scissuram sensisset, nec corpus ejus spiritui rebellare potuisset, ex sententia beati Augustini lib. de civit. Dei cap. 2. It. l. 60. cap. 1. Sed spiritu Adæ scindente se per peccatum a Deo, mox etiam universalis ab eo descendens pravitatem schismatis persensit, Propheta dicente: Omnes declinaverunt, simul inutiles facti sunt, corrupti, & abominatio facti sunt, Ps. 13.",[11,1802,1803],{},"Et a similibus prælatis, in Ecclesia peccantibus, schisma in Ecclesia est seminatum. Et sicut in Adam, spiritu peccante in Deum, mox sensualitas rebellavit spiritui: Sic prælatis Ecclesiæ, a Deo se separan-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1805},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F862",{"description":1794},898.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F862","yL8cVQ0E0Z-ihnun2olZkwAzb4VsZEminbb0wcA9sog",{"id":1813,"title":1814,"body":1815,"description":1819,"extension":19,"meta":1831,"navigation":24,"page":1814,"path":1832,"pdf_page":1833,"reading":20,"seo":1834,"sortable_pagination_id":1835,"stem":1836,"__hash__":1837},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F863.md","863",{"type":8,"value":1816,"toc":1829},[1817,1820,1823,1826],[11,1818,1819],{},"parantibus, mox seculares protervire cœperunt, Domino per Prophetam dicente figurate cœtui prælatorum: Numquid servus est Israel, aut vernaculus? Quare ergo factus est in prædam. Super eum rugierunt leones, & dederunt vocem suam, posuerunt terram ejus in solitudinem, civitates ejus incensæ sunt, & non est qui habitet in eis, filii quoque Noph & Taphnes constupraverunt te usque ad verticem. Numquid non istud factum est tibi, quod dereliquisti Dominum Deum tuum eo tempore, quo ducebat per viam, Jer. II.",[11,1821,1822],{},"Quamobrem Reverendissimi Patres, postquam divites facti estis in omni verbo & omni scientia, sicut testimonium Christi confirmatum est in vobis: Ita, ut nihil vobis desit in ulla gratia: Obsecro vos per nomen Domini nostri Jesu Christi, ut non sint in vobis schismata, 1. Cor. II. Schismata, inquam, nec quoad Deum, nec quoad proximum. Quoad Deum, dico: Quia sunt contra naturam, secundum beatum Augustinum de civit. Dei lib. XI. cap. XVII. Vitium ita est contra naturam, ut non noceat nisi naturæ. Nec esset vitium recedere a Deo, nisi naturæ, cujus est vitium, cum peteret esse cum Deo.",[11,1824,1825],{},"Quamobrem pro exclusione schismatis quoad Deum, scrutetur unusquisque conscientiam suam, sicque ante se statuat proprii censuram judicii. Si in secreto cordis illam, quam Christus dat, invenit pacem, si desiderium spiritus nulla concupiscentia carnis impugnat, si humilia non spernit, similiter alta non appetit, si immoderate rerum suarum non gaudet augmento, si aliena felicitate non uritur, aut inimici miseria non lætatur; si ejus justitia nec adulantium potentia, nec propinquorum gratia, nec muneris vilescit pretio.",[11,1827,1828],{},"Et cum harum perturbationum nihil in se forte reperit, sincero disquirat examine, qualium frequentetur cogitationum species, & utrum nullis vanitatum acquiescat imaginibus. Nam nullis illecebris commoveri, nullis cupiditatibus titillari, non est istius vitæ, quæ tota est tentatio, & qua nimium vincitur, qui ab eadem vinci non veretur. Superbum est enim de non peccandi faci-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1830},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F863",899,{"description":1819},899.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F863","xUQFGbSIkLl4678DLbxKAYZYjBWu7-ybvg5onxFEDEc",{"id":1839,"title":1840,"body":1841,"description":1845,"extension":19,"meta":1860,"navigation":24,"page":1840,"path":1861,"pdf_page":1833,"reading":20,"seo":1862,"sortable_pagination_id":1863,"stem":1864,"__hash__":1865},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F864.md","864",{"type":8,"value":1842,"toc":1858},[1843,1846,1849,1852,1855],[11,1844,1845],{},"litate præsumere, cum hoc ipsum præsumsisse sit peccasse. Hinc beatus Augustinus de Civ. Dei lib. XIV. cap. X. ait: Nunc satis bene vivitur, si sine crimine. Sed qui sine peccato se vivere æstimat, non agit, ut peccatum non habeat, sed ut veniam non accipiat. Et infra lib. XXII. cap. 23. Sciamus, quantumlibet virtute pugnandi vitiis repugnemus, vel vitia superemus, quamdiu sumus in hoc corpore non deesse nobis posse. Unde dicamus Deo: Dimitte nobis debita nostra.",[11,1847,1848],{},"Dico secundo: Non sint schismata in vobis quoad proximum, ipsa etiam repugnante lege naturæ: De qua beatus Augustinus prope finem XII. libri de Civ. Dei: Nihil commodius contra vitium discordiæ, quam recordatio illius parentis, quem ideo Deus creavit unum, de quo multitudo propagaretur, ut hac communicatione unitas in multis servaretur.",[11,1850,1851],{},"Quæ unitas tunc cernitur, si ab hoc sacro concilio affectiones causarum particularium, lites generantium, & odia unitatem catholicam retardantia proscribantur. Qualiter in exordio conciliorum per Constantinum in primo lib. Historiæ Tripartitæ factum fuisse narratur. Secus, si invicem mordetis, & comeditis, videte, ne ambitione consumamini, Galat. V. novissima pejora prioribus relinquentes.",[11,1853,1854],{},"Ista non fonte labia prolui caballino, nec in bicipiti sum Parnasso perfusus mero. Quia, ut verbis utar Apostolorum Principis, non doctas fabulas secuti, notam fecimus vobis Domini nostri Jesu Christi virtutem & præsentiam, sed speculatores facti illius magnitudinis, 2. Petr. J. De qua habuimus vobis dicere quoad primum.",[11,1856,1857],{},"Dixi secundo, quod propter excludendam recidivi pravitatem congregatos vos video. Hinc secundam conclusionem vobis dicere habeo, videlicet, quod schismatis recidivi rationem non potestis providere, nisi per extirpationem Simoniæ. Quæ sic suadetur. Figuræ veteris legis & Ecclesiæ non verificantur, nisi ex figurato nostræ Ecclesiæ, dicente beato Augustino XII. de Civitate Dei",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1859},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F864",{"description":1845},899.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F864","OsPsAakg5UYF4VXoWgU-SaNHW4F1nhoblnwhYMd8Ht0",{"id":1867,"title":1868,"body":1869,"description":1873,"extension":19,"meta":1897,"navigation":24,"page":1868,"path":1898,"pdf_page":1899,"reading":20,"seo":1900,"sortable_pagination_id":1901,"stem":1902,"__hash__":1903},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F865.md","865",{"type":8,"value":1870,"toc":1895},[1871,1874,1877,1880,1883,1886,1889,1892],[11,1872,1873],{},"cap. VII. Nihil enim prodest Testamentum Vetus de monte Sina in servitutem, nisi quod Testamento Novo testimonium perhibet.",[11,1875,1876],{},"Sed status veteris legis & Ecclesiæ non est destructus nisi per Simoniam. Quod patet quadruplici testimonio.",[11,1878,1879],{},"Primo Prophetæ dicentis: Audite hæc Principes domus Jacob, & judices domus Israel, qui abominamini judicium, & omnia recta pervertitis, qui ædificatis Sion in sanguinibus, & Hierusalem in iniquitate. Principes ejus in muneribus judicabant, & sacerdotes ejus in mercede docebant, & Prophetæ ejus in pecunia divinabant, & super donum requiescebant, dicentes: Numquid non Dominus in medio nostrum? non venient super nos mala; Propter hanc causam Sion quasi ager arabitur, Hierusalem quasi acervus lapidum erit, & mons templi in excelsa sylvarum. Michæ III. Et rursum Hoseæ III. Sedebunt filii Israel sine rege & sine Principe, & sine sacrificio & sine altari, & sine Ephod, & sine Teraphim. Quæ heu citius etiam veniebant.",[11,1881,1882],{},"Secundo confirmatur testimonio Salvatoris, quo ait Simoniacis, quos de templo ejecerat: Auferetur a vobis regnum Dei, & dabitur genti fructus ejus. Matth. XXI.",[11,1884,1885],{},"Tertio per beatum Augustinum, Quod ignis sacrificii, qui LXX annis vixit sub aquis, vendente Antiocho sacerdotium Jasoni, est extinctus: Extinctionem sacerdotii ostendit.",[11,1887,1888],{},"Quarto ostenditur ex multitudine figurarum. Cum enim Simonia sit inordinata voluntas commutandi temporale pro spirituali, & e contra.",[11,1890,1891],{},"Et non dico, studiosa voluntas commutandi. Quia studiosa commutatio est laudabilis, Apostolo dicente: Si vobis seminamus spiritualia, non magnum est, si nos carnalia vestra metamus &c. Ita enim & Dominus ordinavit 1. Cor. IX. Qui etiam commutationem hujusmodi persuasit dicens: Facite vobis amicos de mammona iniquitatis, ut cum deficiatis, recipiant vos in æterna tabernacula. Luc. XVI.",[11,1893,1894],{},"Proinde dixi, inordinata voluntas. Quia procedit ex inordinato amore, odio",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1896},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F865",900,{"description":1873},900.