[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2292},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-peraldus-summa-simony":3,"authors":36,"doc-peraldus-summa-simony":1668,"transcription-cols-peraldus-summa-simony":1703,"translation-cols-peraldus-summa-simony":2008},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":13,"document":18,"extension":19,"key":20,"meta":21,"navigation":23,"page_end":24,"page_start":25,"path":26,"pdf_page_end":27,"pdf_page_start":28,"section":29,"seo":30,"stem":31,"title_en":32,"translator":33,"year":34,"__hash__":35},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony.md","De Symonia (De Vitiis, De Avaritia)","peraldus",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":14},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Peraldus's treatment of simony within his influential treatise on the vices. Covers the detestation of simony as a heresy, twelve insults simony does to God, the multiple harms it causes, simoniacs as worse than Judas, the difficulty of their salvation, and the divisions of simony (fourfold: by money, flattery, carnal relations, and service).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":17},"",2,[],"peraldus-summa-de-virtutibus-et-vitiis","md","peraldus-summa-simony",{"start_text":22},"symonia",true,"220vb","218vb","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony",486,482,"De Vitiis, De Avaritia",{"title":5,"description":13},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony","On Simony (On Vices, On Avarice)",null,1236,"mSWSDIKM9T4innJn0xsNMpYdNexv88ldtK55tpwq_gE",[37,76,118,155,182,200,220,258,288,324,351,394,439,490,512,536,566,593,627,661,687,718,745,774,801,841,872,898,919,940,974,1000,1021,1056,1076,1106,1127,1148,1169,1201,1230,1260,1290,1315,1345,1364,1400,1425,1450,1478,1507,1534,1564,1593,1613,1639],{"id":38,"title":39,"body":40,"born":64,"description":65,"died":66,"extension":19,"image":67,"key":68,"meta":69,"name":48,"name_en":70,"navigation":23,"path":71,"seo":72,"stem":73,"wikipedia":74,"__hash__":75},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":41,"toc":62},[42],[11,43,44,45,49,50,53,54,57,58,61],{},"Albert the Great (",[46,47,48],"em",{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[46,51,52],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[46,55,56],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[46,59,60],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":63},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":65},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":77,"title":78,"body":79,"born":106,"description":107,"died":108,"extension":19,"image":109,"key":110,"meta":111,"name":86,"name_en":112,"navigation":23,"path":113,"seo":114,"stem":115,"wikipedia":116,"__hash__":117},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":80,"toc":104},[81],[11,82,83,84,87,88,91,92,95,96,99,100,103],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[46,85,86],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[46,89,90],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[46,93,94],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[46,97,98],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[46,101,102],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":105},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":107},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":119,"title":120,"body":121,"born":142,"description":143,"died":144,"extension":19,"image":145,"key":146,"meta":147,"name":148,"name_en":149,"navigation":23,"path":150,"seo":151,"stem":152,"wikipedia":153,"__hash__":154},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":122,"toc":140},[123],[11,124,125,126,129,130,129,133,129,136,139],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[46,127,128],{},"De fide",", ",[46,131,132],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[46,134,135],{},"De mysteriis",[46,137,138],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":141},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":143},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":156,"title":157,"body":158,"born":169,"description":170,"died":171,"extension":19,"image":172,"key":173,"meta":174,"name":175,"name_en":176,"navigation":23,"path":177,"seo":178,"stem":179,"wikipedia":180,"__hash__":181},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":159,"toc":167},[160],[11,161,162,163,166],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[46,164,165],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":168},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":170},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":183,"title":184,"body":185,"born":33,"description":189,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":193,"meta":194,"name":195,"name_en":184,"navigation":23,"path":196,"seo":197,"stem":198,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":199},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":186,"toc":190},[187],[11,188,189],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":191},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":189},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":201,"title":202,"body":203,"born":210,"description":207,"died":211,"extension":19,"image":212,"key":213,"meta":214,"name":202,"name_en":202,"navigation":23,"path":215,"seo":216,"stem":217,"wikipedia":218,"__hash__":219},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":204,"toc":208},[205],[11,206,207],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":209},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":207},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":221,"title":222,"body":223,"born":246,"description":247,"died":248,"extension":19,"image":249,"key":250,"meta":251,"name":252,"name_en":222,"navigation":23,"path":253,"seo":254,"stem":255,"wikipedia":256,"__hash__":257},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":224,"toc":244},[225],[11,226,227,228,231,232,235,236,239,240,243],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[46,229,230],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[46,233,234],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[46,237,238],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[46,241,242],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":245},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":247},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":259,"title":260,"body":261,"born":33,"description":276,"died":277,"extension":19,"image":278,"key":279,"meta":280,"name":281,"name_en":282,"navigation":23,"path":283,"seo":284,"stem":285,"wikipedia":286,"__hash__":287},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":262,"toc":274},[263],[11,264,265,266,269,270,273],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[46,267,268],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[46,271,272],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":275},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":276},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":289,"title":290,"body":291,"born":311,"description":312,"died":313,"extension":19,"image":314,"key":315,"meta":316,"name":317,"name_en":318,"navigation":23,"path":319,"seo":320,"stem":321,"wikipedia":322,"__hash__":323},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":292,"toc":309},[293],[11,294,295,296,299,300,129,302,129,305,308],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[46,297,298],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[46,301,298],{},[46,303,304],{},"The City of God",[46,306,307],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":310},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":312},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":325,"title":326,"body":327,"born":338,"description":339,"died":340,"extension":19,"image":341,"key":342,"meta":343,"name":344,"name_en":345,"navigation":23,"path":346,"seo":347,"stem":348,"wikipedia":349,"__hash__":350},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":328,"toc":336},[329],[11,330,331,332,335],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[46,333,334],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":337},[],329,"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":339},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":352,"title":353,"body":354,"born":383,"description":384,"died":385,"extension":19,"image":386,"key":387,"meta":388,"name":361,"name_en":353,"navigation":23,"path":389,"seo":390,"stem":391,"wikipedia":392,"__hash__":393},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":355,"toc":381},[356],[11,357,358,359,362,363,366,367,369,370,129,373,376,377,380],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[46,360,361],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[46,364,365],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,368,94],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[46,371,372],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[46,374,375],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[46,378,379],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":382},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":384},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":395,"title":396,"body":397,"born":427,"description":428,"died":429,"extension":19,"image":430,"key":431,"meta":432,"name":433,"name_en":433,"navigation":23,"path":434,"seo":435,"stem":436,"wikipedia":437,"__hash__":438},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":398,"toc":425},[399],[11,400,401,402,405,406,409,410,413,414,417,418,421,422,424],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[46,403,404],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[46,407,408],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[46,411,412],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[46,415,416],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[46,419,420],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[46,423,420],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":426},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":428},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":440,"title":441,"body":442,"born":427,"description":479,"died":480,"extension":19,"image":481,"key":482,"meta":483,"name":449,"name_en":484,"navigation":23,"path":485,"seo":486,"stem":487,"wikipedia":488,"__hash__":489},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":443,"toc":477},[444],[11,445,446,447,450,451,454,455,457,458,461,462,465,466,469,470,472,473,476],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[46,448,449],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[46,452,453],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[46,456,94],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[46,459,460],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[46,463,464],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[46,467,468],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[46,471,464],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[46,474,475],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":478},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":479},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":491,"title":492,"body":493,"born":500,"description":497,"died":501,"extension":19,"image":502,"key":503,"meta":504,"name":505,"name_en":506,"navigation":23,"path":507,"seo":508,"stem":509,"wikipedia":510,"__hash__":511},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":494,"toc":498},[495],[11,496,497],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":499},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":497},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":513,"title":514,"body":515,"born":526,"description":527,"died":171,"extension":19,"image":528,"key":529,"meta":530,"name":514,"name_en":514,"navigation":23,"path":531,"seo":532,"stem":533,"wikipedia":534,"__hash__":535},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":516,"toc":524},[517],[11,518,519,520,523],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[46,521,522],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":525},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":527},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":537,"title":538,"body":539,"born":554,"description":555,"died":556,"extension":19,"image":557,"key":558,"meta":559,"name":560,"name_en":538,"navigation":23,"path":561,"seo":562,"stem":563,"wikipedia":564,"__hash__":565},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":540,"toc":552},[541],[11,542,543,544,547,548,551],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[46,545,546],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[46,549,550],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":553},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":555},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":567,"title":568,"body":569,"born":33,"description":583,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":584,"key":585,"meta":586,"name":587,"name_en":588,"navigation":23,"path":589,"seo":590,"stem":591,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":592},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":570,"toc":581},[571],[11,572,573,574,577,578,580],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[46,575,576],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[46,579,94],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":582},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg","geoffrey-poitiers",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":583},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":594,"title":595,"body":596,"born":614,"description":615,"died":616,"extension":19,"image":617,"key":618,"meta":619,"name":620,"name_en":621,"navigation":23,"path":622,"seo":623,"stem":624,"wikipedia":625,"__hash__":626},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":597,"toc":612},[598],[11,599,600,601,376,604,607,608,611],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[46,602,603],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[46,605,606],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[46,609,610],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":613},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":615},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":628,"title":629,"body":630,"born":649,"description":650,"died":651,"extension":19,"image":652,"key":653,"meta":654,"name":655,"name_en":629,"navigation":23,"path":656,"seo":657,"stem":658,"wikipedia":659,"__hash__":660},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":631,"toc":647},[632],[11,633,634,635,638,639,642,643,646],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[46,636,637],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[46,640,641],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[46,644,645],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":648},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":650},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":662,"title":663,"body":664,"born":675,"description":676,"died":677,"extension":19,"image":678,"key":679,"meta":680,"name":681,"name_en":663,"navigation":23,"path":682,"seo":683,"stem":684,"wikipedia":685,"__hash__":686},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":665,"toc":673},[666],[11,667,668,669,672],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[46,670,671],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":674},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":676},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":688,"title":689,"body":690,"born":705,"description":706,"died":707,"extension":19,"image":708,"key":709,"meta":710,"name":711,"name_en":712,"navigation":23,"path":713,"seo":714,"stem":715,"wikipedia":716,"__hash__":717},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":691,"toc":703},[692],[11,693,694,695,698,699,702],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[46,696,697],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[46,700,701],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":704},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":706},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":719,"title":720,"body":721,"born":732,"description":733,"died":734,"extension":19,"image":735,"key":736,"meta":737,"name":738,"name_en":739,"navigation":23,"path":740,"seo":741,"stem":742,"wikipedia":743,"__hash__":744},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":722,"toc":730},[723],[11,724,725,726,729],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[46,727,728],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":731},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":733},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":746,"title":747,"body":748,"born":763,"description":764,"died":765,"extension":19,"image":766,"key":767,"meta":768,"name":747,"name_en":747,"navigation":23,"path":769,"seo":770,"stem":771,"wikipedia":772,"__hash__":773},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":749,"toc":761},[750],[11,751,752,753,756,757,760],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[46,754,755],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[46,758,759],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":762},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":764},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":775,"title":776,"body":777,"born":788,"description":789,"died":790,"extension":19,"image":791,"key":792,"meta":793,"name":794,"name_en":795,"navigation":23,"path":796,"seo":797,"stem":798,"wikipedia":799,"__hash__":800},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":778,"toc":786},[779],[11,780,781,782,785],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[46,783,784],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":787},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":789},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":802,"title":803,"body":804,"born":64,"description":829,"died":830,"extension":19,"image":831,"key":832,"meta":833,"name":834,"name_en":835,"navigation":23,"path":836,"seo":837,"stem":838,"wikipedia":839,"__hash__":840},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":805,"toc":827},[806],[11,807,808,809,811,812,815,816,818,819,822,823,826],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[46,810,576],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[46,813,814],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[46,817,460],{}," (or ",[46,820,821],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[46,824,825],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":828},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":829},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":842,"title":843,"body":844,"born":33,"description":862,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":863,"key":864,"meta":865,"name":866,"name_en":867,"navigation":23,"path":868,"seo":869,"stem":870,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":871},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":845,"toc":860},[846],[11,847,848,849,852,853,855,856,859],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[46,850,851],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[46,854,641],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[46,857,858],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":861},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":862},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":873,"title":874,"body":875,"born":705,"description":886,"died":887,"extension":19,"image":888,"key":889,"meta":890,"name":891,"name_en":892,"navigation":23,"path":893,"seo":894,"stem":895,"wikipedia":896,"__hash__":897},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":876,"toc":884},[877],[11,878,879,880,883],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[46,881,882],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":885},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":886},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":899,"title":900,"body":901,"born":908,"description":905,"died":909,"extension":19,"image":910,"key":911,"meta":912,"name":913,"name_en":900,"navigation":23,"path":914,"seo":915,"stem":916,"wikipedia":917,"__hash__":918},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":902,"toc":906},[903],[11,904,905],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":907},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":905},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":920,"title":921,"body":922,"born":929,"description":926,"died":930,"extension":19,"image":931,"key":932,"meta":933,"name":934,"name_en":921,"navigation":23,"path":935,"seo":936,"stem":937,"wikipedia":938,"__hash__":939},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":923,"toc":927},[924],[11,925,926],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":928},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg","jean-gerson",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":926},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":941,"title":942,"body":943,"born":964,"description":965,"died":108,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":966,"meta":967,"name":968,"name_en":942,"navigation":23,"path":969,"seo":970,"stem":971,"wikipedia":972,"__hash__":973},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":944,"toc":962},[945],[11,946,947,948,951,952,954,955,958,959,961],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[46,949,950],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[46,953,641],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[46,956,957],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[46,960,645],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":963},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":965},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":975,"title":976,"body":977,"born":988,"description":989,"died":990,"extension":19,"image":991,"key":992,"meta":993,"name":994,"name_en":976,"navigation":23,"path":995,"seo":996,"stem":997,"wikipedia":998,"__hash__":999},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":978,"toc":986},[979],[11,980,981,982,985],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[46,983,984],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":987},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":989},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":1001,"title":1002,"body":1003,"born":1010,"description":1007,"died":1011,"extension":19,"image":1012,"key":1013,"meta":1014,"name":1015,"name_en":1002,"navigation":23,"path":1016,"seo":1017,"stem":1018,"wikipedia":1019,"__hash__":1020},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1004,"toc":1008},[1005],[11,1006,1007],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1009},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1007},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1022,"title":1023,"body":1024,"born":1043,"description":1044,"died":1045,"extension":19,"image":1046,"key":1047,"meta":1048,"name":1049,"name_en":1050,"navigation":23,"path":1051,"seo":1052,"stem":1053,"wikipedia":1054,"__hash__":1055},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1025,"toc":1041},[1026],[11,1027,1028,1029,1032,1033,1036,1037,1040],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[46,1030,1031],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[46,1034,1035],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[46,1038,1039],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1042},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1044},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1057,"title":1058,"body":1059,"born":1066,"description":1063,"died":556,"extension":19,"image":1067,"key":1068,"meta":1069,"name":1070,"name_en":1058,"navigation":23,"path":1071,"seo":1072,"stem":1073,"wikipedia":1074,"__hash__":1075},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1060,"toc":1064},[1061],[11,1062,1063],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1065},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1063},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1077,"title":1078,"body":1079,"born":1094,"description":1095,"died":1096,"extension":19,"image":1097,"key":1098,"meta":1099,"name":1100,"name_en":1078,"navigation":23,"path":1101,"seo":1102,"stem":1103,"wikipedia":1104,"__hash__":1105},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1080,"toc":1092},[1081],[11,1082,1083,1084,1087,1088,1091],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[46,1085,1086],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[46,1089,1090],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1093},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg","martin-luther",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1095},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1107,"title":1108,"body":1109,"born":1116,"description":1113,"died":1117,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":1118,"meta":1119,"name":1120,"name_en":1121,"navigation":23,"path":1122,"seo":1123,"stem":1124,"wikipedia":1125,"__hash__":1126},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1110,"toc":1114},[1111],[11,1112,1113],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1115},[],1360,1434,"maurice-of-prague",{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1113},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1128,"title":1129,"body":1130,"born":500,"description":1134,"died":1137,"extension":19,"image":1138,"key":1139,"meta":1140,"name":1141,"name_en":1142,"navigation":23,"path":1143,"seo":1144,"stem":1145,"wikipedia":1146,"__hash__":1147},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1131,"toc":1135},[1132],[11,1133,1134],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1136},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1134},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1149,"title":1150,"body":1151,"born":1158,"description":1155,"died":1159,"extension":19,"image":1160,"key":1161,"meta":1162,"name":1163