[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2170},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-raymond-summa-licenses":3,"authors":37,"doc-raymond-summa-licenses":1669,"transcription-cols-raymond-summa-licenses":1707,"translation-cols-raymond-summa-licenses":1876},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":13,"document":18,"extension":19,"key":20,"meta":21,"navigation":24,"page_end":25,"page_start":26,"path":27,"pdf_page_end":28,"pdf_page_start":29,"section":30,"seo":31,"stem":32,"title_en":33,"translator":34,"year":35,"__hash__":36},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses.md","De Magistris, & ne aliquid exigant pro licentia docendi","raymond-of-penyafort",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":14},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Raymond's treatment of teaching licenses in Book 1, Title 3 of the Summa. Drawing on papal decretals of Alexander III (Prohibeas, Quanta), it prohibits masters and chancellors from demanding any payment for the licentia docendi, treating such licenses as annexed to spiritual goods and therefore subject to the law against simony. Discusses what compensation teachers may lawfully receive (voluntary offerings, expense recovery), addresses the chanceries of Paris and Bologna, and considers the bishop who withholds a cleric's license to study unless paid.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":17},"",2,[],"raymond-summa-1744","md","raymond-summa-licenses",{"start_text":22,"end_text":23},"Diximus qualiter spiritualia prohibeantur acquiri","quia non sibi est prohibitum; quod sufficit",true,"24","21","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses",118,115,"Liber I, Titulus III",{"title":5,"description":13},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses","On Masters, and that they should not exact anything for a license to teach",null,1234,"37Gb2fDuIyoIYnjriw4yobtrqKuacoBlvMRmYVmmaCI",[38,77,119,156,183,201,221,259,289,325,352,395,440,491,513,537,567,594,628,662,688,719,746,775,802,842,873,899,920,941,975,1001,1022,1057,1077,1107,1128,1149,1170,1203,1232,1262,1292,1317,1347,1366,1401,1426,1451,1479,1508,1535,1565,1594,1614,1640],{"id":39,"title":40,"body":41,"born":65,"description":66,"died":67,"extension":19,"image":68,"key":69,"meta":70,"name":49,"name_en":71,"navigation":24,"path":72,"seo":73,"stem":74,"wikipedia":75,"__hash__":76},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":42,"toc":63},[43],[11,44,45,46,50,51,54,55,58,59,62],{},"Albert the Great (",[47,48,49],"em",{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[47,52,53],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[47,56,57],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[47,60,61],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":64},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":66},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":78,"title":79,"body":80,"born":107,"description":108,"died":109,"extension":19,"image":110,"key":111,"meta":112,"name":87,"name_en":113,"navigation":24,"path":114,"seo":115,"stem":116,"wikipedia":117,"__hash__":118},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":81,"toc":105},[82],[11,83,84,85,88,89,92,93,96,97,100,101,104],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[47,86,87],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[47,90,91],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[47,94,95],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[47,98,99],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[47,102,103],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":106},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":108},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":120,"title":121,"body":122,"born":143,"description":144,"died":145,"extension":19,"image":146,"key":147,"meta":148,"name":149,"name_en":150,"navigation":24,"path":151,"seo":152,"stem":153,"wikipedia":154,"__hash__":155},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":123,"toc":141},[124],[11,125,126,127,130,131,130,134,130,137,140],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[47,128,129],{},"De fide",", ",[47,132,133],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[47,135,136],{},"De mysteriis",[47,138,139],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":142},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":144},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":157,"title":158,"body":159,"born":170,"description":171,"died":172,"extension":19,"image":173,"key":174,"meta":175,"name":176,"name_en":177,"navigation":24,"path":178,"seo":179,"stem":180,"wikipedia":181,"__hash__":182},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":160,"toc":168},[161],[11,162,163,164,167],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[47,165,166],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":169},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":171},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":184,"title":185,"body":186,"born":34,"description":190,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":194,"meta":195,"name":196,"name_en":185,"navigation":24,"path":197,"seo":198,"stem":199,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":200},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":187,"toc":191},[188],[11,189,190],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":192},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":190},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":202,"title":203,"body":204,"born":211,"description":208,"died":212,"extension":19,"image":213,"key":214,"meta":215,"name":203,"name_en":203,"navigation":24,"path":216,"seo":217,"stem":218,"wikipedia":219,"__hash__":220},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":205,"toc":209},[206],[11,207,208],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":210},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":208},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":222,"title":223,"body":224,"born":247,"description":248,"died":249,"extension":19,"image":250,"key":251,"meta":252,"name":253,"name_en":223,"navigation":24,"path":254,"seo":255,"stem":256,"wikipedia":257,"__hash__":258},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":225,"toc":245},[226],[11,227,228,229,232,233,236,237,240,241,244],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[47,230,231],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[47,234,235],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[47,238,239],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[47,242,243],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":246},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":248},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":260,"title":261,"body":262,"born":34,"description":277,"died":278,"extension":19,"image":279,"key":280,"meta":281,"name":282,"name_en":283,"navigation":24,"path":284,"seo":285,"stem":286,"wikipedia":287,"__hash__":288},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":263,"toc":275},[264],[11,265,266,267,270,271,274],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[47,268,269],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[47,272,273],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":276},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":277},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":290,"title":291,"body":292,"born":312,"description":313,"died":314,"extension":19,"image":315,"key":316,"meta":317,"name":318,"name_en":319,"navigation":24,"path":320,"seo":321,"stem":322,"wikipedia":323,"__hash__":324},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":293,"toc":310},[294],[11,295,296,297,300,301,130,303,130,306,309],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[47,298,299],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[47,302,299],{},[47,304,305],{},"The