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F865","5K7D7d3Z1SOvu9MJVv8Sw0FSIswKD-rOpUtKZAsVX3I",{"id":1905,"title":1906,"body":1907,"description":1911,"extension":19,"meta":1929,"navigation":24,"page":1906,"path":1930,"pdf_page":1899,"reading":20,"seo":1931,"sortable_pagination_id":1932,"stem":1933,"__hash__":1934},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F866.md","866",{"type":8,"value":1908,"toc":1927},[1909,1912,1915,1918,1921,1924],[11,1910,1911],{},"vel pretio forissandi spirituale pro temporali. Regnum vero Salomonis scissum est propter inordinatum amorem mulierum, commutantem cultum Dei in cultum Diaboli temporalem, idololatrando. III. Reg. XI. Regnum vero Roboam infra XII scissum est ab eo propter odium &c. quo detestatus est senum consilium, juvenum amplexans. Regnum vero Jeroboam ablatum est ab eo similiter propter inordinatum pretium, quod recipiebat vendendo sacerdotium. Dicitur enim ibidem cap. XIII. quod Jeroboam de novissimis, id est, de vilissimis populi, fecit sacerdotes excelsorum. Et propter hanc causam domus Jeroboam eversa & deleta est de superficiebus terræ.",[11,1913,1914],{},"Liquet ex relatione figurarum ad figurata, quod regnum Ecclesiæ primo scinditur propter regentium meretricia, quæ emuntur ex provisione Ecclesiastica, exemplo Salomonis. Quæ, inquam, provisiones sunt bona spiritualia, sicut infra probabitur, quæ commutantur pro temporalibus & momentaneis meretriciis.",[11,1916,1917],{},"Secundo propter contemtum sanctionum & decretorum Sanctorum Patrum contra pravitatem Simoniacam, & amplexionem novitatum, exemplo Roboam, asserentium, in Papam non posse cadere Simoniam. Vere mendacium operatus est stylus scribarum mendax. Nam si in nova lege in Judam, electum a Christo discipulum, æqualem tunc Petro, accidit simonia, qui etiam personam in divinis æstimavit xxx argenteis: Quomodo non in Papam, in Apostolatum ab hominibus electum?",[11,1919,1920],{},"Sed cur in Judam cecidit? Revera, quia de Christo malam fidem velut hæreticus habuit. Et tales sunt omnes simoniaci. Ait enim Remigius in præfatione tertii Psalmi: Quod Judas non credidit, Christum esse Dei filium, sed quendam magum & sacrilegum.",[11,1922,1923],{},"Simoniaci vero pejus de Spiritu sancto, quam hæretici sentiunt, teste beato Augustino contra Maximianum, qui Spiritum sanctum dixit esse servum Patris, & Filii, Simoniaci eum dicunt esse servum denarii.",[11,1925,1926],{},"Et",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1928},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F866",{"description":1911},900.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F866","kC_j0HCBhElUTcwXsCG3U8kYAHrQ2NiFxS9pBAjET4c",{"id":1936,"title":1937,"body":1938,"description":1942,"extension":19,"meta":1963,"navigation":24,"page":1937,"path":1964,"pdf_page":1965,"reading":20,"seo":1966,"sortable_pagination_id":1967,"stem":1968,"__hash__":1969},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F867.md","867",{"type":8,"value":1939,"toc":1961},[1940,1943,1946,1949,1952,1955,1958],[11,1941,1942],{},"Et in adjutorium erroris assumitur, quod Papa non vendat spirituale, sed solum annexum temporale, cum quo transit spirituale, quemadmodum jus patronatus, cum emtæ villæ hæreditate.",[11,1944,1945],{},"Sed his respondetur, quod errant, nescientes divinas Scripturas, quibus docemur, quod temporale ipso facto annexionis dedicetur, ut consecretur & commutetur in spirituale.",[11,1947,1948],{},"Proinde, si venditur, profecto venditur ut spirituale. Quod patet ex ratione & autoritate.",[11,1950,1951],{},"Ratione, inquam. Quia corpus Christi non est de se spirituale, in eo, quod corpus: Secundum rationem annexionis divinitati, quæ est supremus spiritus, dicitur esse spirituale, quamvis in substantiam spiritus divini non transierit, sed corporale remanserit: Sic similiter de provisionibus temporalibus, quæ annectuntur spiritualibus, est censendum.",[11,1953,1954],{},"Autoritate, inquam, qua Ecclesiæ loquitur Dominus in lege veteri, Levitici ultimo; Quicquid semel consecratum fuerit Domino, sive homo fuerit, sive animal, sive ager, non vendetur, quia sanctum sanctorum erit, Domino loquente. Et in nova, Matth. XXIII. quod altare significat donum sibi impositum, & ita donum est spirituale. Quia sanctum Deo, non homini dedicatum. Unde sacerdos, dans denarium Deo dicatum pro meretricio, crimen simoniæ incurrit. Secundum quam sententiam oblata non dicuntur sacerdotum proprie, sed Dei. Quemadmodum Dominus Salvator, dicens: Reddite, quæ sunt Cæsaris, Cæsari, non subdit: Reddite sacerdotibus, quæ sunt sacerdotum, sed quæ sunt Dei, Deo.",[11,1956,1957],{},"Ut Papa intelligat, non se esse spiritualibus annexorum Dominum, sed dispensatorem & villicum. Et pro tali est reputandus, secundum Apostolum, dicentem: Sic nos existimet homo, ut ministros Christi, & dispensatores mysteriorum.",[11,1959,1960],{},"Sed quia hic jam quæritur in dispensatore, ut fidelis quis inveniatur, 1. Cor. 4. Quoniam nostri Jeroboam de vilissimis, qui manum eorum implebant, fecerunt sacerdotes: Sicut lamentabili-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1962},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F867",901,{"description":1942},901.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F867","U6wA3hHFg45EXNDRtZgx0ssJ1FA3x0vjpMzfoFmAzbU",{"id":1971,"title":1972,"body":1973,"description":1977,"extension":19,"meta":1992,"navigation":24,"page":1972,"path":1993,"pdf_page":1965,"reading":20,"seo":1994,"sortable_pagination_id":1995,"stem":1996,"__hash__":1997},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F868.md","868",{"type":8,"value":1974,"toc":1990},[1975,1978,1981,1984,1987],[11,1976,1977],{},"ter colligitur ex Ecclesiæ scissura, cui occasionem præbuit ipsorum simonia: Qua de re autoritate hujus sacri concilii, reformantis Ecclesiæ scissuram, cicatrices simoniæ sunt medendæ.",[11,1979,1980],{},"Primo, quatenus hujusmodi simoniaci charitative commoneantur, ut digne pœniteant, aut saltem cum Juda proditore, primo novæ legis simoniaco, resignantes, beneficia percepta restituant, quemadmodum Judas projectis argenteis, nec tamen se suspendant, Matth. XXVII.",[11,1982,1983],{},"Nec sunt censendi extare alii modi pœnitendi. Nam sicut in omni genere primum est mensura omnium sequuturorum, ex X. Metaphys. sic Judæ primi novæ legis Simoniaci, pœnitentia, suscepto suspendio, est regula pœnitendi omnium Simoniacorum sequentium. Et, si pœnitere noluerint, ex tunc ejiciantur de beneficiis usque ad electionem summi Pontificis, exemplo concilii primi, Esdræ II. Ubi Veteris legis Ecclesia, dispersa per captivitatem Babylonicam, in reditu Hierosolymæ, redintegrata non legitur, nisi ejectis sacerdotibus, qui de justo beneficii titulo docere nequibant. Ait enim de filiis Abia &c. Hi quæsierunt scripturam genealogiæ suæ, & non invenerunt, & ejecti sunt a sacerdotio, ut non comederent de sancto sanctorum, id est, de cibo pertinente ad sacerdotes, donec surgeret sacerdos doctus atque perfectus. Tunc enim sacerdotium autentice transibat per successionem hæreditariam, qualis fuit Aaronitarum divinitus olim autentata Exod. XXVIII. Et hæc successio per lineam genealogiæ legitimam dabat tunc nisi beneficii titulum. Qui cessavit post partum virginis, quo sacerdotes, castitatis professores, promoventur pro spirituali sobole multiplicanda.",[11,1985,1986],{},"Quod si de beneficiis nolunt cedere, ex tunc illi expellantur cum furore, exemplo Salvatoris, qui mansuetissime super asinam veniens eosdem zelanter ejecit, atque fures & latrones appellavit, ac templum ratione simoniæ speluncam latronum, Matth. XXI.",[11,1988,1989],{},"Ad quod simoniacos intrare prohibens, se ostium Ecclesiæ vocavit Joh. X. In",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1991},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F868",{"description":1977},901.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F868","fByxU1fP9nNDjAopnk9BVFgc-KVblTLXzx-7zD66fqw",{"id":1999,"title":2000,"body":2001,"description":2005,"extension":19,"meta":2041,"navigation":24,"page":2000,"path":2042,"pdf_page":2043,"reading":20,"seo":2044,"sortable_pagination_id":2045,"stem":2046,"__hash__":2047},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F869.md","869",{"type":8,"value":2002,"toc":2035},[2003,2006,2009,2012,2014,2017,2020,2023,2026,2029,2032],[11,2004,2005],{},"In cujus mysterium Exod. XII. ostium in utroque poste agni sangvine tingitur: Ostendens introitum in Christi sangvine duntaxat. Atq; aliter intrantes, simoniace videlicet, Angelo exterminatori tanquam incorrigibiles relinquit.",[11,2007,2008],{},"Tandem facta expulsione sunt acerrime puniendi. Ut patet in Gehasi IV. Reg. V. Cui Elisæus legitur dixisse: Naamani lepra adhærebit tibi, & semini tuo in sempiternum.",[11,2010,2011],{},"Cum autem non legatur Gehasi semen naturale reliquisse, constat, de mutato cleri Simoniaci semine Elisæum prophetasse, quasi desperantem de Simoniacorum per Ecclesiam exterminatione.",[1741,2013],{"id":15},[11,2015,2016],{},"Tum primo, quia in Romana curia non deficient servitores prælatorum pro promotionibus. Quam servitutem beatus Gregorius dicit Simoniacam. Quia munus ab obseqvio.",[1741,2018],{"id":2019},"_1",[11,2021,2022],{},"Nec secundo deficiunt promotores honorantiarum & præsentiarum, exemplo Gehasi, Qvi, sine pacto sanatione peracta, quamvis non consentiente Domino, tamen occulte, nomine sui Domini Elisæi, honorantias legitur recepisse tanquam munus a manu, secundum beatum Gregorium.",[1741,2024],{"id":2025},"_2",[11,2027,2028],{},"Nec tertio procuratores & advocati deficient, sicut nec lites. Qvas operas reputat beatus Gregorius Simoniacas, tanquam munus a lingua. Ait enim libro moralium, nono capitulo: Plerumque nonnulla terena præmia appetunt, & justitiam defendunt, seqve innocentes æstimant, & esse defensores rectitudinis exultant. Qvibus si spes nummi subtrahitur, a defensione justitiæ cessatur. Et tamen defensores se justitiæ cogitant, seqve rectos afferunt, qui nequaquam rectitudinem sed nummos quærunt. Contra quos bene per Mosen dicitur: Juste quod justum est exequitur, Injuste quippe, quod justum est exeqvitur, qui ad defensionem justitiæ non virtutis æmulatione, sed amore temporalium excitatur. Juste autem, quod justum exequitur, quando nec laudes nec præmia ab hominibus expectamus. Hæc Gregorius.",[1741,2030],{"id":2031},"_3",[11,2033,2034],{},"Sed quid contra stimulum calcitro,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2036},[2037,2038,2039,2040],{"id":15,"depth":16,"text":15},{"id":2019,"depth":16,"text":15},{"id":2025,"depth":16,"text":15},{"id":2031,"depth":16,"text":15},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F869",902,{"description":2005},902.