,"name_en":1150,"navigation":23,"path":1164,"seo":1165,"stem":1166,"wikipedia":1167,"__hash__":1168},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1152,"toc":1156},[1153],[11,1154,1155],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1157},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1155},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1170,"title":1171,"body":1172,"born":64,"description":1191,"died":830,"extension":19,"image":1192,"key":6,"meta":1193,"name":1194,"name_en":1195,"navigation":23,"path":1196,"seo":1197,"stem":1198,"wikipedia":1199,"__hash__":1200},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1173,"toc":1189},[1174],[11,1175,1176,1177,1180,1181,1184,1185,1188],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[46,1178,1179],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[46,1182,1183],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[46,1186,1187],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1190},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1191},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1202,"title":1203,"body":1204,"born":66,"description":1219,"died":1220,"extension":19,"image":1221,"key":1222,"meta":1223,"name":1224,"name_en":1203,"navigation":23,"path":1225,"seo":1226,"stem":1227,"wikipedia":1228,"__hash__":1229},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1205,"toc":1217},[1206],[11,1207,1208,1209,1212,1213,1216],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[46,1210,1211],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[46,1214,1215],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1218},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1219},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1231,"title":1232,"body":1233,"born":1248,"description":1249,"died":1250,"extension":19,"image":1251,"key":1252,"meta":1253,"name":1254,"name_en":1232,"navigation":23,"path":1255,"seo":1256,"stem":1257,"wikipedia":1258,"__hash__":1259},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1234,"toc":1246},[1235],[11,1236,1237,1238,1241,1242,1245],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[46,1239,1240],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[46,1243,1244],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1247},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1249},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1261,"title":1262,"body":1263,"born":1278,"description":1279,"died":1280,"extension":19,"image":1281,"key":1282,"meta":1283,"name":1284,"name_en":1262,"navigation":23,"path":1285,"seo":1286,"stem":1287,"wikipedia":1288,"__hash__":1289},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1264,"toc":1276},[1265],[11,1266,1267,1268,1271,1272,1275],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[46,1269,1270],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[46,1273,1274],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1277},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1279},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1291,"title":1292,"body":1293,"born":1304,"description":1305,"died":651,"extension":19,"image":1306,"key":1307,"meta":1308,"name":1309,"name_en":1292,"navigation":23,"path":1310,"seo":1311,"stem":1312,"wikipedia":1313,"__hash__":1314},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1294,"toc":1302},[1295],[11,1296,1297,1298,1301],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[46,1299,1300],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1303},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1305},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1316,"title":1317,"body":1318,"born":1333,"description":1334,"died":1335,"extension":19,"image":1336,"key":1337,"meta":1338,"name":1339,"name_en":1339,"navigation":23,"path":1340,"seo":1341,"stem":1342,"wikipedia":1343,"__hash__":1344},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1319,"toc":1331},[1320],[11,1321,1322,1323,1326,1327,1330],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[46,1324,1325],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[46,1328,1329],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1332},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1334},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1346,"title":1347,"body":1348,"born":1355,"description":1352,"died":1356,"extension":19,"image":1357,"key":1358,"meta":1359,"name":1347,"name_en":1347,"navigation":23,"path":1360,"seo":1361,"stem":1362,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":1363},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1349,"toc":1353},[1350],[11,1351,1352],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1354},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1352},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1365,"title":1366,"body":1367,"born":1388,"description":1389,"died":500,"extension":19,"image":1390,"key":1391,"meta":1392,"name":1393,"name_en":1394,"navigation":23,"path":1395,"seo":1396,"stem":1397,"wikipedia":1398,"__hash__":1399},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1368,"toc":1386},[1369],[11,1370,1371,1372,235,1375,1378,1379,1381,1382,1385],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[46,1373,1374],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[46,1376,1377],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[46,1380,641],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[46,1383,1384],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1387},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg","raymond-of-penyafort",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1389},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1401,"title":1402,"body":1403,"born":1413,"description":1414,"died":480,"extension":19,"image":1415,"key":1416,"meta":1417,"name":1418,"name_en":1419,"navigation":23,"path":1420,"seo":1421,"stem":1422,"wikipedia":1423,"__hash__":1424},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1404,"toc":1411},[1405],[11,1406,1407,1408,1410],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,1409,94],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1412},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1414},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1426,"title":1427,"body":1428,"born":651,"description":1438,"died":1439,"extension":19,"image":1440,"key":1441,"meta":1442,"name":1443,"name_en":1444,"navigation":23,"path":1445,"seo":1446,"stem":1447,"wikipedia":1448,"__hash__":1449},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1429,"toc":1436},[1430],[11,1431,1432,1433,1435],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[46,1434,576],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1437},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1438},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1451,"title":1452,"body":1453,"born":1467,"description":1468,"died":385,"extension":19,"image":1469,"key":1470,"meta":1471,"name":1472,"name_en":1452,"navigation":23,"path":1473,"seo":1474,"stem":1475,"wikipedia":1476,"__hash__":1477},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1454,"toc":1465},[1455],[11,1456,1457,1458,1461,1462,1464],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[46,1459,1460],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[46,1463,60],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1466},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1468},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1479,"title":1480,"body":1481,"born":500,"description":1495,"died":1496,"extension":19,"image":1497,"key":1498,"meta":1499,"name":1500,"name_en":1501,"navigation":23,"path":1502,"seo":1503,"stem":1504,"wikipedia":1505,"__hash__":1506},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1482,"toc":1493},[1483],[11,1484,1485,1486,1489,1490,1492],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[46,1487,1488],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,1491,94],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1494},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1495},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1508,"title":1509,"body":1510,"born":1521,"description":1522,"died":1523,"extension":19,"image":1524,"key":1525,"meta":1526,"name":1527,"name_en":1528,"navigation":23,"path":1529,"seo":1530,"stem":1531,"wikipedia":1532,"__hash__":1533},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1511,"toc":1519},[1512],[11,1513,1514,1515,1518],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[46,1516,1517],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1520},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1522},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1535,"title":1536,"body":1537,"born":1552,"description":1553,"died":1554,"extension":19,"image":1555,"key":1556,"meta":1557,"name":1558,"name_en":1536,"navigation":23,"path":1559,"seo":1560,"stem":1561,"wikipedia":1562,"__hash__":1563},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1538,"toc":1550},[1539],[11,1540,1541,1542,1545,1546,1549],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[46,1543,1544],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[46,1547,1548],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1551},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1553},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1565,"title":1566,"body":1567,"born":1580,"description":1581,"died":1582,"extension":19,"image":1583,"key":1584,"meta":1585,"name":1586,"name_en":1587,"navigation":23,"path":1588,"seo":1589,"stem":1590,"wikipedia":1591,"__hash__":1592},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1568,"toc":1578},[1569],[11,1570,1571,1572,1574,1575,1577],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[46,1573,814],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[46,1576,94],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1579},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1581},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1594,"title":1595,"body":1596,"born":1603,"description":1600,"died":1604,"extension":19,"image":1605,"key":1606,"meta":1607,"name":1595,"name_en":1595,"navigation":23,"path":1608,"seo":1609,"stem":1610,"wikipedia":1611,"__hash__":1612},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1597,"toc":1601},[1598],[11,1599,1600],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1602},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1600},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1614,"title":1615,"body":1616,"born":64,"description":1627,"died":1628,"extension":19,"image":1629,"key":1630,"meta":1631,"name":1632,"name_en":1633,"navigation":23,"path":1634,"seo":1635,"stem":1636,"wikipedia":1637,"__hash__":1638},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1617,"toc":1625},[1618],[11,1619,1620,1621,1624],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[46,1622,1623],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1626},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg","william-saint-amour",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1627},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1640,"title":1641,"body":1642,"born":1657,"description":1658,"died":1659,"extension":19,"image":1660,"key":1661,"meta":1662,"name":1641,"name_en":1641,"navigation":23,"path":1663,"seo":1664,"stem":1665,"wikipedia":1666,"__hash__":1667},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1643,"toc":1655},[1644],[11,1645,1646,1647,1650,1651,1654],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[46,1648,1649],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[46,1652,1653],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1656},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg","william-tyndale",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1658},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1669,"title":1187,"authors":1670,"body":1671,"cover":1681,"description":1682,"document":1683,"editors":33,"extension":19,"filesize":1684,"key":18,"language":1685,"meta":1686,"navigation":23,"ocr_model":1687,"pages":1688,"pagination_starts":1689,"path":1695,"seo":1696,"stem":1697,"title_en":1698,"typeface":1699,"url":1700,"year":1701,"__hash__":1702},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Fperaldus-summa-de-virtutibus-et-vitiis.md",[6],{"type":8,"value":1672,"toc":1679},[1673],[11,1674,1675,1676,1678],{},"The ",[46,1677,1187],{}," by the Dominican friar William Peraldus, printed by Johann Amerbach in Basel in 1497. This comprehensive moral handbook treats the virtues and vices systematically, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and Aristotle. It was one of the most widely circulated theological texts of the later Middle Ages, used extensively by preachers and confessors. This copy is from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1680},[],"\u002Fd\u002Fperaldus-summa-de-virtutibus-et-vitiis\u002Fcover.jpg","The Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis by the Dominican friar William Peraldus, printed by Johann Amerbach in Basel in 1497. This comprehensive moral handbook treats the virtues and vices systematically, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and Aristotle. It was one of the most widely circulated theological texts of the later Middle Ages, used extensively by preachers and confessors. This copy is from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB).","\u002Fd\u002Fperaldus-summa-de-virtutibus-et-vitiis.pdf","567.2MB","latin",{},"10.5281\u002Fzenodo.11113737",692,[1690],{"pdf_page":1691,"printed_page":1692,"numeral_type":1693,"pagination":1694},47,1,"arabic","folio-two-column","\u002Fdocuments\u002Fperaldus-summa-de-virtutibus-et-vitiis",{"title":1187,"description":1682},"documents\u002Fperaldus-summa-de-virtutibus-et-vitiis","Summa on Virtues and Vices","gothic","https:\u002F\u002Fbildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de\u002Findex.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00053999&pimage=00650&v=5p&nav=&l=en",1497,"FXg1V14USQ-pgARGYPxy7hsa6UIpwy3NpMngeUSdFS0",[1704,1735,1757,1797,1862,1902,1924,1964,1993],{"id":1705,"title":1706,"body":1707,"description":1715,"extension":19,"meta":1729,"navigation":23,"page":25,"path":1730,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":1731,"sortable_pagination_id":1732,"stem":1733,"__hash__":1734},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F218vb.md","De symonia",{"type":8,"value":1708,"toc":1726},[1709,1713,1716,1719,1723],[1710,1711,1706],"h1",{"id":1712},"de-symonia",[11,1714,1715],{},"Et de octo que faciunt ad eius detestationem: Ca. VI.",[11,1717,1718],{},"Circa qua hoc modo procedemus. Primo dicemus de symonia. Secundo de peccato edificantium frontem consanguineorum. Tertio de peccato choristarum. Quarto de peccato mercenariorum. Quinto tangemus de signis auaricie que apparent in ecclesia. Sexto de peccato indigne conficientium. Septimo de vitio proprietariorum in claustralibus. Octavo de auaricia scienter celantium. Et de symonia primo dicemus.",[1720,1721,1706],"h2",{"id":1722},"de-symonia-1",[11,1724,1725],{},"Primo ponemus ea que pertinent ad detestationem symonie. Secundo divisiones et principales species symonie. Octo vero sunt que faciunt ad detestationem ipsius. Primum est illud verbum Damasi pape. Omnia crimina ad comparationem symoniace heresis: quasi pro nihilo reputantur. In quo verbo dupliciter detestabilis ostenditur: et quia ostenditur excedere cetera crimina: et quia heresi comparatur. In multis etiam aliis locis vocatur heresis peccatum illud. Unde Nicolaus papa. Statuimus decrevimus et confirmamus symoniacam tripertitam heresim esse damnatam. Et super illud Matth. xxj. Et cathedras vendentium columbas euertit: dicit glo. his qui columbas vendebant etc. dicit glo. interli. Specialiter damnat symoniacam heresim. Et Act. viij. ubi dicit petrus symoni mago. Penitentiam age ab hac nequitia tua: dicit glo. interli. id est a duplici malo: cupiditatis et prave fidei. Et in verbo illo ostenditur quia symonia est rem impreciabilem sub vili precio ponere: et separare corpus ecclesie a suo capite sicut heretici: et estimare mente vel facto: quod donum spiritus sancti sit sub dominio pecunie. Sicut enim in sodomia corporali facit contra naturam ille qui facit opus nature:",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1727},[1728],{"id":1722,"depth":16,"text":1706},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F218vb",{"title":1706,"description":1715},482.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F218vb","HA2YqqinTBHo4J2NTnbeB0oAQ117qDe5RMgzX4XqvtA",{"id":1736,"title":1737,"body":1738,"description":1742,"extension":19,"meta":1750,"navigation":23,"page":1737,"path":1751,"pdf_page":1752,"reading":20,"seo":1753,"sortable_pagination_id":1754,"stem":1755,"__hash__":1756},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219ra.md","219ra",{"type":8,"value":1739,"toc":1747},[1740,1743],[11,1741,1742],{},"sic in symonia facit contra gratiam ille qui emit opus gratie: quia a gratia est redemptus. Et sicut in die iudicij obmutescet sodomita secundum interpretationem sui nominis: quia hostis nature que sibi coniunx fuerat: quantum enim in se est: sodomita genus humanum destruit: Sic obmutescet symoniacus qui hostis gratie fuit a qua redemptus fuerat. Et sicut secundum legem naturalem sodomia vel maximum peccatum: vel unum de maximis iudicatur: quia est contra naturam: ita in tempore gratie secundum legem evangelicam maximi peccati iudicatur symonia: que proprie est contraria gratie. Proprie enim facit contra illud Matth.x. Gratis accepistis: gratis date. Unde recte significati sunt simoniaci per sodomitas: volentes infringere fores domus loth: de quibus Gen.xix. Iamque prope erat ut effringerent fores: id est legem. Tertium quod facit ad detestationem symonie est magnus zelus quem legimus sanctos habuisse contra peccatum istud. Unde.iiij.Regum.v.dixit heliseus ad giezi. Lepra naaman adherebit tibi: et semini tuo in sempiternum. Et dominus in suo primo adventu non legitur contra aliquod peccatum ita exarsisse sicut contra istud. Unde bis legitur eiecisse ementes et vendentes de templo. De prima eiectione habetur Joh.ij. De secunda Matth.xxi. Venerat enim iudicari non iudicare: et ut in mansuetudine peccata toleraret: non ut ea puniret: et tamen propter istud peccatum: imo figuram istius peccati mansuetudinem seruare noluit: sed quasi iratus cum flagello de funiculis facto mensas numulariorum et cathedras vendentium columbas euertit. Et licet primus adventus esset misericordie: tamen de hoc peccato iustitia se intromisit. Unde Bern.ad Eugenium papam: loquens de peste symonie. Intuere inquit in magistrum: non parat aures ut audiat sed flagellum ut feriat: Verba nec facit nec recipit: nec enim sedet iudicans sed insequens puniens. Causam enim non tacet: quia fecistis domum orationis domum negotiationis: Ergo et tu fac similiter. Erubescant vultum tuum istiusmodi negociatores si fieri potest: sin autem: non conferant in numis: sed diffidant. Abscondant argentum suum a te: scientes te effundere non accipere paratiorem. Propter zelum quem habuit dominus contra hoc peccatum: scriptum est in Psal. in persona eius: Zelus domus tue comedit me. Etiam peccatum iude voluit deus patienter tolerare sed istud peccatum noluit. Petrus etiam magnum zelum habuit contra istud peccatum: quando dixit simoni mago: Pecunia tua tecum sit in perditionem: ut legitur Act.viij. Quantum etiam zelum habeat ecclesia contra hoc peccatum: satis patet illis qui canonici iuris peritiam habent.",[1720,1744,1746],{"id":1745},"dexijcontumelijs-symonie","De.xij.contumelijs symonie.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1748},[1749],{"id":1745,"depth":16,"text":1746},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219ra",483,{"description":1742},483.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219ra","YM_YdlFUY_VyouI61vZ8RoUdBytvCujycSGivjJ7gFU",{"id":1758,"title":1759,"body":1760,"description":1764,"extension":19,"meta":1791,"navigation":23,"page":1759,"path":1792,"pdf_page":1752,"reading":20,"seo":1793,"sortable_pagination_id":1794,"stem":1795,"__hash__":1796},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219rb.md","219rb",{"type":8,"value":1761,"toc":1786},[1762,1765,1769,1772,1776,1779,1783],[11,1763,1764],{},"Quartum quod facit ad detestationem symonie est multiplex contumelia quam facit istud peccatum deo. Et ponemus ad presens.xij.de contumelijs istis.",[1720,1766,1768],{"id":1767},"prima-est","Prima est:",[11,1770,1771],{},"quod deum vendit. Et dupliciter. Primo: quia vendit gratiam sancti spiritus. Unde super illud Joh.ij. His qui columbas vendebant et cetera. dicit glo. Spiritus sanctus in columba apparuit. Unde per columbam spiritus accipitur: quem symoniaci vendunt: sed spiritus sanctus deus est: vendunt ergo symoniaci deum. Aliter etiam vendunt deum: dum christum in sacramento altaris vendunt eum pro pecunia celebrando. Nec est parua contumelia ista. Non est aliquis ita pauper in mundo qui non multum indignaretur: si quis vellet ducere eum ad forum: et ibi eum venalem exhibere tanquam iumentum suum: Quare ergo contumelia non est deo cum ipse venalis exponitur ab his a quibus precipue honorandus esset. Sufficere deberet talibus christum semel pro peccatis eorum venditum esse. Predicti isti peiores videntur esse iuda in his quinque. Vendunt immortalem et iam glorificatum: quem iudas vendidit mortalem: et in statu humilitatis. Maior autem contumelia est que fit alicui in statu honoris quam in statu humilitatis. Unde contumelia illata militi maior est quam si inferatur domicello. Nec semel tantum eum vendunt ut iudas: sed plus quam centies. Minori etiam pretio eum vendunt quam iudas. Credunt etiam eum deum esse: quod non credebat iudas cum vendidit.xxx.denarijs. Iudas etiam cum de hoc peccato penituit: penitentia ductus reddidit.xxx.argenteos quos pro christo acceperat: sed symoniaci ad penitentiam induci non possunt ut ea restituant que per symoniam acquisierunt.",[1720,1773,1775],{"id":1774},"secunda-contumelia-est","Secunda contumelia est",[11,1777,1778],{},"ipsum deum venditorem estimare: quod non est parua contumelia. Si enim aliquis rex vel comes valde liberalis redargueretur super venditione vestium suarum vel armorum: pro magno malo haberet. Quid mirum si pro malo habeat ille qui est liberalissimus largitor omnium: qui omnia que fecit ad largiendum fecit: quedam ut eis largiretur: alia ut ea largiretur: qui munera sua dat bonis et malis: gratis et ingratis: amicis et inimicis: qui rogat ut ab eo petatur. Hanc contumeliam innuit petrus ubi dixit symoni: Quia existimasti donum dei pecunia possideri: ac si diceret: donatorem estimasti venditorem. Et Joh.ij.dicit dominus: Nolite facere domum patris mei domum negotiationis. Domum dei domum negotiationis facit: qui eum negotiatorem estimat.",[1720,1780,1782],{"id":1781},"tertia-contumelia-est","Tertia contumelia est:",[11,1784,1785],{},"quod dona dei pretio vili parificat: cum illud quod apud deum pretiosum est: quod pretium est regni celorum: lucro vili parificat: in quo etiam ipsum donatorem contemnit. Non solet parum displicere hominibus cum aliquis bona eorum contemnit: ut patet in mercatoribus et artificibus: precipue tunc cum dona eorum contemnuntur. Et hoc multum solet retrahere",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1787},[1788,1789,1790],{"id":1767,"depth":16,"text":1768},{"id":1774,"depth":16,"text":1775},{"id":1781,"depth":16,"text":1782},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219rb",{"description":1764},483.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219rb","zz7xE0atATcA0bDMzd2q5yqdCuigXUR_w8dtrn08d3o",{"id":1798,"title":1799,"body":1800,"description":1804,"extension":19,"meta":1855,"navigation":23,"page":1799,"path":1856,"pdf_page":1857,"reading":20,"seo":1858,"sortable_pagination_id":1859,"stem":1860,"__hash__":1861},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219va.md","219va",{"type":8,"value":1801,"toc":1847},[1802,1805,1809,1812,1816,1819,1823,1826,1830,1833,1837,1840,1844],[11,1803,1804],{},"etiam ipsos liberales homines a largiendo. Unde dominus Matth.vij.prohibuit ne dona eius largirent canibus. Nolite inquit margaritas spargere ante porcos: id est preciosa dona dare contemptoribus.",[1720,1806,1808],{"id":1807},"quarta-contumelia-est","Quarta contumelia est",[11,1810,1811],{},"quia symonia aufert deo ostium ecclesie: quod dominus maxime voluit seruare: propter quod ostium se dixit: Ioh.x. sicut aliquis solet se ponere in medio ostij: cum vult seruare ne quis ingrediatur nisi de voluntate eius. In quo verbo significauit dominus: quod quasi violencia ei faceret: qui nisi per eum intraret. Ad ostendendum etiam quod ingressum ecclesie maxime seruari voluit: intrauit ipse ad discipulos ianuis clausis. Qui enim ingressum bene vult seruare: solet aperire volenti ingredi quantum minus potest de ostio: Et multum placeret ei si ille qui debet ingredi ostio omnino clauso ingredi posset. Ad idem ostendendum iussit dominus: Exo.xij. postes ostij sanguine agni liniri: quasi diceret: saltem ostium ecclesie quod proprio sanguine emi: seruare volo. Hac de causa tradidit ipse claues ecclesie petro: quia amabat eam ardentius ceteris. Per simile etiam potest idem manifestari in municionibus: dum guerre sunt: porte solent precipue custodiri. unde turres consueuerunt fieri super eas.",[1720,1813,1815],{"id":1814},"quinta-contumelia-est","Quinta contumelia est",[11,1817,1818],{},"quia symonia procurat ut ecclesia que sponsa dei est: aliunde grauida sit quam a sponso suo. Ecclesia de solo spiritusancto concipere deberet: quod figuratum est in beata virgine: que inuenta est habens in utero de spiritusancto: Matth.j. Sed symonia facit ut ipsa concipiat de spiritu maligno. Unde mirum est quod sponsus eius non deserit eam. Ioseph enim voluit dimittere beatam virginem: cum dubitaret ut ipsa concepisset.",[1720,1820,1822],{"id":1821},"sexta-contumelia-est","Sexta contumelia est",[11,1824,1825],{},"quod facit nutrire filios adulterinos.",[1720,1827,1829],{"id":1828},"septima-contumelia-est","Septima contumelia est",[11,1831,1832],{},"quod filios dei exheredat a patrimonio christi: et filios diaboli ibi heredes constituit: iuxta illud Eccli.xxiij. Omnis mulier relinquens virum suum peccabit: statuens hereditatem ex alieno matrimonio.",[1720,1834,1836],{"id":1835},"octaua-contumelia-est","Octaua contumelia est",[11,1838,1839],{},"quia deum idolothitum facit idolo cupiditatis ei offerens. Et in hoc detestabilior est symonia alijs speciebus auaricie. Symonie enim non sufficit quod alium deum constituat: sed proprium deum idolo suo immolat cum pro pecunia celebrat. Magna contumelia esset domino alicuius castri si subditi eius alium dominum constituerent: sed longe maior esset si domino constituto verum dominum captum offerrent.",[1720,1841,1843],{"id":1842},"nona-contumelia-est","Nona contumelia est",[11,1845,1846],{},"quia illud peccatum nulli loco: nulli persone defert. Alia peccata sanctitati locorum deferunt. Nullus enim fornicaretur in ecclesia vel super altare: sed symo-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1848},[1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854],{"id":1807,"depth":16,"text":1808},{"id":1814,"depth":16,"text":1815},{"id":1821,"depth":16,"text":1822},{"id":1828,"depth":16,"text":1829},{"id":1835,"depth":16,"text":1836},{"id":1842,"depth":16,"text":1843},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219va",484,{"description":1804},484.