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F869","rs6KEpKhkBxe9XsC4atE9A_CQlp4W72uiTX1EvEz00g",{"id":2049,"title":2050,"body":2051,"description":2055,"extension":19,"meta":2088,"navigation":24,"page":2050,"path":2089,"pdf_page":2043,"reading":20,"seo":2090,"sortable_pagination_id":2091,"stem":2092,"__hash__":2093},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F870.md","870",{"type":8,"value":2052,"toc":2084},[2053,2056,2059,2062,2065,2068,2071,2073,2076,2078,2081],[11,2054,2055],{},"ventum percutiens, postquam audio Prophetam dicentem: Frustra conflavit conflator, malitiæ ejus non sunt consumtæ.",[11,2057,2058],{},"Unum tamen infero, quod de partibus mecum attuli: Quod hoc sacrum concilium nullo modo ab infamia vulgari liberatur, nisi Simoniam exterminet. Tum, quia communis vulgi opinio, quanquam falsa & hæretica, clamat, Johannem Huß sententiatum per concilium, tanquam severe judicarit ut Salvator, Simoniacos, contra quos ille damnatus acerrime prædicavit.",[11,2060,2061],{},"Hoc in medium deducere volui, tanquam secundum quod vobis dicere habui.",[11,2063,2064],{},"Dixi tertio, quod propter erigendam sacerdotii dignitatem congregatos vos video. Hinc vobis hanc conclusionem tertiam dicere habeo, quod dignitatem sacerdotii non potestis erigere, nisi pro posse conemini promotiones puerorum, ignarorum & pravorum destruere.",[11,2066,2067],{},"Qvod svadetur: Qvia prædictorum prælatio, est ruinosa sacerdotii destructio. Igitur eorum destructio erit sacerdotii erectio. Talis consequentia capitur ab oppositis.",[11,2069,2070],{},"Et amplius patet inductive autoritate, ratione & exemplo, positio de prioribus.",[1741,2072],{"id":15},[11,2074,2075],{},"Qvia autoritate prohibentur per Apostolum promoveri ad sacerdotium, 1. Tim. III. Non neophytum in fide, nec moribus novitium. Quales sunt pueri ætate vel probitate. Unde puer centum annorum maledicitur, Es. LXV.",[1741,2077],{"id":2019},[11,2079,2080],{},"Et ratio. Qvia propter pubescentem adolescentiam, qua sequuntur passiones vitiorum, & propter inexperientiam, a regimine arcentur Ecclesiastico. Eo quod ars artium est regimen animarum, secundum beatum Gregorium primo Past. c. II.",[11,2082,2083],{},"Porro si hujusmodi non sunt scientiæ morales, utiles auditoribus, ex I. Ethic. cap. II. quomodo erunt scientiæ moralis doctores? Quales esse oportet Prælatos. Qui non sunt in statu acquirendæ perfectionis, quemadmodum religiosi secundum beatum Benedictum cap. ult. suæ Re. Sed per amplius sunt in statu exercendæ virtutis & perfectionis, in alios prælatialiter diffundendæ. Qvemadmodum tradit",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2085},[2086,2087],{"id":15,"depth":16,"text":15},{"id":2019,"depth":16,"text":15},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F870",{"description":2055},902.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F870","3I2CrvhLghjy6_0Koak_wX9zB_zS81ZjuyV2gMVgxRw",{"id":2095,"title":2096,"body":2097,"description":2101,"extension":19,"meta":2119,"navigation":24,"page":2096,"path":2120,"pdf_page":2121,"reading":20,"seo":2122,"sortable_pagination_id":2123,"stem":2124,"__hash__":2125},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F871.md","871",{"type":8,"value":2098,"toc":2117},[2099,2102,2105,2108,2111,2114],[11,2100,2101],{},"tradit beatus Gregorius, X. Moralium dicens: Summus locus tunc bene regitur, quando homo non hominibus, sed vitiis principatur. Qui ergo nescit propria vitia compellere, quomodo compescit aliena.",[11,2103,2104],{},"Ex quibus colligitur, quod inconsulte Balthasar de Cossa electus est in summum Pontificem, qui ab experimento non habuit statum exercendæ perfectionis, sed promittebat se assumere statum acquirendæ perfectionis. Quod prælatiæ repugnat.",[11,2106,2107],{},"Patet idem ab exemplo utriusque testamenti. Nam in veteri lege pastores pecorum propter experientiam vocantur ad regimen hominum. Et in nova assumuntur similiter piscatores.",[11,2109,2110],{},"Quod autem ignari arceantur a promotione Ecclesiastica, patet autoritate, ratione & exemplo.",[11,2112,2113],{},"Autoritate inquam. Quia Prælati animarum in veteri lege dicuntur speculatores, Ezech. III. In nova vero lege Episcopi, Act. XX. Attendite vobis & universo gregi, in quo Spiritus Sanctus vos posuit Episcopos, id est, Superintendentes, secundum beatum August. XIX. de civitate Dei c. XIX. Episcopatus nomen græcum est, & nomen est operis, non honoris. Hinc propter defectum scientiæ & Superintendentiæ ignari arcentur a sacerdotio, Domino dicente: Quia tu repulisti scientiam, repellam ego & te, ne sacerdotio fungaris, Hosea cap. IV. Et causam sive rationem assignat Propheta dicens: Labia sacerdotis custodiunt Scientiam, & legem requirunt ex ore ejus, quia Angelus Dei exercituum est. Malachia II. Angelus, inquam, divinæ voluntatis, legationem ad homines sufficienter proferens. Quia Dei perfecta sunt opera Deutr. XXXII. Unde & ait: Scientiam Dei volui plus, quam holocausta, Ezech. 17.",[11,2115,2116],{},"Hinc patet idem ab exemplo, quo Christus noluit Apostolos Ecclesiis præficere, volens ad cælum ascendere, nisi per missionem sancti Spiritus informatos sufficientissime, dicens: Sedete hic in civitate, donec induamini virtute ex alto, Luc. ult. Et ex tunc, Euntes in mundum prædicate, Marc. ult. Et rursum Act. I. Accipietis virtutem Spiritus supervenientis in vos, & eritis mihi testes &c. In cujus my-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2118},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F871",903,{"description":2101},903.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F871","2v1zgowWPyvtnM3uqBKdd5QA1llbX8XMY4B9CixTcWY",{"id":2127,"title":2128,"body":2129,"description":2133,"extension":19,"meta":2145,"navigation":24,"page":2128,"path":2146,"pdf_page":2121,"reading":20,"seo":2147,"sortable_pagination_id":2148,"stem":2149,"__hash__":2150},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F872.md","872",{"type":8,"value":2130,"toc":2143},[2131,2134,2137,2140],[11,2132,2133],{},"sterium coronam impetrabitis in fide scientiam utriusque testamenti accipietis, quando signata signis concordant. Secus, secundum Gilbertum de abusion. nil stultius, propter signorum discrepantiam, quam asinus coronatus, & speculator cæcus.",[11,2135,2136],{},"Verum, quia prelati Ecclesiastici sunt laicorum libri & exemplaria, in quibus debent legere humanitatem, castitatem, & omnem virtutem, Salvatore ipsis dicente: Vos estis lux mundi, Matth. V. Lux, inquam, non solum ut videatis, sed ut videamini. Quemadmodum subdit: Sic luceat lux vestra coram hominibus, ut videant opera vestra bona: Hinc pueri & scandalosi arcentur a prælatiarum regimine, tanquam mala exemplaria, nomen Domini blasphemantia, in quibus legitur avaritia, luxuria, superbia & omnis malitia. Unde merito tales libri forent corrigendi vel certe comburendi. Tum quia secundum B. Gregorium, XVI. moralium, sicut lectio viva est vita justorum, sic scandalosa vita prælatorum est damnatio subditorum, Domino per Prophetam conquerente: Grex perditus factus est populus meus, pastores eorum seduxerunt eos.",[11,2138,2139],{},"Hæc vestræ sanctitati dicere habui, propter excludendum taciturnitatis dæmonium, cujus vitium Esaias Propheta sibimet imputans, VI. Cap. Væ, inquit, mihi, quod tacui, timens offensam regiam, in tantum aggravat, ut se propter hoc removendum ab officio prophetiæ censeat, nec posse purgari, nisi per ignitum calculum, quod beatus Hieronymus misericordiam interpretatur.",[11,2141,2142],{},"Vos autem, ut omnia præmissa verbis concludam Apostolorum Principis, II. Petr. I. omnem curam subinferentes, ut universa onera Ecclesiæ Catholicæ supportetis, ministrate in fide vestra virtutem, in virtute autem scientiam, in scientia autem abstinentiam, in abstinentia autem patientiam, in patientia autem pietatem, in pietate autem fraternitatis amorem, in amore autem fraternitatis charitatem. Hæc enim si vobiscum adsint & superent, non vacuos nec sine fructu vos constituent in Domini nostri Jesu Christi cognitione. Cui",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2144},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F872",{"description":2133},903.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F872","ZnUtayjLkGaWqvZfZYhSYQQG0l1bJ7mcLatEaYSypPQ",{"id":2152,"title":2153,"body":2154,"description":2158,"extension":19,"meta":2161,"navigation":24,"page":2153,"path":2162,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2163,"sortable_pagination_id":2164,"stem":2165,"__hash__":2166},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F873.md","873",{"type":8,"value":2155,"toc":2159},[2156],[11,2157,2158],{},"Cui enim non præsto sunt hæc, cœcus est, & manu tentans, oblivionem accipiens purgationis veterum suorum delictorum. Quapropter satagite, ut per bona opera certam vestram vocationem & electionem faciatis. Sic enim",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2160},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F873",{"description":2158},904.