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219va","Fa8XFJ0c-5qifWLgRIh6rIRzqikpLFMRJqGefM-XAdc",{"id":1863,"title":1864,"body":1865,"description":1869,"extension":19,"meta":1896,"navigation":23,"page":1864,"path":1897,"pdf_page":1857,"reading":20,"seo":1898,"sortable_pagination_id":1899,"stem":1900,"__hash__":1901},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219vb.md","219vb",{"type":8,"value":1866,"toc":1891},[1867,1870,1874,1877,1881,1884,1888],[11,1868,1869],{},"nia ipsa etiam altaria inuadit. Unde Hiere.xvij.dicit: peccatum iuda exaratum esse in cornibus altarium eorum. Per peccatum iuda peccatum clericorum intelligitur: qui debent vacare confessioni diuine laudis. Item est quia symonia in templo virginis ponit idolum cupiditatis iuxta filium dei: ut videatur impletum illud Daniel.ix. Et in templo erit abominatio desolationis. Symonia non defert deo: nec angelis eius. Interest enim cum diuina celebrantur: licet christus presens sit inquantum deus et inquantum homo cum angelis suis. In hoc symoniaci demonibus deteriores sunt: quia demones timent christum et angelos eius: ipsi vero non.",[1720,1871,1873],{"id":1872},"decima-contumelia-est","Decima contumelia est",[11,1875,1876],{},"quia eisdem vtitur symonia ad hominum damnationem quibus christus instituit ad eorum sanctificationem. Unde videtur triumphasse diabolus de ecclesia: quando ecclesiam impugnat proprijs armis: et quasi proprio baculo percutit eam.",[1720,1878,1880],{"id":1879},"vndecima-contumelia-est","Vndecima contumelia est",[11,1882,1883],{},"quia latrones et sacrilegos facit obtinere locum et vicem dei. Symoniacus enim latro est. Unde Ioh.x. Qui non intrat per ostium in ouile ouium: sed ascendit aliunde: ille fur est et latro. Unde super illud Matth.xxj. Vos autem fecistis illam speluncam latronum: dicit glo. Latro est qui lucra sectatur: qui non dantes corporaliter plectit: et dantes spiritualiter occidit. Et omnis latro sedem lesionis primum cogitat: quasi speluncam. Sacrilegus etiam est symoniacus: quia sacra sunt ea circa que latrocinio suo se exercet. Absurdum enim est dicere eum sacrilegum qui furatur vel rapit calicem alicuius ecclesie: et non dicere eum sacrilegum qui furatur vel rapit totam ecclesiam cum calice et alijs que ad eam pertinent. Dupliciter autem potest dici symoniacus fur: et respectu illius cuius bona consecrat eo nolente: et respectu pauperum quos bonis ecclesie defraudat. Unde cum prelatus vicem dei obtineat: quia symoniacus prelatus efficitur: latro et sacrilegus vicem dei in ecclesia fungit.",[1720,1885,1887],{"id":1886},"duodecima-contumelia-est","Duodecima contumelia est",[11,1889,1890],{},"quia ecclesiam dei reptilibus et iumentis et animalibus replet. Suffodit enim murum ecclesie: sicut prelatus precipue si carnalis sit: iuxta illud Gen.xlix. Symeon et Leui fratres vasa iniquitatis. Et subiungit: In voluntate sua suffoderunt murum. Et interponit iacob quandam orationem: que frequenter facienda esset prelatis ecclesie. In consilium eorum non veniat anima mea. Nimium enim periculosum esset prelatum ecclesie habere in consilio suo demoniacos aut symoniacos. Suffosso autem muro ecclesie: intrat multitudo reptilium et iumentorum: iuxta illud Ezech.viij. Ingredere et vide abominationes pessimas. Et subdit: Et ingressus: vidi: et ecce omnis similitudo reptilium et animalium abominatio. Cum aliquis luxuriosus in aliqua ecclesia per symoniam beneficium obtineat: serpens in ecclesiam ingreditur. Cum aliquis amans lites et rixas in aliqua ecclesia beneficium obtineat: porcus aut canis in ecclesiam ingreditur. Cum aliquis auarus",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1892},[1893,1894,1895],{"id":1872,"depth":16,"text":1873},{"id":1879,"depth":16,"text":1880},{"id":1886,"depth":16,"text":1887},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219vb",{"description":1869},484.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219vb","rXxSyYkFLtZjqn8nlApnKXKOAD1QDtsQW1wsiiXr9S8",{"id":1903,"title":1904,"body":1905,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":1917,"navigation":23,"page":1904,"path":1918,"pdf_page":1919,"reading":20,"seo":1920,"sortable_pagination_id":1921,"stem":1922,"__hash__":1923},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220ra.md","220ra",{"type":8,"value":1906,"toc":1914},[1907,1911],[1720,1908,1910],{"id":1909},"de-multiplici-dano-quod-prouenit-de-symonia","De multiplici dano quod prouenit de symonia",[11,1912,1913],{},"Quinto facit ad detestationem symonie multiplex danum quod inde prouenit deo et ecclesie eius. Primum autem damnum est: quod deo quasi ecclesiam amiserit: dum amiserit ingressum et egressum in ea. Non enim est dicendum alicuius castrum de quo non habet ingressum et egressum in eo. Ideo dicebat Psalmista. Dominus custodiat introitum tuum et exitum tuum etc. Aliud damnum est: quod ecclesiam que deberet esse habitaculum filii dei: conuertit in speluncam latronum: iuxta illud Matth. xxi. Scriptum est: Domus mea domus orationis vocabitur: vos autem fecistis eam speluncam latronum. In hoc deteriores videntur esse prelati ecclesiastici principibus secularibus: quia illi in potestate sua speluncas latronum non tolerant: sed isti sustinent claustra in quibus symoniace intratur. Iudicio dei sunt spelunce latronum: Satis latrones sunt et a patibulo inferni non sunt adiudicandi. Aliud damnum est: quod vbi deus debuit honorari: ibi exercetur idolatria. Illi enim quos aurum et argentum introduxit: argento et auro quasi deo seruiunt. Unde Osee. viii. Ipsi regnauerunt et non ex me: principes extiterunt et non cognoui. Argenti sui et auri sui fecerunt sibi idola. Qui dignitatem emit: vult postea vendere que ad dignitatem pertinent. Unde super illud Act. viii. de symone mago: dicit Glossa. Spiritumsanctum emere volebat vt aliis vendens plus accipere posset. Et sicut beatus Bernardus dicit. qui infideliter intrat et non per christum: quid nisi infideliter agit et contra christum. Ex quo christus non introduxit aliquem in ecclesiam: postea non cognoscit eum. Unde petrus introductus ab ancilla ostiaria in atrium principum sacerdotum: dixit se christum non cognoscere. Ancilla ostiaria caro est que habet quinque sensus quasi ostia quinque. Ancilla ergo ostiaria illum introducit: quem carnalitas introducit. Aufert etiam symonia ecclesie spiritumsanctum: Ad quod videtur esse signatum in hoc quod ignis sacer qui per lxx. annos babylonice captiuitatis vixerat sub aquis: extinctus est antiocho vendente sacerdotium iasoni: sicut dicit Augustinus. Per quem ignem figurabatur spiritussanctus. Et hoc est maximum damnum quod possit fieri ecclesie dei: sicut maximum damnum quod posset fieri corpori nostro est: si auferretur ei spiritus a quo habet totum suum valorem. Symonia etiam facit vt ecclesia que sponsa christi est: et deberet deo filios generare: generet monstruosos talpas: serpentes et etiam asinos cornutos. Cum in aliqua ecclesia canonicatur vel preficitur aliquis ignarus: possunt dicere canonici illius ecclesie: Mater nostra que fratrem nobis generare debuit: et fratrem nobis talpam generauit. Cum vero canonicatur aliquis detractor: tunc serpentem generat illa ecclesia: iuxta illud Eccles. Si mordeat serpens",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1915},[1916],{"id":1909,"depth":16,"text":1910},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220ra",485,{"description":15},485.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220ra","IvMbri4gdwBa5h8hQ_FLQFF1BeJVFvwzAPoQmjzUaeI",{"id":1925,"title":1926,"body":1927,"description":1931,"extension":19,"meta":1958,"navigation":23,"page":1926,"path":1959,"pdf_page":1919,"reading":20,"seo":1960,"sortable_pagination_id":1961,"stem":1962,"__hash__":1963},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220rb.md","220rb",{"type":8,"value":1928,"toc":1953},[1929,1932,1936,1939,1943,1946,1950],[11,1930,1931],{},"in silentio: nihil eo minus habet qui occulte detrahit. Cum vero indiscretus aliquis episcopatur in aliqua ecclesia: tunc asinus cornutus in ea nascitur. Nihil enim aliud est stolidus mitratus quam asinus cornutus. Asinus enim est per stoliditatem: cornutus per mitram.",[1720,1933,1935],{"id":1934},"sexto-facit-ad-detestationem-symonie-hoc","Sexto facit ad detestationem symonie hoc:",[11,1937,1938],{},"quod peccatum hoc reddit hominem exosum deo et hominibus. Unde Eccles. xx. Qui potestatem sibi assumit iniuste: odietur. Glossa dicit. A deo et hominibus. frequenter enim licet symonia sit occulta: tamen hominem reddit exosum hominibus. Punit enim deus eum in hoc quod apud homines gratiam non habet.",[1720,1940,1942],{"id":1941},"septimo-facit-ad-detestationem-symonie-hoc","Septimo facit ad detestationem symonie hoc:",[11,1944,1945],{},"quod ipsa vitiat radicem. Unde ea que sequuntur venenata vel saltem inutilia reddit. Ad quod referri potest illud Osee. ix. Radix eorum exiccata est: fructum nequaquam facient.",[1720,1947,1949],{"id":1948},"octauo-et-vltimo-facit-ad-detestationem-symonie-hoc","Octauo et vltimo facit ad detestationem symonie hoc:",[11,1951,1952],{},"quod symoniaci difficile saluantur. Et hoc duabus de causis. Primo propter magnitudinem peccati. Secundo: quia oportet resignare beneficium quod symoniace acquisiuerunt. Unde sunt quasi nasse diaboli. Piscis in nassam ingressus est: non de facili ad locum per quem intrauit regreditur: et per alium locum non exit nisi captus. Sic non de facili renunciat homo beneficio quod symoniace habet: et non aliter saluatur. Unde quasi vno pede iam habet in inferno. Unde diligenter debet homo cauere quo intret in ecclesiam. Nisi enim caueat sibi in ingressu: quasi ponit pedem in inferno. Ideo dicit Eccles. iiii. Custodi pedem tuum ingrediens domum domini. Qui emit beneficium ecclesiasticum: similis est illi qui emeret vt magna moles terre super eum caderet que eum opprimeret: nec permitteret eum surgere. Ad difficultatem saluandi que est in symoniacis: potest referri illud Hiere. xvii. Peccatum iuda scriptum est stilo ferreo in vngue adamantino exaratum super latitudinem cordis eorum. Per iudam clerici intelliguntur: quorum est incumbere confessioni diuine laudis. Ad quos pertinet peccatum symonie: quod innuitur scriptum esse quasi indelibile per hoc quod dicit: stilo ferreo: quod idoneum instrumentum est ad scribendum et per hoc quod scriptum est in adamantino simili vngui: id est duro et plano. Scriptura enim in tali materia facta diu durat. Sed scriptura que indelibilis est: potest amitti: ideo subdit: Exaratum super latitudinem cordis eorum. Et ostendit quod hec scriptura sit in tabula cordis: que non potest ab eis vel amitti vel relinqui. Ad eandem difficultatem pertinet quod dicit petrus simoni mago Actuum. viii. Penitentiam age ab hac nequitia tua: et roga deum si forte remittatur tibi hec cogitatio cordis tui: In felle enim amaritudinis et obligatione iniquitatis video te esse.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1954},[1955,1956,1957],{"id":1934,"depth":16,"text":1935},{"id":1941,"depth":16,"text":1942},{"id":1948,"depth":16,"text":1949},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220rb",{"description":1931},485.