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F873","mAazZG1Hw6lEZ1KWJ5LXsOWHvxKHXIfnCpPTz3LKoqc",{"id":2168,"title":25,"body":2169,"description":2173,"extension":19,"meta":2176,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":2177,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2178,"sortable_pagination_id":2179,"stem":2180,"__hash__":2181},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F874.md",{"type":8,"value":2170,"toc":2174},[2171],[11,2172,2173],{},"abundanter ministrabitur vobis introitus in æternum regnum. Hæc Petrus. Quem introitum ipse præstare dignetur, qui nos Deus benedicat in secula. Amen.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2175},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F874",{"description":2173},904.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F874","pSRp-0zKGPrCEwLP_j2cCXpqpcCws4ZJRYiYaZqq0RU",[2183,2238,2278,2308,2334,2387,2446,2475,2507,2537,2596,2651,2688,2719,2733],{"id":2184,"title":2185,"body":2186,"description":2193,"extension":19,"meta":2233,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":2234,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":2235,"sortable_pagination_id":29,"stem":2236,"__hash__":2237},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F860.md","A Counsel for Reforming the Ecclesiastical Estate at the Council of Constance",{"type":8,"value":2187,"toc":2230},[2188,2191,2194,2197,2204,2211,2214,2217,2221,2227],[1719,2189,2185],{"id":2190},"a-counsel-for-reforming-the-ecclesiastical-estate-at-the-council-of-constance",[11,2192,2193],{},"“To tell you openly” [John 16], taken originally from John 16, and transumptively from the Office of the Mass.",[11,2195,2196],{},"Most reverend Fathers, Lord Masters, and bases and pillars and stakes of the tabernacle of testimony, figured in Exodus 27.",[11,2198,2199,2200,2203],{},"As I am about to address your beatitude, I find myself caught in a twofold judgment: namely, that upon minds burdened with sorrow a certain torpor of diffidence may creep in as I speak. This is so, first, because of the dignity of my hearers. Blessed Gregorius (near the end of Book VI of the ",[47,2201,2202],{},"Moralia",") calls it a terrifying thing, when he says: “When the mind flourishes in teaching among such persons, ignorance is grave, wishing to teach those who are better. For in this case words lose the force of their rectitude when they do not suit the hearer, since medicines too lose their virtues when applied to sound limbs.”",[11,2205,2206,2207,2210],{},"Second, on account of the depravity of morals. For, as the same author says in the ",[47,2208,2209],{},"Pastoral Rule",", “it is harsh that one who does not know how to govern his own life should be made judge of another’s.”",[11,2212,2213],{},"Third, on account of the slowness of what must be said. For, as Petrus Damianus writes, “when the Word of God is set forth to the ears of the curious, attention is paid to whether there is charm of artful style; the coloring of rhetorical elegance is sought out; and the curious mind pries into the captious circuits of syllogisms and enthymemes.”",[11,2215,2216],{},"Concerning which slowness we have a precept — that in the temple of God a grove of unfruitful loquacity is forbidden to be planted (Deuteronomy 16). And we all undoubtedly know that whenever the stalks of a bad crop thrive, the kernels of the ears swell with less fullness. Yet the Savior, in whose hand are both wisdom and the discipline of work and of knowledge (Wisdom 7), from whom also is our sufficiency (2 Corinthians 3), consoles our poverty, saying, where the theme is: “I have many things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now; but when that Spirit of truth shall come, he will teach you all truth.” Therefore, to obtain his arrival, let us greet the Virgin Mother, full of the same Spirit, saying with serene mind: Hail Mary, full of grace.",[1741,2218,2220],{"id":2219},"i-have-things-to-say-to-you-as-above","“I have things to say to you,” as above.",[11,2222,2223,2224,2226],{},"According to blessed Gregorius, in a sermon in the ",[47,2225,2202],{},", “in speech, when something is said, it is necessary that time, cause, and person be weighed: whether the truth of the judgment strengthens the words, whether the fitting time demands it, whether the quality of the person does not conflict with the truth of the judgment and the fittingness of the time. For he praiseworthily shoots his darts who first spies out the enemy before he strikes.” Thus Gregorius. And since the degrees of what may be said arise from the degrees of being, on account of the style of truth: hence, because I see you gathered, first for the reforming of the unity of the Ecclesiastical body, second for the excluding of the depravity of right conduct, and third for the raising up of the dignity of the priesthood, therefore I have to speak to you on these three matters. Urged on by the necessity of fruitful fidelity, “that I may have some fruit among you” (Romans 1); by the authority of commanding knowability, which I have from you, “to whom it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God”; by the usefulness of courageous utterance, by which the Savior, moved, said: “Simon, I have something to say to you” (Luke 7).",[11,2228,2229],{},"And since everything speakable is either of honorableness — such as the reformation of Ecclesiastical unity, as regards the first; or of usefulness — such as",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2231},[2232],{"id":2219,"depth":16,"text":2220},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F860",{"title":2185,"description":2193},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F860","JcE4ZWlyPfYVqZb8ca45Pg7ZMCNais6ZJgRc2i0SyqQ",{"id":2239,"title":1761,"body":2240,"description":2244,"extension":19,"meta":2273,"navigation":24,"page":1761,"path":2274,"pdf_page":1702,"reading":20,"seo":2275,"sortable_pagination_id":1784,"stem":2276,"__hash__":2277},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F861.md",{"type":8,"value":2241,"toc":2271},[2242,2245,2255,2258,2265],[11,2243,2244],{},"the exclusion of relapsing depravity, as regards the second; or of delightfulness — such as the raising up of sacerdotal dignity, as regards the third:",[11,2246,2247,2248,2250,2251,2254],{},"It is clear as to the first that one cannot come to the reforming of the unity of the Ecclesiastical body except through the medium of the primitive Church, to whose form or Ecclesiastical sanctions the reformation of the present Church is ordered — namely, that “you may have one heart, and one soul in the Lord” (Acts 4). For it is in him alone that our schisms are united, as blessed Augustinus says in the first book of the ",[47,2249,299],{},", addressing the Lord: “You have made us for yourself; our heart is restless, unless it rest in you.” And further, in Book X: “In all these things which I run through, consulting you concerning creatures, I find no place for my soul in which my scattered self may be gathered, save in you. Whatever is not in you withdraws from me.” Of which the Savior signifies the necessity, saying: “Martha, Martha, you are careful and troubled about many things: but one thing is necessary” (Luke 10). On which B. Augustinus in the ",[47,2252,2253],{},"Homilies"," says: “The one is set before the many. For the one is not from the many, but the many are from the one. The many things belong to the one, who made them.” Thus he.",[11,2256,2257],{},"In him, the communion of the prelates made is the Church’s union; from him, their division is the Church’s rupture.",[11,2259,2260,2261,2264],{},"This is urged thus. The true universal Church consists in particulars, according to Augustinus in ",[47,2262,2263],{},"On the City of God",", Book XVI, chapter 4. Now the particular Church of particular prelates is spoken of by the Savior (Matthew 18): “If he will not hear you, tell the Church.” Therefore, if the communion of particular prelates in God is the union of the universal Church, so their division from the Lord through sin was the occasion of the Schism.",[11,2266,2267,2268,2270],{},"But, you say, it is harsh to hold such things about Prelates. I answer: would that they themselves, recognizing the crime, held such things about themselves. For with blessed Augustinus, ",[47,2269,2263],{},", Book 14, chapter 14, I dare to say: “It is useful to the proud to fall into some open, manifest sin, so that those who had fallen by pleasing themselves may become displeasing to themselves. For Peter more salubriously displeased himself when he wept than when he pleased himself when he presumed.” Hence the Prophet says: “Fill their faces with shame, and they shall seek thy name, O Lord” — those, that is, who pleased themselves by seeking their own. But worse is the pride by