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220rb","sVq41AaA5_BQD_mkIgVrH2BKGhsCrtcl7KVRkcj5KQw",{"id":1965,"title":1966,"body":1967,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":1987,"navigation":23,"page":1966,"path":1988,"pdf_page":27,"reading":20,"seo":1989,"sortable_pagination_id":1990,"stem":1991,"__hash__":1992},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220va.md","220va",{"type":8,"value":1968,"toc":1983},[1969,1973,1976,1980],[1720,1970,1972],{"id":1971},"de-diuisionibus-symonie","De diuisionibus symonie",[11,1974,1975],{},"Post ista ponende sunt diuisiones que faciunt ad detestationem symonie: et que pertinent ad symoniam. De quibus tres tantum ponemus. Et est prima diuisio: quod inter eos qui symoniam committunt: alij committunt eam emendo: vt Symon magus: qui proprie symoniaci dicuntur. Alij vero committunt eam vendendo: vt giezi: et giezite vocantur. Aliquando tamen large vocantur symoniaci et isti et illi. Secunda diuisio est secundum diuersitatem munerum per que symonia committitur.",[1720,1977,1979],{"id":1978},"de-quadruplici-symonia","De quadruplici symonia",[11,1981,1982],{},"Committitur autem symonia quadruplici munere: videlicet cum quis obtinet aliquid spirituale per pecuniam: aut per adulationem: vel per preces carnales: vel per obsequium sordidum. De primo legitur. iij. Regum xiij. quicunque volebat: implebat manum suam et fiebat sacerdos excelsorum. Et sequitur: propter hanc causam peccauit domus hieroboam et euersa est et deleta de superficie terre. Si venditio sacerdotij idolatrie sic vindicata est a domino: quomodo vindicabitur venditio veri sacerdotij? Adulatio vero valde timenda est: Penetrat enim cor hominis et allicit ipsum insensibiliter: propter quod oleum vocatur in Psalmo. Oleum autem peccatoris non impinguet caput meum. Et alibi. Intrauit sicut aqua in interiora eius: et sicut oleum in ossibus eius. Et sit sermo eius maledictio. Adulatio enim oleum est et maledictio: Oleum inquantum delectat: maledictio inquantum tormenta parat. Vnde Glosa super Malachiam dicit: Que male delectant dicuntur maledictio: quia tormenta parant. A precibus autem carnalibus diligenter cauendum est. Vnde Bernardus. Vbi non licet dare: quis locus roganti? Alius pro alio: alius forte pro se rogat. Pro alio rogas es suspectus: rogat pro se iam iudicatus est. Exemplum non acquiescendi precibus carnalibus dedit nobis dominus Iohannis ij. vbi dicit matri sue volenti vt faceret miraculum: Quid mihi et tibi est mulier? Innuens se non habere ex ea potestatem faciendi miracula. Et Matthei xx. Non exaudiuit matrem filiorum zebedei petentem: vt daret hanc dignitatem iacobo et iohanni: vt vnus sederet a dextris in regno eius: et alius a sinistris. Exemplum etiam non rogandi pro beneficio a temporalibus obtinendo: habemus Genesis xviij. vbi abraham rogauit deum ne sodomam destrueret: Non enim voluit eum rogare specialiter de nepote suo loth: vt eum ab incendio liberaret. Et dicebat cantor parisiensis bone memorie quod vix rogasset deum pro beneficio nepoti suo impetrando: qui noluit rogare deum: vt nepotem suum ab incendio liberaret. De illo vero qui per obsequium vult obtinere beneficium: dicit beatus Bernardus. Circuit sedulus explorator: sequitur et obsequitur: simulat et",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1984},[1985,1986],{"id":1971,"depth":16,"text":1972},{"id":1978,"depth":16,"text":1979},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220va",{"description":15},486.1,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220va","FOAVZO7Zdw4K-Zqi3xnScdC72_IRNldozJIjQxcSEGs",{"id":1994,"title":24,"body":1995,"description":1999,"extension":19,"meta":2002,"navigation":23,"page":24,"path":2003,"pdf_page":27,"reading":20,"seo":2004,"sortable_pagination_id":2005,"stem":2006,"__hash__":2007},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220vb.md",{"type":8,"value":1996,"toc":2000},[1997],[11,1998,1999],{},"dissimulat: manibus ac pedibus reptans si quomodo possit se introducere in patrimonium crucifixi. Tertia diuisio est secundum diuersitatem eorum que vendunt symoniaci: quia inter bona spiritualia que ipsi vendere volunt: quedam sunt spiritualia: quia illis accidit spiritussanctus: vt sunt sacramentalia ecclesie: Quedam vero spiritualia: quia illis confertur vel augetur gratia spiritussancti: vt sunt sacramenta ecclesie: preter matrimonium: et sepultura ecclesiastica: et officia vel dignitates ecclesie. Quedam vero dicuntur spiritualia: quia per spiritussanctum habentur: vt sunt scientia et virtus. Scientiam enim habet spiritussanctus inquantum illuminans: et ideo prohibetur vendi scientia Prouerbiorum xxiij. vbi dicit. Veritatem eme: et noli vendere sapientiam: et doctrinam et intelligentiam. Virtutem vero habet spiritussanctus inquantum afficiens animos. Quedam vero dicuntur spiritualia: quia per ea ostenditur haberi spiritussanctus: vt miracula. Quedam vero dicuntur spiritualia large sumpto nomine: quia spiritualibus exercitijs deseruiunt: vt sunt vasa et vestes ecclesie. Quedam vero dicuntur spiritualia a quibus illi sustentantur qui spiritualibus exercitijs sunt intenti: vt sunt decime. Sed ista duo vltima genera potius dicenda sunt annexa spiritualibus quam spiritualia.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2001},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220vb",{"description":1999},486.2,"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220vb","DbjfS-ETmb_sEhvx2E9rL1Oa1WCUd_CuUI3zDZtMYas",[2009,2037,2056,2094,2156,2194,2213,2251,2278],{"id":2010,"title":2011,"body":2012,"description":2019,"extension":19,"meta":2032,"navigation":23,"page":25,"path":2033,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2034,"sortable_pagination_id":1732,"stem":2035,"__hash__":2036},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F218vb.md","On Simony",{"type":8,"value":2013,"toc":2029},[2014,2017,2020,2023,2026],[1710,2015,2011],{"id":2016},"on-simony",[11,2018,2019],{},"And on the eight things that contribute to its detestation: Chapter 6.",[11,2021,2022],{},"Concerning which we shall proceed in this manner. First we shall speak of simony. Second, of the sin of those who build up the interests of their relatives. Third, of the sin of choristers. Fourth, of the sin of mercenaries [hired clergy]. Fifth, we shall touch upon the signs of avarice that appear in the Church. Sixth, of the sin of those who unworthily confect [the Eucharist]. Seventh, of the vice of proprietorship among those in cloistered life. Eighth, of the avarice of those who knowingly conceal [sins]. And of simony we shall speak first.",[1720,2024,2011],{"id":2025},"on-simony-1",[11,2027,2028],{},"First we shall set forth what pertains to the detestation of simony, and second the divisions and principal species of simony. There are eight things that contribute to its detestation. The first is that saying of Pope Damasus: “All crimes, in comparison with the heresy of simony, are reckoned as virtually nothing.” In this saying simony is shown to be detestable in two ways: because it is shown to exceed all other crimes, and because it is compared to heresy. In many other places as well, this sin is called a heresy. Hence Pope Nicolaus [II]: “We decree, establish, and confirm that the threefold heresy of simony stands condemned.” And on Matthew 21, “And he overturned the chairs of those selling doves,” the Gloss says — on the phrase about those who sold doves, etc. — the Interlinear Gloss says: “He specifically condemns the heresy of simony.” And in Acts 8, where Petrus says to Symon Magus, “Repent of this wickedness of yours,” the Interlinear Gloss says: “that is, of the twofold evil of covetousness and of perverse belief.” And in that passage it is shown that simony consists in placing something of inestimable value at a base price, and in separating the body of the Church from its head as heretics do, and in reckoning — whether in thought or in deed — that the gift of the Holy Spirit is subject to the dominion of money. For just as in bodily sodomy one acts against nature while performing the work of nature,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2030},[2031],{"id":2025,"depth":16,"text":2011},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F218vb",{"title":2011,"description":2019},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F218vb","DCoDc8w8FoijS6fqHvIWFDNxAygZLRz3R7niRgzMKeI",{"id":2038,"title":1737,"body":2039,"description":2043,"extension":19,"meta":2051,"navigation":23,"page":1737,"path":2052,"pdf_page":1752,"reading":20,"seo":2053,"sortable_pagination_id":1754,"stem":2054,"__hash__":2055},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219ra.md",{"type":8,"value":2040,"toc":2048},[2041,2044],[11,2042,2043],{},"so in simony one acts against grace when he purchases the work of grace, since he has been redeemed by grace. And just as on the Day of Judgment the sodomite will be struck speechless — according to the interpretation of the name [Sodom, meaning “mute”] — because he was an enemy of nature, which had been his spouse (for as far as it lies in him, the sodomite destroys the human race), so too the simoniac will be struck speechless, who was an enemy of the grace by which he had been redeemed. And just as according to the law of nature sodomy is judged either the greatest sin or one of the greatest, because it is against nature, so in the age of grace, according to the law of the Gospel, simony is judged a sin of the greatest magnitude, because it is properly contrary to grace. For it directly contravenes that saying in Matthew 10: “Freely you have received; freely give.” Hence simoniacs are rightly symbolized by the Sodomites who sought to break down the door of the house of Loth, of whom it is said in Genesis 19: “And they were on the very point of breaking down the door” — that is, the law. The third thing that contributes to the detestation of simony is the great zeal that we read the saints had against this sin. Hence in 4 Kings 5 [i.e., 2 Kings 5], Heliseus said to Giezi: “The leprosy of Naaman shall cling to you and to your descendants forever.” And the Lord in his first coming is not recorded to have burned with anger against any other sin as he did against this one. Hence he is recorded twice to have driven out the buyers and sellers from the Temple: the first expulsion is found in John 2, the second in Matthew 21. For he had come to be judged, not to judge, and to bear sins with gentleness, not to punish them; and yet on account of this sin — indeed, on account of a [mere] figure of this sin — he refused to maintain his gentleness, but as if in wrath, with a whip made of cords, he overturned the tables of the money-changers and the chairs of those selling doves. And although his first coming was one of mercy, nevertheless on account of this sin justice intervened. Hence Bernardus [says] to Pope Eugenius, speaking of the plague of simony: “Look to the Master,” he says. “He does not prepare his ears to listen but a whip to strike. He neither speaks nor accepts words, for he does not sit judging but pursues and punishes. For he does not conceal the cause, saying: ‘You have made my house of prayer a house of commerce.’ Therefore do likewise. Let such traders blush before your face, if possible; if not, let them not bring their coins but rather lose confidence. Let them hide their silver from you, knowing you more ready to pour it out than to receive it.” On account of the zeal the Lord had against this sin, it is written in the Psalms [Psalm 69:9] in his person: “Zeal for your house has consumed me.” Even the sin of Iudas, God was willing to tolerate patiently, but this sin he would not tolerate. Petrus also had great zeal against this sin when he said to Symon Magus: “May your money go with you to perdition,” as is recorded in Acts 8. How great a zeal the Church also has against this sin is sufficiently clear to those who possess expertise in canon law.",[1720,2045,2047],{"id":2046},"on-the-twelve-insults-of-simony","On the twelve insults of simony.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2049},[2050],{"id":2046,"depth":16,"text":2047},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219ra",{"description":2043},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219ra","KWVsUjBUtjreHzVLS7vuhgHeUnSszAMwZH5wXm8ZxgM",{"id":2057,"title":1759,"body":2058,"description":2062,"extension":19,"meta":2089,"navigation":23,"page":1759,"path":2090,"pdf_page":1752,"reading":20,"seo":2091,"sortable_pagination_id":1794,"stem":2092,"__hash__":2093},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219rb.md",{"type":8,"value":2059,"toc":2084},[2060,2063,2067,2070,2074,2077,2081],[11,2061,2062],{},"The fourth consideration that contributes to the detestation of simony is the manifold insult that this sin inflicts upon God. And we shall set forth at present twelve of these insults.",[1720,2064,2066],{"id":2065},"the-first-is","The first is:",[11,2068,2069],{},"that it sells God — and this in two ways. First, because it sells the grace of the Holy Spirit. Hence, on that passage in John 2, “To those who sold doves,” etc., the gloss says: “The Holy Spirit appeared in the form of a dove. Thus the dove signifies the Spirit, whom simoniacs sell. But the Holy Spirit is God; therefore simoniacs sell God.” They also sell God in another way: by selling Christ in the sacrament of the altar when they celebrate for money. Nor is this a small insult. There is no one so poor in this world who would not be greatly outraged if someone wished to lead him to the marketplace and there put him up for sale like a beast of burden. Why, then, is it not an insult to God when he is put up for sale by those who above all ought to honor him? It should be enough for such people that Christ was sold once for their sins. These aforementioned [simoniacs] appear to be worse than Iudas in five respects. They sell the immortal and already glorified one, whom Iudas sold as mortal and in a state of humility. But the insult done to someone in a state of honor is greater than that done in a state of humility — just as an affront to a knight is greater than one offered to a squire. Nor do they sell him only once, as Iudas did, but more than a hundred times. They also sell him for a lesser price than Iudas did. They even believe him to be God — which Iudas did not believe when he sold him for thirty coins. Iudas, moreover, when he repented of this sin, led by remorse returned the thirty pieces of silver he had received for Christ; but simoniacs cannot be brought to repentance so as to restore what they have acquired through simony.",[1720,2071,2073],{"id":2072},"the-second-insult-is","The second insult is",[11,2075,2076],{},"to regard God himself as a seller, which is no small affront. For if some king or count of great liberality were reproached for selling his garments or his arms, he would consider it a great wrong. What wonder, then, if he who is the most liberal bestower of all things — who made everything he made in order to give it away, some things so that he might bestow [his gifts] upon them, and other things so that he might bestow them [as gifts], who gives his gifts to the good and the wicked, to the grateful and the ungrateful, to friends and enemies, who asks that petitions be made to him — [what wonder] if he takes it ill? Petrus alluded to this insult when he said to Symon: “Because you thought the gift of God could be obtained with money” [Acts 8] — as if to say: you regarded the giver as a seller. And in John 2 the Lord says: “Do not make my Father’s house a house of trade.” He who regards God as a merchant makes God’s house a house of trade.",[1720,2078,2080],{"id":2079},"the-third-insult-is","The third insult is:",[11,2082,2083],{},"that [simony] equates the gifts of God with a paltry price: it equates with base profit that which is precious in God’s sight, that which is the price of the kingdom of heaven — and in this it also shows contempt for the giver himself. People are usually not a little displeased when someone despises their goods, as is evident among merchants and craftsmen, especially when their gifts are scorned. And this greatly tends to discourage",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2085},[2086,2087,2088],{"id":2065,"depth":16,"text":2066},{"id":2072,"depth":16,"text":2073},{"id":2079,"depth":16,"text":2080},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219rb",{"description":2062},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219rb","OguAOepb-v19HWeY3Le5cI6w--b766-9XXOVqfi-cyk",{"id":2095,"title":1799,"body":2096,"description":2100,"extension":19,"meta":2151,"navigation":23,"page":1799,"path":2152,"pdf_page":1857,"reading":20,"seo":2153,"sortable_pagination_id":1859,"stem":2154,"__hash__":2155},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219va.md",{"type":8,"value":2097,"toc":2143},[2098,2101,2105,2108,2112,2115,2119,2122,2126,2129,2133,2136,2140],[11,2099,2100],{},"even generous people from giving. Hence the Lord in Matthew 7 forbade that his gifts be lavished upon dogs: “Do not,” he said, “cast your pearls before swine” — that is, do not give precious gifts to those who despise them.",[1720,2102,2104],{"id":2103},"the-fourth-insult-is","The fourth insult is",[11,2106,2107],{},"that simony takes from God the door of the Church, which the Lord especially wished to guard — on account of which he called himself the door (John 10), just as someone is accustomed to place himself in the middle of a doorway when he wishes to ensure that no one enters except by his will. By this word the Lord signified that anyone who entered other than through him would, as it were, do him violence. To show further that he wished the entrance to the Church to be guarded above all, he himself entered to the disciples through closed doors. For one who wishes to guard an entrance well is accustomed to open as little of the door as possible for the one who must enter, and it would greatly please him if the one who must enter could enter with the door entirely shut. To demonstrate the same point, the Lord commanded in Exodus 12 that the doorposts be smeared with the blood of the lamb — as if to say: at the very least I wish to guard the door of the Church, which I purchased with my own blood. For this reason he entrusted the keys of the Church to Petrus, because [Petrus] loved her more ardently than the rest. The same can also be illustrated by a parallel from fortifications: during wartime, the gates are customarily guarded above all else — hence towers are usually built above them.",[1720,2109,2111],{"id":2110},"the-fifth-insult-is","The fifth insult is",[11,2113,2114],{},"that simony brings it about that the Church, which is the bride of God, becomes pregnant from someone other than her spouse. The Church ought to conceive from the Holy Spirit alone, which was prefigured in the Blessed Virgin, who “was found to have in her womb from the Holy Spirit” (Matthew 1). But simony causes her to conceive from an evil spirit. Hence it is remarkable that her spouse does not abandon her. For Ioseph wished to dismiss the Blessed Virgin when he doubted how she had conceived.",[1720,2116,2118],{"id":2117},"the-sixth-insult-is","The sixth insult is",[11,2120,2121],{},"that it causes illegitimate children to be nurtured [at the Church’s expense].",[1720,2123,2125],{"id":2124},"the-seventh-insult-is","The seventh insult is",[11,2127,2128],{},"that it disinherits the children of God from the patrimony of Christ and establishes the children of the devil as heirs in their place, according to Ecclesiasticus 23: “Every woman who abandons her husband will sin, establishing an inheritance from a strange marriage.”",[1720,2130,2132],{"id":2131},"the-eighth-insult-is","The eighth insult is",[11,2134,2135],{},"that it makes God into an offering to an idol, presenting him to the idol of greed. And in this simony is more detestable than other species of avarice. For it is not enough for simony to set up another god; it immolates the true God to its idol when it celebrates [the sacrament] for money. It would be a great insult to the lord of a castle if his subjects established another lord; but it would be a far greater insult if they offered the true lord as a captive to that newly established lord.",[1720,2137,2139],{"id":2138},"the-ninth-insult-is","The ninth insult is",[11,2141,2142],{},"that this sin shows deference to no place and no person. Other sins show deference to the sanctity of places. For no one would commit fornication in a church or upon an altar; but simo-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2144},[2145,2146,2147,2148,2149,2150],{"id":2103,"depth":16,"text":2104},{"id":2110,"depth":16,"text":2111},{"id":2117,"depth":16,"text":2118},{"id":2124,"depth":16,"text":2125},{"id":2131,"depth":16,"text":2132},{"id":2138,"depth":16,"text":2139},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219va",{"description":2100},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219va","SX8twmVIrXWa2MuI420F2Q2Ujqyf1hTQw85Rpodf5oE",{"id":2157,"title":1864,"body":2158,"description":2162,"extension":19,"meta":2189,"navigation":23,"page":1864,"path":2190,"pdf_page":1857,"reading":20,"seo":2191,"sortable_pagination_id":1899,"stem":2192,"__hash__":2193},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219vb.md",{"type":8,"value":2159,"toc":2184},[2160,2163,2167,2170,2174,2177,2181],[11,2161,2162],{},"simony itself even invades the altars. Thus Jeremiah 17 says that the sin of Iuda is engraved on the horns of their altars. By the sin of Iuda is understood the sin of clerics, who ought to devote themselves to the confession of divine praise. Likewise, simony places the idol of cupidity in the temple of the Virgin alongside the Son of God, so that what is said in Daniel 9 seems fulfilled: “And in the temple there shall be the abomination of desolation.” Simony shows no deference to God nor to his angels, for it is present when the divine mysteries are celebrated, even though Christus is present both as God and as man together with his angels. In this the simoniacs are worse than the demons, because the demons fear Christus and his angels, but the simoniacs do not.",[1720,2164,2166],{"id":2165},"the-tenth-insult-is","The tenth insult is",[11,2168,2169],{},"that simony uses for the damnation of men the very things which Christus instituted for their sanctification. Thus the devil seems to have triumphed over the Church when he attacks the Church with her own weapons and strikes her, as it were, with her own staff.",[1720,2171,2173],{"id":2172},"the-eleventh-insult-is","The eleventh insult is",[11,2175,2176],{},"that simony causes robbers and sacrilegious men to hold the place and office of God. For the simoniac is a robber. Thus John 10: “He who does not enter the sheepfold by the door but climbs in by another way, that man is a thief and a robber.” And on Matthew 21, “You have made it a den of robbers,” the Gloss says: “A robber is one who pursues gain, who punishes corporally those who do not give, and kills spiritually those who do give. And every robber first selects a place of ambush, like a den.” The simoniac is also sacrilegious, because the things around which he plies his robbery are sacred. For it is absurd to call someone sacrilegious who steals or seizes the chalice of a church and not to call sacrilegious the one who steals or seizes an entire church together with its chalice and everything else belonging to it. Moreover, the simoniac can be called a thief in two respects: with respect to the one whose goods he consecrates against that person’s will, and with respect to the poor whom he defrauds of the goods of the Church. Thus, since a prelate holds the office of God, when a simoniac is made prelate, a robber and sacrilegious man exercises the office of God in the Church.",[1720,2178,2180],{"id":2179},"the-twelfth-insult-is","The twelfth insult is",[11,2182,2183],{},"that simony fills the Church of God with reptiles, beasts of burden, and animals. For it undermines the wall of the Church, just as a prelate does — especially if he is carnal — according to Genesis 49: “Symeon and Leui are brothers, vessels of iniquity.” And it adds: “In their willfulness they undermined a wall.” And Iacob interposes a certain prayer that ought to be made frequently by prelates of the Church: “Let my soul not enter into their counsel.” For it would be exceedingly dangerous for a prelate of the Church to have demoniacs or simoniacs in his counsel. Once the wall of the Church has been undermined, a multitude of reptiles and beasts of burden enters, according to Ezekiel 8: “Go in and see the worst abominations.” And it continues: “And I went in and saw, and behold every likeness of reptiles and animals — an abomination.” When someone lustful obtains a benefice in a church through simony, a serpent enters the Church. When someone fond of quarrels and brawls obtains a benefice in a church, a pig or a dog enters the Church. When someone avaricious",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2185},[2186,2187,2188],{"id":2165,"depth":16,"text":2166},{"id":2172,"depth":16,"text":2173},{"id":2179,"depth":16,"text":2180},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219vb",{"description":2162},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F219vb","ubEvlSvkNDmhUNyoGZ70Y1Pw84GPGQODdluyMASV3L4",{"id":2195,"title":1904,"body":2196,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":2208,"navigation":23,"page":1904,"path":2209,"pdf_page":1919,"reading":20,"seo":2210,"sortable_pagination_id":1921,"stem":2211,"__hash__":2212},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220ra.md",{"type":8,"value":2197,"toc":2205},[2198,2202],[1720,2199,2201],{"id":2200},"on-the-manifold-harm-that-arises-from-simony","On the manifold harm that arises from simony",[11,2203,2204],{},"Fifth, contributing to the detestation of simony is the manifold harm that arises from it to God and to his Church. The first harm is that God has, as it were, lost the Church, since he has lost entry and exit in it. For a castle is not said to belong to someone who has no entry and exit in it. Therefore the Psalmist said: “The Lord guard your coming in and your going out,” etc. [Psalm 121:8]. Another harm is that simony converts the Church, which ought to be the dwelling place of the Son of God, into a den of robbers, according to Matthew 21: “It is written: ‘My house shall be called a house of prayer,’ but you have made it a den of robbers.” In this, ecclesiastical prelates appear to be worse than secular princes, because the latter do not tolerate dens of robbers in their dominions, whereas the former permit cloisters into which entry is made