which, in",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2272},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F861",{"description":2244},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F861","ZNUfZ-enfOdtpap_kvpH8SC0ncXMg1uJ-u00d7-TahI",{"id":2279,"title":1789,"body":2280,"description":2284,"extension":19,"meta":2303,"navigation":24,"page":1789,"path":2304,"pdf_page":1702,"reading":20,"seo":2305,"sortable_pagination_id":1809,"stem":2306,"__hash__":2307},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F862.md",{"type":8,"value":2281,"toc":2301},[2282,2285,2288,2298],[11,2283,2284],{},"manifest sins one seeks the support of an excuse, like that man, one of whom said: “Lord, the woman whom you gave me, both she and the serpent deceived me.” Nowhere here is there a plea for pardon, nowhere an entreaty for a remedy. For although they do not deny it, as Cain did, still they seek to refer it onto another — something they did wrongly, as though anything could be set before God, who must be trusted, of such a kind [as an excuse]. Hence it is not an excusing but rather a true accusing, where there is an open transgression of the divine command. Thus Augustinus.",[11,2286,2287],{},"Nor does the plea of fear, which may have come in during the schism, offer any help. Augustinus, on John 12, commenting on “He who loves his soul loses it,” says: When this moment comes, that something must be done contrary to God’s precept, or else one must depart from this life because the persecutor threatens death, then let a man choose rather to die with God as his friend than to live with him offended. Thus Augustinus.",[11,2289,2290,2291,2294,2295,2297],{},"And because the bearers of the red hat are the electors of the Pope, by the sign of their redness they are indeed in the state of martyrs before the Church. Yet it is to be feared that fear of death should be ascribed to martyrs. In this matter there is no escaping the fact that seculars — who are likened to the body, as the prelates of the Church are to the spirit — are able to rend the Church. This is gathered from the condition of the state of innocence in Adam, in whom the universal Church then existed, the Apostle saying in Romans 6 [actually Rom. 5:12]: “in whom we all sinned.” According to Augustinus, in ",[47,2292,2293],{},"De civitate Dei"," book 16, chapter 26, if the spirit of Adam, as he had received it at his making, had by obedience preserved itself single, it would never have felt any rupture in what descends from it, nor could his body have rebelled against the spirit — from Augustinus’s sentence, ",[47,2296,2293],{}," book [14], chapter 2, likewise book [13], chapter 1 [sic, reading uncertain]. But when the spirit of Adam split itself from God through sin, immediately also the whole that descends from him felt the perversity of the schism, as the Prophet says: “All have turned aside, they have together become useless, corrupt, and have become an abomination,” Psalm 13.",[11,2299,2300],{},"And from similar prelates, sinning in the Church, schism has been sown in the Church. And just as in Adam, once the spirit had sinned against God, at once sensuality rebelled against the spirit, so when the prelates of the Church sepa-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2302},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F862",{"description":2284},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F862","cxZ56s4V4jcKC_-LKxrjrRXr47-s_bc18DKzQj0vL_8",{"id":2309,"title":1814,"body":2310,"description":2314,"extension":19,"meta":2329,"navigation":24,"page":1814,"path":2330,"pdf_page":1833,"reading":20,"seo":2331,"sortable_pagination_id":1835,"stem":2332,"__hash__":2333},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F863.md",{"type":8,"value":2311,"toc":2327},[2312,2315,2321,2324],[11,2313,2314],{},"rated themselves from God, the seculars soon began to grow insolent — the Lord saying through the Prophet figuratively to the assembly of prelates: “Is Israel a servant, or a home-born slave? Why then has he become a prey? The lions have roared over him and given forth their voice; they have laid his land waste, his cities are burned and no one dwells in them; the sons also of Noph and Taphnes have defiled you even to the crown of the head. Has not this been done to you, because you forsook the Lord your God at the time when he led you on the way?” Jeremiah 2.",[11,2316,2317,2318,2320],{},"Wherefore, most reverend Fathers, since you have been made rich in all speech and in all knowledge — as the testimony of Christ has been confirmed in you, so that nothing is lacking to you in any grace — I beseech you by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ that there be no schisms among you, 1 Corinthians 2 [actually 1 Cor. 1:10]. Schisms, I say, neither with regard to God nor with regard to neighbor. With regard to God, I say, because they are against nature, according to Augustinus, ",[47,2319,2293],{}," book 11, chapter 17: Vice is so contrary to nature that it harms nothing but nature. Nor would it be a vice to withdraw from God, except for a nature whose vice it is, since it was made to be with God.",[11,2322,2323],{},"Wherefore, for the exclusion of schism with regard to God, let each one examine his own conscience, and thus set before himself the judgment of his own censure: whether in the secret of his heart he finds that peace which Christ gives; whether no concupiscence of the flesh assails the desire of the spirit; whether he does not despise humble things nor, likewise, covet lofty ones; whether he does not immoderately rejoice in the increase of his own goods; whether he is not inflamed with envy at another’s happiness nor gladdened at an enemy’s misery; whether his justice is not cheapened by the power of flatterers, nor by the favor of kinsmen, nor by the price of a gift.",[11,2325,2326],{},"And when he finds, perhaps, that none of these disturbances is in him, let him with sincere scrutiny inquire what kinds of thoughts frequent him, and whether he acquiesces in no images of vanities. For to be moved by no enticements and tickled by no desires does not belong to this life, which is wholly temptation, and by which he is too thoroughly conquered who does not fear to be conquered by it. For it is proud to presume on the ease of not sin-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2328},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F863",{"description":2314},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F863","bROc9pDFqEskcBxfTzQD1p8YBg4CkmWcTQM0g3_ouGo",{"id":2335,"title":1840,"body":2336,"description":2381,"extension":19,"meta":2382,"navigation":24,"page":1840,"path":2383,"pdf_page":1833,"reading":20,"seo":2384,"sortable_pagination_id":1863,"stem":2385,"__hash__":2386},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F864.md",{"type":8,"value":2337,"toc":2379},[2338,2349,2355,2366,2373],[11,2339,2340,2341,2344,2345,2348],{},"to presume upon an easy capacity for not sinning, since this very presumption is itself a sin. Hence Augustinus, in ",[47,2342,2343],{},"De Civitate Dei"," XIV.10, says: “At present one lives well enough if one lives without grave crime. But whoever judges himself to live without sin is acting not so as to have no sin, but so as not to receive pardon.” And further, in Book XXII, chapter 23: “Let us know that, however vigorously we fight against our vices or overcome them, so long as we are in this body they cannot be entirely absent from us. Therefore let us say to God: ",[47,2346,2347],{},"Forgive us our debts",".”",[11,2350,2351,2352,2354],{},"I say, second: let there be no schisms among you with respect to your neighbor, since the very law of nature resists such schisms. Of this Augustinus, near the end of Book XII of ",[47,2353,2343],{},", writes: “Nothing is more effective against the vice of discord than the remembrance of that one parent whom God created as one, and from whom a multitude might be propagated, so that through this shared origin unity might be preserved among the many.”",[11,2356,2357,2358,2361,2362,2365],{},"This unity will be seen if, from this sacred council, there are banished the affections of particular causes which generate quarrels, and the hatreds which hinder catholic unity — just as is related to have been done at the opening of the councils under Constantinus, in the first book of the ",[47,2359,2360],{},"Historia Tripartita",". Otherwise, ",[47,2363,2364],{},"if you bite and devour one another, take heed that you be not consumed through ambition",", Galatians 5, leaving the last things worse than the first.",[11,2367,2368,2369,2372],{},"I have not moistened my lips at the horse’s fountain, nor have I been steeped in wine on twin-peaked Parnassus. For, to use the words of the Prince of the Apostles, ",[47,2370,2371],{},"we have not followed learned fables, but have made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, having been made beholders of his greatness",", 2 Peter 1. Concerning which I had things to say to you with respect to the first point.",[11,2374,2375,2376,2378],{},"I said, second, that I see you gathered for the purpose of preventing a relapse into wickedness. Hence I have a second conclusion to present to you, namely, that you cannot provide against the prospect of a recurring schism except through the extirpation of simony. This is urged as follows. The figures of the Old Law and of the [Old] Church are not verified except from what is figured in our Church, as Augustinus says in ",[47,2377,2343],{}," XII,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2380},[],"to presume upon an easy capacity for not sinning, since this very presumption is itself a sin. Hence Augustinus, in De Civitate Dei XIV.10, says: “At present one lives well enough if one lives without grave crime. But whoever judges himself to live without sin is acting not so as to have no sin, but so as not to receive pardon.” And further, in Book XXII, chapter 23: “Let us know that, however vigorously we fight against our vices or overcome them, so long as we are in this body they cannot be entirely absent from us. Therefore let us say to God: Forgive us our debts.”",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F864",{"description":2381},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F864","C7CmuTLpTjETM67eA-qrkaWLWc1xViCzl9A27giUX7Y",{"id":2388,"title":1868,"body":2389,"description":2393,"extension":19,"meta":2441,"navigation":24,"page":1868,"path":2442,"pdf_page":1899,"reading":20,"seo":2443,"sortable_pagination_id":1901,"stem":2444,"__hash__":2445},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F865.md",{"type":8,"value":2390,"toc":2439},[2391,2394,2397,2408,2415,2418,2421,2432],[11,2392,2393],{},"chapter 7: “The Old Testament, given from Mount Sinai into bondage, profits nothing except in so far as it bears witness to the New Testament.”",[11,2395,2396],{},"But the condition of the Old Law and Church was not destroyed except through simony. This is clear from a fourfold testimony.",[11,2398,2399,2400,2403,2404,2407],{},"First, from the Prophet who says: ",[47,2401,2402],{},"Hear this, you princes of the house of Jacob, and you judges of the house of Israel, who abhor judgment and pervert all that is right, who build up Sion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity. Her princes have judged for bribes, and her priests have taught for hire, and her prophets divined for money; and they leaned upon the Lord, saying: Is not the Lord in the midst of us? No evil shall come upon us. Therefore, because of this, Sion shall be plowed as a field, Jerusalem shall be as a heap of stones, and the mountain of the temple as the high places of the forests",", Micah 3. And again, Hosea 3: ",[47,2405,2406],{},"The children of Israel shall sit without king, and without prince, and without sacrifice, and without altar, and without ephod, and without teraphim",". Which things, alas, came all too swiftly.",[11,2409,2410,2411,2414],{},"Second, it is confirmed by the testimony of the Savior, when he said to the simoniacs whom he had cast out of the temple: ",[47,2412,2413],{},"The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and shall be given to a nation yielding the fruits thereof",", Matthew 21.",[11,2416,2417],{},"Third, through Augustinus, who shows that the fact that the sacrificial fire, which had lived seventy years under the waters, was extinguished when Antiochus sold the priesthood to Jason, displays the extinction of the priesthood.",[11,2419,2420],{},"Fourth, it is shown from a multitude of figures. For since simony is the disordered will to exchange the temporal for the spiritual, and conversely.",[11,2422,2423,2424,2427,2428,2431],{},"And I do not say: the zealous will to exchange. For a zealous exchange is praiseworthy, since the Apostle says: ",[47,2425,2426],{},"If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great matter if we reap your carnal things, etc."," For thus has the Lord also ordained, 1 Corinthians 9. He likewise urged an exchange of this kind when he said: ",[47,2429,2430],{},"Make unto yourselves friends of the mammon of iniquity, that when you fail, they may receive you into everlasting dwellings",", Luke 16.",[11,2433,2434,2435,2438],{},"I said accordingly: ",[47,2436,2437],{},"disordered"," will. For it proceeds from disordered love, hatred",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2440},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F865",{"description":2393},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F865","d0V7GOPbc1IpklPFpPWif3eMzaAgg450J5rOBTMvp0c",{"id":2447,"title":1906,"body":2448,"description":2452,"extension":19,"meta":2470,"navigation":24,"page":1906,"path":2471,"pdf_page":1899,"reading":20,"seo":2472,"sortable_pagination_id":1932,"stem":2473,"__hash__":2474},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F866.md",{"type":8,"value":2449,"toc":2468},[2450,2453,2456,2459,2462,2465],[11,2451,2452],{},"or of a price for exchanging the spiritual for the temporal. Indeed, the kingdom of Solomon was torn asunder on account of his disordered love of women, which exchanged the worship of God for the temporal worship of the Devil through idolatry. 1 Kings 11. The kingdom of Rehoboam, moreover, was torn from him in [chapter] 12 on account of his hatred, etc., by which he despised the counsel of the elders and embraced that of the young men. And the kingdom of Jeroboam was likewise taken from him on account of the disordered price which he received for selling the priesthood. For it is said in the same book, chapter 13, that Jeroboam made priests of the high places from the meanest, that is, from the most worthless of the people. And for this cause the house of Jeroboam was overturned and blotted out from the face of the earth.",[11,2454,2455],{},"It is evident, from the correspondence of the figures to the things figured, that the kingdom of the Church is first torn asunder on account of the whoredoms of its rulers, which are purchased from ecclesiastical provisions, after the example of Solomon. These provisions, I say, are spiritual goods, as will be proved below, which are exchanged for temporal and momentary whoredoms.",[11,2457,2458],{},"Secondly, [it is torn] on account of contempt for the sanctions and decrees of the Holy Fathers against simoniacal depravity, and on account of the embrace of novelties, after the example of Rehoboam — by those who assert that simony cannot fall upon the Pope. Truly the lying pen of the scribes has wrought a lie. For if in the new law simony befell Judas, a disciple chosen by Christ, then equal to Peter, who also valued a person in divine things at thirty pieces of silver — how should it not befall the Pope, chosen to the apostolate by men?",[11,2460,2461],{},"But why did it fall upon Judas? Truly, because he held bad faith concerning Christ, as a heretic does. And such are all simoniacs. For Remigius says in the preface to the third Psalm: that Judas did not believe Christ to be the Son of God, but rather some sort of magician and sacrilegious man.",[11,2463,2464],{},"Simoniacs, however, think worse of the Holy Spirit than heretics do, as Augustinus testifies against Maximianus, who said that the Holy Spirit is the servant of the Father and of the Son: the simoniacs call Him the servant of the coin.",[11,2466,2467],{},"And",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2469},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F866",{"description":2452},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F866","XjeITFJ25hrR90YfBWplfIDvdNo04tPGhBMCN82g8gI",{"id":2476,"title":1937,"body":2477,"description":2481,"extension":19,"meta":2502,"navigation":24,"page":1937,"path":2503,"pdf_page":1965,"reading":20,"seo":2504,"sortable_pagination_id":1967,"stem":2505,"__hash__":2506},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F867.md",{"type":8,"value":2478,"toc":2500},[2479,2482,2485,2488,2491,2494,2497],[11,2480,2481],{},"And in support of the error it is alleged that the Pope does not sell the spiritual thing, but only the annexed temporal thing, together with which the spiritual passes — just as the right of patronage [passes] with the hereditary purchase of an estate.",[11,2483,2484],{},"But to these it is replied that they err, not knowing the divine Scriptures, by which we are taught that the temporal is, by the very fact of annexation, dedicated, so that it may be consecrated and converted into a spiritual thing.",[11,2486,2487],{},"Accordingly, if it is sold, it is assuredly sold as something spiritual. Which is plain both by reason and by authority.",[11,2489,2490],{},"By reason, I say. For the body of Christ is not of itself spiritual, insofar as it is a body: but by reason of its annexation to the divinity, which is the supreme spirit, it is said to be spiritual, although it has not passed over into the substance of the divine spirit, but has remained corporeal. The same judgment must be passed, similarly, concerning temporal provisions which are annexed to spiritual things.",[11,2492,2493],{},"By authority, I say, by which the Lord speaks to the Church in the old law, in the last [chapter] of Leviticus: Whatever has once been consecrated to the Lord, whether it be man, or animal, or field, shall not be sold, because it shall be the holy of holies — the Lord Himself speaking. And in the new, Matthew 23, [it is said] that the altar sanctifies the gift placed upon it, and thus the gift is spiritual. For it is sanctified to God, not dedicated to man. Whence a priest who gives a coin dedicated to God for whoredom incurs the crime of simony. According to which judgment, offerings are not properly said to be the priests’, but God’s. Just as the Lord Savior, saying: Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, does not add: Render unto the priests the things that are the priests’, but: The things that are God’s, unto God.",[11,2495,2496],{},"So that the Pope may understand that he