simoniacally. In the judgment of God these are dens of robbers: they are plainly robbers and are not to be acquitted from the gallows of hell. Another harm is that where God ought to be honored, idolatry is practiced instead. For those whom gold and silver have introduced serve gold and silver as though it were God. Thus Hosea 8: “They have reigned, but not by me; princes have arisen, and I did not know them. Of their silver and their gold they have made idols for themselves.” He who buys a dignity afterwards wants to sell the things that pertain to that dignity. Thus on Acts 8, concerning Symon Magus, the Gloss says: “He wished to buy the Holy Spirit so that by selling it to others he could receive more.” And as the blessed Bernardus says, he who enters faithlessly and not through Christus — what does he do but act faithlessly and against Christus? Since Christus did not introduce someone into the Church, afterwards he does not recognize him. Thus Petrus, having been introduced by the servant girl who kept the door into the courtyard of the chief priests, said that he did not know Christus. The servant girl at the door is the flesh, which has the five senses as its five doors. Therefore the servant girl at the door introduces the one whom carnality introduces. Simony also takes the Holy Spirit away from the Church. This seems to have been signified in the fact that the sacred fire which had survived for seventy years of the Babylonian captivity under the waters was extinguished when Antiochus sold the priesthood to Iason, as Augustinus says. By that fire the Holy Spirit was prefigured. And this is the greatest harm that can be done to the Church of God, just as the greatest harm that could be done to our body is if the spirit from which it derives all its strength were taken away. Simony also causes the Church, which is the bride of Christus and ought to generate children for God, to generate monstrous moles, serpents, and even horned asses. When in a certain church someone ignorant is made a canon or is placed in charge, the canons of that church can say: “Our mother, who ought to have borne us a brother, has borne us a mole for a brother.” When someone who is a detractor is made a canon, then that church begets a serpent, according to Ecclesiastes [10:11]: “If the serpent bites",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2206},[2207],{"id":2200,"depth":16,"text":2201},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220ra",{"description":15},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220ra","Ye65kbnav4eMwY9kKoBeMypYJdrrRyuzr1uEl9mR4TQ",{"id":2214,"title":1926,"body":2215,"description":2219,"extension":19,"meta":2246,"navigation":23,"page":1926,"path":2247,"pdf_page":1919,"reading":20,"seo":2248,"sortable_pagination_id":1961,"stem":2249,"__hash__":2250},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220rb.md",{"type":8,"value":2216,"toc":2241},[2217,2220,2224,2227,2231,2234,2238],[11,2218,2219],{},"in silence: the one who secretly detracts possesses nothing the less [for his slander]. When some unfit person is made bishop in a church, then a horned ass is born in it. For a mitred fool is nothing other than a horned ass — an ass by his stupidity, horned by his mitre.",[1720,2221,2223],{"id":2222},"sixth-what-contributes-to-the-detestation-of-simony-is-this","Sixth, what contributes to the detestation of simony is this,",[11,2225,2226],{},"that this sin renders a person hateful to God and to men. Whence Ecclesiasticus 20: “He who assumes power for himself unjustly shall be hated.” The Gloss says: “By God and by men.” For frequently, even though the simony is secret, it nevertheless renders a person hateful to men. For God punishes him in this: that he has no favor among men.",[1720,2228,2230],{"id":2229},"seventh-what-contributes-to-the-detestation-of-simony-is-this","Seventh, what contributes to the detestation of simony is this,",[11,2232,2233],{},"that it corrupts the root. Whence it renders everything that follows poisoned or at least useless. To this may be referred that passage in Hosea 9: “Their root is dried up; they shall by no means bear fruit.”",[1720,2235,2237],{"id":2236},"eighth-and-last-what-contributes-to-the-detestation-of-simony-is-this","Eighth and last, what contributes to the detestation of simony is this,",[11,2239,2240],{},"that simoniacs are saved only with great difficulty. And this for two reasons. First, because of the magnitude of the sin. Second, because they must resign the benefice that they acquired simoniacally. Whence they are like the devil’s fish-traps. A fish that has entered a trap does not easily return to the place through which it entered, and it does not exit by any other way except as a catch. So too a person does not easily renounce a benefice that he holds simoniacally, and he is not saved in any other way. Whence he already has, as it were, one foot in hell. Therefore a person ought to take great care how he enters the church. For unless he watches himself at the entrance, he virtually sets his foot in hell. Therefore Ecclesiastes 4 says: “Guard your foot when you enter the house of the Lord.” One who buys an ecclesiastical benefice is like someone who would buy the privilege of having a great mass of earth fall upon him, crushing him and not allowing him to rise. Concerning the difficulty of being saved that exists in simoniacs, that passage from Jeremiah 17 may be cited: “The sin of Iuda is written with an iron stylus, engraved with an adamantine point upon the breadth of their heart.” By Iuda the clergy are understood, whose duty it is to devote themselves to the confession [that is, the proclamation] of divine praise. To them belongs the sin of simony, which is indicated to be written as though indelibly — by the fact that it says “with an iron stylus,” which is a fitting instrument for writing, and by the fact that it is written on something like an adamantine fingernail, that is, something hard and smooth. For writing made on such material lasts a long time. But writing that is indelible can still be lost; therefore he adds: “Engraved upon the breadth of their heart.” And he shows that this writing is on the tablet of the heart, which cannot be lost by them or abandoned. To this same difficulty pertains what Petrus said to Symon Magus in Acts 8: “Repent of this your wickedness, and pray to God, that perhaps this thought of your heart may be forgiven you. For I see that you are in the gall of bitterness and in the bond of iniquity.”",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2242},[2243,2244,2245],{"id":2222,"depth":16,"text":2223},{"id":2229,"depth":16,"text":2230},{"id":2236,"depth":16,"text":2237},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220rb",{"description":2219},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220rb","ub5gf9b3lcsSAkPrUu0T_jRCjNVOl0NCcXBUhAttq9I",{"id":2252,"title":1966,"body":2253,"description":15,"extension":19,"meta":2273,"navigation":23,"page":1966,"path":2274,"pdf_page":27,"reading":20,"seo":2275,"sortable_pagination_id":1990,"stem":2276,"__hash__":2277},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220va.md",{"type":8,"value":2254,"toc":2269},[2255,2259,2262,2266],[1720,2256,2258],{"id":2257},"on-the-divisions-of-simony","On the divisions of simony",[11,2260,2261],{},"After these matters, we must set forth the divisions that serve to make simony detestable and that pertain to simony. Of these we shall present only three. The first division is this: among those who commit simony, some commit it by buying, as Symon Magus did — these are properly called simoniacs. Others commit it by selling, as Giezi did — and these are called Giezites. Sometimes, however, both groups are broadly called simoniacs. The second division is according to the diversity of gifts by means of which simony is committed.",[1720,2263,2265],{"id":2264},"on-the-fourfold-simony","On the fourfold simony",[11,2267,2268],{},"Simony is committed by means of a fourfold gift: namely, when someone obtains something spiritual through money, through flattery, through carnal entreaties, or through servile compliance. Concerning the first, we read in 3 Kings 13 [1 Kings 13:33]: “Whoever wished, he filled his hand and became a priest of the high places.” And it continues: “On account of this the house of Hieroboam sinned and was overthrown and blotted out from the face of the earth.” If the selling of an idolatrous priesthood was so avenged by the Lord, how will the selling of the true priesthood be avenged? Flattery, indeed, is greatly to be feared, for it penetrates a person’s heart and draws him in imperceptibly — which is why it is called oil in the Psalm [Psalm 141:5]: “Let not the oil of the sinner anoint my head.” And elsewhere [Psalm 109:18]: “It entered like water into his inward parts, and like oil into his bones.” And let his speech be a curse. For flattery is both oil and a curse: oil insofar as it delights, a curse insofar as it prepares torments. Hence the Gloss on Malachias says: “Things that wrongly delight are called a curse, because they prepare torments.” From carnal entreaties, moreover, one must diligently guard oneself. Hence Bernardus says: “Where it is not lawful to give, what place is there for the one who asks? One person asks on behalf of another; another perhaps asks on his own behalf. If you ask on behalf of another, you are suspect; if he asks on his own behalf, he is already condemned.” The Lord gave us an example of not yielding to carnal entreaties in John 2, where he says to his mother, who wished him to perform a miracle: “What is that to me and to you, woman?” — indicating that he did not have from her the power to work miracles. And in Matthew 20, he did not grant the request of the mother of the sons of Zebedaeus, who asked that he give this dignity to Iacobus and Iohannes — that one might sit at his right hand in his kingdom and the other at his left. We also have an example of not asking for a benefice to be obtained from temporal [powers] in Genesis 18, where Abraham asked God not to destroy Sodom. For he did not wish to ask God specifically about his nephew Loth, that he might be delivered from the conflagration. And the cantor of Paris, of blessed memory, used to say that he would scarcely have asked God to obtain a benefice for his nephew — he who refused to ask God to deliver his nephew from the fire. Concerning the one who seeks to obtain a benefice through servile compliance, blessed Bernardus says: “He goes about as a diligent spy; he follows and fawns; he pretends and",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2270},[2271,2272],{"id":2257,"depth":16,"text":2258},{"id":2264,"depth":16,"text":2265},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220va",{"description":15},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220va","XzSVEYwzk2M37j3OTtSLd3m3J5K76-Oii9sh8jyOYzA",{"id":2279,"title":24,"body":2280,"description":2284,"extension":19,"meta":2287,"navigation":23,"page":24,"path":2288,"pdf_page":27,"reading":20,"seo":2289,"sortable_pagination_id":2005,"stem":2290,"__hash__":2291},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220vb.md",{"type":8,"value":2281,"toc":2285},[2282],[11,2283,2284],{},"dissembles, crawling on hands and feet, to see whether he might somehow introduce himself into the patrimony of the Crucified.” The third division is according to the diversity of things that simoniacs sell, because among the spiritual goods that they wish to sell, some are spiritual because the Holy Spirit is incidental to them, such as the sacramentals of the Church. Others are spiritual because through them the grace of the Holy Spirit is conferred or increased, such as the sacraments of the Church — except for matrimony — and ecclesiastical burial, and the offices or dignities of the Church. Some things are called spiritual because they are possessed through the Holy Spirit, such as knowledge and virtue. For knowledge belongs to the Holy Spirit insofar as he illuminates, and therefore the selling of knowledge is forbidden in Proverbs 23 [Proverbs 23:23], where it says: “Buy truth, and do not sell wisdom, and teaching, and understanding.” Virtue, moreover, belongs to the Holy Spirit insofar as he moves souls. Some things are called spiritual because through them one is shown to possess the Holy Spirit, such as miracles. Some things are called spiritual in a broad sense of the term, because they serve spiritual exercises, such as the vessels and vestments of the Church. Others are called spiritual because they sustain those who are devoted to spiritual exercises, such as tithes. But these last two categories should more properly be called things annexed to spiritual goods rather than spiritual goods themselves.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2286},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220vb",{"description":2284},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fperaldus-summa-simony\u002F220vb","yLagWjZyiEitPpJJ4IL-dwH6upV9wE4LYnvtCfeCcOo",1789161134673]