is not the lord of the things annexed to the spiritual, but their dispenser and steward. And he is to be reputed as such, according to the Apostle, who says: Let a man so account of us, as ministers of Christ, and dispensers of the mysteries [of God].",[11,2498,2499],{},"But since here now it is required in a steward that a man be found faithful, 1 Corinthians 4, — inasmuch as our Jeroboams have made priests of the most worthless, namely of those who filled their hand — as is lamenta-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2501},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F867",{"description":2481},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F867","WJnb05JxJGX8UHASMt_kc8fiDFrHtWb_TpS5XkdQWto",{"id":2508,"title":1972,"body":2509,"description":2513,"extension":19,"meta":2532,"navigation":24,"page":1972,"path":2533,"pdf_page":1965,"reading":20,"seo":2534,"sortable_pagination_id":1995,"stem":2535,"__hash__":2536},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F868.md",{"type":8,"value":2510,"toc":2530},[2511,2514,2517,2524,2527],[11,2512,2513],{},"as is lamentably inferred from the schism of the Church, to which their simony gave occasion. Concerning this matter, by the authority of this sacred council, which is reforming the schism of the Church, the wounds of simony must be healed.",[11,2515,2516],{},"First, in so far as simoniacs of this sort are to be charitably admonished, that they may worthily do penance, or at least that, like Judas the betrayer, the first simoniac of the new law, they may resign and restore the benefices they have received, just as Judas threw down the pieces of silver — though without hanging themselves, Matthew 27.",[11,2518,2519,2520,2523],{},"Nor are other modes of penance to be considered to exist. For just as in every genus the first is the measure of all that follow, according to ",[47,2521,2522],{},"Metaphysics"," X, so the penance of Judas, the first simoniac of the new law, having undergone hanging, is the rule of penance for all subsequent simoniacs. And if they refuse to repent, from that point they are to be ejected from their benefices until the election of the Supreme Pontiff, after the example of the first council in Ezra 2, where the Church of the Old Law, dispersed by the Babylonian captivity, is not read to have been restored on the return to Jerusalem except by the ejection of priests who could not show a just title to their benefice. For it says concerning the sons of Abia, etc.: “These sought the writing of their genealogy and found it not, and they were cast out from the priesthood, that they should not eat of the holy of holies” — that is, of the food pertaining to priests — “until there should arise a priest learned and perfect.” For at that time the priesthood passed authentically by hereditary succession, such as the Aaronic priesthood divinely established of old in Exodus 28. And this succession through a legitimate genealogical line then gave only the title to the benefice. This ceased after the virgin birth, by which priests, as professors of chastity, are promoted for the multiplication of spiritual offspring.",[11,2525,2526],{},"But if they refuse to yield their benefices, then let them be expelled with fury, after the example of the Savior, who, coming most meekly upon an ass, zealously ejected these same men, called them thieves and robbers, and called the temple, on account of simony, a den of thieves, Matthew 21.",[11,2528,2529],{},"Forbidding simoniacs to enter it, he called himself the door of the Church, John 10. In",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2531},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F868",{"description":2513},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F868","wmByWRWlvPXyndlQ5F5djGaO4d-4aUFRFiiOm6TIAlI",{"id":2538,"title":2000,"body":2539,"description":2543,"extension":19,"meta":2591,"navigation":24,"page":2000,"path":2592,"pdf_page":2043,"reading":20,"seo":2593,"sortable_pagination_id":2045,"stem":2594,"__hash__":2595},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F869.md",{"type":8,"value":2540,"toc":2585},[2541,2544,2547,2550,2552,2559,2561,2568,2570,2580,2582],[11,2542,2543],{},"In the mystery of which, Exodus 12, the door is stained on both posts with the blood of the lamb, showing that entry is only through the blood of Christ. And those who enter otherwise — namely, simoniacally — he abandons as incorrigible to the destroying Angel.",[11,2545,2546],{},"At last, once expulsion has been carried out, they are to be most severely punished. As is evident in Gehazi, 2 Kings 5, to whom Elisha is read to have said: “The leprosy of Naaman shall cleave to thee, and to thy seed for ever.”",[11,2548,2549],{},"Now since Gehazi is not read to have left any natural offspring, it is clear that Elisha prophesied concerning the changed seed of the simoniac clergy, as though despairing of the extermination of simoniacs by the Church.",[1741,2551],{"id":15},[11,2553,2554,2555,2558],{},"For, first, in the Roman curia there will be no lack of servitors of prelates seeking promotions. Such servitude blessed Gregorius calls simoniacal, because it is a gift from obeisance [",[47,2556,2557],{},"munus ab obsequio","].",[1741,2560],{"id":2019},[11,2562,2563,2564,2567],{},"Nor, secondly, is there a lack of promoters of honoraria and gratuities, after the example of Gehazi, who, once the healing had been accomplished without any pact, although his master did not consent, nevertheless secretly, in the name of his master Elisha, is read to have received honoraria as a gift from the hand [",[47,2565,2566],{},"munus a manu","], according to blessed Gregorius.",[1741,2569],{"id":2025},[11,2571,2572,2573,2576,2577,2579],{},"Nor, thirdly, are there lacking proctors and advocates, any more than there are lawsuits. Such labors blessed Gregorius reckons as simoniacal, as a gift from the tongue [",[47,2574,2575],{},"munus a lingua","]. For he says in the book of the ",[47,2578,2202],{},", chapter nine: “Very often some men seek certain earthly rewards and defend justice, and they reckon themselves innocent and exult in being defenders of rectitude. If from these the hope of money is withdrawn, they cease from the defense of justice. And yet those think themselves defenders of justice, and proclaim themselves upright, who seek not rectitude but money. Against such it is well said through Moses: ‘Justly shall he pursue what is just.’ For unjustly does he pursue what is just who is moved to the defense of justice not by zeal for virtue but by love of temporal things. But justly does he pursue what is just when we expect neither praise nor rewards from men.” Thus Gregorius.",[1741,2581],{"id":2031},[11,2583,2584],{},"But why do I kick against the goad,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2586},[2587,2588,2589,2590],{"id":15,"depth":16,"text":15},{"id":2019,"depth":16,"text":15},{"id":2025,"depth":16,"text":15},{"id":2031,"depth":16,"text":15},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F869",{"description":2543},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F869","XQ9RYUpoIh-7ZOCnuxTh7VNd3vBei5O0znaTtBTshHI",{"id":2597,"title":2050,"body":2598,"description":2602,"extension":19,"meta":2646,"navigation":24,"page":2050,"path":2647,"pdf_page":2043,"reading":20,"seo":2648,"sortable_pagination_id":2091,"stem":2649,"__hash__":2650},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F870.md",{"type":8,"value":2599,"toc":2642},[2600,2603,2606,2609,2612,2615,2618,2620,2623,2625,2631],[11,2601,2602],{},"beating the wind, since I hear the Prophet saying: In vain has the smelter smelted, for their wickedness has not been consumed.",[11,2604,2605],{},"One thing, however, I set forth, which I have brought with me from my own region: that this sacred council is in no way freed from common infamy unless it exterminates Simony. For the common opinion of the people, although false and heretical, cries out that Iohannes Hus was sentenced by the council as though it had judged him as severely as the Savior judged the simoniacs, against whom he, though condemned, had preached most vehemently.",[11,2607,2608],{},"I wished to bring this into the midst as the second point I had to say to you.",[11,2610,2611],{},"I said thirdly that I see you gathered for the purpose of raising up the dignity of the priesthood. Hence I have this third conclusion to state to you: that you cannot raise up the dignity of the priesthood unless you strive so far as you can to destroy the promotion of boys, the ignorant, and the wicked.",[11,2613,2614],{},"This is urged thus: because the prelacy of such men is the ruinous destruction of the priesthood. Therefore their destruction will be the raising up of the priesthood. Such an inference is drawn from opposites.",[11,2616,2617],{},"And further, the position concerning the foregoing is made clear inductively by authority, reason, and example.",[1741,2619],{"id":15},[11,2621,2622],{},"By authority, because they are forbidden by the Apostle to be promoted to the priesthood, 1 Timothy 3: Not a neophyte in faith, nor a novice in morals. Such are boys, whether in age or in uprightness. Whence the boy of a hundred years is cursed, Isaiah 65.",[1741,2624],{"id":2019},[11,2626,2627,2628,2630],{},"And reason: because on account of burgeoning adolescence, in which they follow the passions of the vices, and because of inexperience, they are barred from ecclesiastical rule. For the art of arts is the governance of souls, according to blessed Gregorius, ",[47,2629,2209],{}," book 1, chapter 2.",[11,2632,2633,2634,2637,2638,2641],{},"Moreover, if such men do not possess the moral sciences useful to their hearers, from ",[47,2635,2636],{},"Ethics"," 1, chapter 2, how shall they be teachers of moral science? — which prelates must be. They are not in the state of acquiring perfection, as religious are, according to blessed Benedictus in the last chapter of his ",[47,2639,2640],{},"Rule",". But rather they are in the state of exercising virtue and perfection, to be spread abroad to others in a prelatical manner. As blessed",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2643},[2644,2645],{"id":15,"depth":16,"text":15},{"id":2019,"depth":16,"text":15},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F870",{"description":2602},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F870","Cj-1YyKIfCMQ1FUDDuVBAqb6oD3WEReCSJt6h5T_14s",{"id":2652,"title":2096,"body":2653,"description":2682,"extension":19,"meta":2683,"navigation":24,"page":2096,"path":2684,"pdf_page":2121,"reading":20,"seo":2685,"sortable_pagination_id":2123,"stem":2686,"__hash__":2687},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F871.md",{"type":8,"value":2654,"toc":2680},[2655,2661,2664,2667,2670,2677],[11,2656,2657,2658,2660],{},"Gregorius hands down, ",[47,2659,2202],{}," book 10, saying: The highest place is then well governed, when a man rules not over men, but over vices. He therefore who does not know how to curb his own vices, how shall he restrain those of others?",[11,2662,2663],{},"From which it is gathered that Balthasar de Cossa was rashly elected to the supreme Pontificate, since by experience he was not in the state of exercising perfection, but promised that he would take up the state of acquiring perfection — which is repugnant to prelacy.",[11,2665,2666],{},"The same is clear from the example of both testaments. For in the old law, shepherds of flocks are called to the rule of men because of their experience. And in the new, fishermen are likewise taken up.",[11,2668,2669],{},"That the ignorant, moreover, are barred from ecclesiastical promotion, is clear by authority, reason, and example.",[11,2671,2672,2673,2676],{},"By authority, I say. Because prelates of souls in the old law are called watchmen, Ezekiel 3. But in the new law, bishops, Acts 20: Take heed to yourselves and to the whole flock, in which the Holy Spirit has placed you as bishops — that is, overseers, according to blessed Augustinus, ",[47,2674,2675],{},"City of God"," book 19, chapter 19: The name “episcopate” is Greek, and is a name of work, not of honor. Hence on account of the defect of knowledge and oversight, the ignorant are barred from the priesthood, the Lord saying: Because you have rejected knowledge, I also will reject you, that you may not exercise the priesthood, Hosea 4. And the Prophet assigns the cause or reason, saying: The lips of the priest guard knowledge, and they seek the law from his mouth, because he is the angel of the Lord of hosts, Malachi 2. An angel, I say, of the divine will, sufficiently conveying the embassy to men. Because the works of God are perfect, Deuteronomy 32. Whence He also says: I willed knowledge of God more than burnt offerings, Ezekiel 17 [Hosea 6].",[11,2678,2679],{},"Hence the same is clear from the example by which Christ refused to set the Apostles over the churches, when He was about to ascend to heaven, except as most sufficiently instructed by the mission of the Holy Spirit, saying: Sit here in the city, until you are clothed with power from on high, Luke, last chapter. And from then, Going into the world, preach, Mark, last chapter. And again, Acts 1: You shall receive the power of the Spirit coming upon you, and you shall be witnesses for me, etc. In whose mys-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2681},[],"Gregorius hands down, Moralia book 10, saying: The highest place is then well governed, when a man rules not over men, but over vices. He therefore who does not know how to curb his own vices, how shall he restrain those of others?",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F871",{"description":2682},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F871","fQ6clgKIdLEdYrLVdKtByjwapL_cRpPlUCgi-LqxOKo",{"id":2689,"title":2128,"body":2690,"description":2713,"extension":19,"meta":2714,"navigation":24,"page":2128,"path":2715,"pdf_page":2121,"reading":20,"seo":2716,"sortable_pagination_id":2148,"stem":2717,"__hash__":2718},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F872.md",{"type":8,"value":2691,"toc":2711},[2692,2699,2705,2708],[11,2693,2694,2695,2698],{},"tery you shall obtain a crown in faith, you shall receive the knowledge of both testaments, when the things signified agree with the signs. Otherwise, according to Gilbertus, ",[47,2696,2697],{},"De abusionibus",", nothing is more foolish, on account of the discrepancy of the signs, than a crowned ass and a blind watchman.",[11,2700,2701,2702,2704],{},"Truly, since ecclesiastical prelates are the books and exemplars of the laity, in which they ought to read humanity, chastity, and every virtue, the Savior himself saying to them: You are the light of the world, Matthew 5 — light, I say, not only that you may see, but that you may be seen. As he adds: So let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works. Hence children and scandalous persons are barred from the governance of prelacies, as bad exemplars, blaspheming the name of the Lord, in which is read avarice, luxury, pride, and every wickedness. Whence such books would deserve to be corrected, or certainly burned. For according to blessed Gregorius, ",[47,2703,2202],{}," 16, just as the life of the just is living reading, so the scandalous life of prelates is the damnation of their subjects, the Lord complaining through the Prophet: My people have become a lost flock; their shepherds have led them astray.",[11,2706,2707],{},"These things I had to say to Your Holiness, in order to expel the demon of silence, whose vice the Prophet Isaiah, imputing to himself in chapter 6, says, Woe is me, because I have kept silent, fearing royal offense, so gravely that on account of this he judged himself to be removed from the office of prophecy, and unable to be purged except by a fiery coal, which blessed Hieronymus interprets as mercy.",[11,2709,2710],{},"As for you, however, to conclude all the foregoing in the words of the Prince of the Apostles, 2 Peter 1: applying all care, so that you may bear all the burdens of the Catholic Church, minister in your faith virtue, and in virtue knowledge, and in knowledge abstinence, and in abstinence patience, and in patience piety, and in piety love of the brotherhood, and in love of the brotherhood charity. For if these things be with you and abound, they will make you neither empty nor without fruit in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. To whom",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2712},[],"tery you shall obtain a crown in faith, you shall receive the knowledge of both testaments, when the things signified agree with the signs. Otherwise, according to Gilbertus, De abusionibus, nothing is more foolish, on account of the discrepancy of the signs, than a crowned ass and a blind watchman.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F872",{"description":2713},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F872","fpIlh0xogbOxLUy1gsogXqfPawBBtnBEpxpv-2O09uw",{"id":2720,"title":2153,"body":2721,"description":2725,"extension":19,"meta":2728,"navigation":24,"page":2153,"path":2729,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2730,"sortable_pagination_id":2164,"stem":2731,"__hash__":2732},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F873.md",{"type":8,"value":2722,"toc":2726},[2723],[11,2724,2725],{},"For he to whom these things are not at hand is blind, and groping with his hand, receiving forgetfulness of the purgation of his former sins. Wherefore be diligent, that through good works you may make your calling and election sure. For so",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2727},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F873",{"description":2725},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F873","cItFwmrMgpcgkw_ztYFcPTpms_0-Rl9mk73nY55B9bA",{"id":2734,"title":25,"body":2735,"description":2739,"extension":19,"meta":2742,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":2743,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2744,"sortable_pagination_id":2179,"stem":2745,"__hash__":2746},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F874.md",{"type":8,"value":2736,"toc":2740},[2737],[11,2738,2739],{},"an entrance into the eternal kingdom shall be abundantly ministered unto you. Thus Petrus. May He Himself deign to grant that entrance, who as God may bless us unto the ages. Amen.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2741},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F874",{"description":2739},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fmaurice-sermon\u002F874","QcMkUBdhf_FUeD3NWCxPhn_y6b8ELtARXLu-iq5ZyH0",1789161139989]