City of God",[47,307,308],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":311},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":313},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":326,"title":327,"body":328,"born":339,"description":340,"died":341,"extension":19,"image":342,"key":343,"meta":344,"name":345,"name_en":346,"navigation":24,"path":347,"seo":348,"stem":349,"wikipedia":350,"__hash__":351},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":329,"toc":337},[330],[11,331,332,333,336],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[47,334,335],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":338},[],329,"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":340},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":353,"title":354,"body":355,"born":384,"description":385,"died":386,"extension":19,"image":387,"key":388,"meta":389,"name":362,"name_en":354,"navigation":24,"path":390,"seo":391,"stem":392,"wikipedia":393,"__hash__":394},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":356,"toc":382},[357],[11,358,359,360,363,364,367,368,370,371,130,374,377,378,381],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[47,361,362],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[47,365,366],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,369,95],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[47,372,373],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[47,375,376],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[47,379,380],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":383},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":385},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":396,"title":397,"body":398,"born":428,"description":429,"died":430,"extension":19,"image":431,"key":432,"meta":433,"name":434,"name_en":434,"navigation":24,"path":435,"seo":436,"stem":437,"wikipedia":438,"__hash__":439},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":399,"toc":426},[400],[11,401,402,403,406,407,410,411,414,415,418,419,422,423,425],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[47,404,405],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[47,408,409],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[47,412,413],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[47,416,417],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[47,420,421],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[47,424,421],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":427},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":429},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":441,"title":442,"body":443,"born":428,"description":480,"died":481,"extension":19,"image":482,"key":483,"meta":484,"name":450,"name_en":485,"navigation":24,"path":486,"seo":487,"stem":488,"wikipedia":489,"__hash__":490},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":444,"toc":478},[445],[11,446,447,448,451,452,455,456,458,459,462,463,466,467,470,471,473,474,477],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[47,449,450],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[47,453,454],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[47,457,95],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[47,460,461],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[47,464,465],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[47,468,469],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[47,472,465],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[47,475,476],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":479},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":480},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":492,"title":493,"body":494,"born":501,"description":498,"died":502,"extension":19,"image":503,"key":504,"meta":505,"name":506,"name_en":507,"navigation":24,"path":508,"seo":509,"stem":510,"wikipedia":511,"__hash__":512},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":495,"toc":499},[496],[11,497,498],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":500},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":498},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":514,"title":515,"body":516,"born":527,"description":528,"died":172,"extension":19,"image":529,"key":530,"meta":531,"name":515,"name_en":515,"navigation":24,"path":532,"seo":533,"stem":534,"wikipedia":535,"__hash__":536},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":517,"toc":525},[518],[11,519,520,521,524],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[47,522,523],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":526},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":528},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":538,"title":539,"body":540,"born":555,"description":556,"died":557,"extension":19,"image":558,"key":559,"meta":560,"name":561,"name_en":539,"navigation":24,"path":562,"seo":563,"stem":564,"wikipedia":565,"__hash__":566},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":541,"toc":553},[542],[11,543,544,545,548,549,552],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[47,546,547],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[47,550,551],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":554},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":556},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":568,"title":569,"body":570,"born":34,"description":584,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":585,"key":586,"meta":587,"name":588,"name_en":589,"navigation":24,"path":590,"seo":591,"stem":592,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":593},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":571,"toc":582},[572],[11,573,574,575,578,579,581],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[47,576,577],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[47,580,95],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":583},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg","geoffrey-poitiers",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":584},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":595,"title":596,"body":597,"born":615,"description":616,"died":617,"extension":19,"image":618,"key":619,"meta":620,"name":621,"name_en":622,"navigation":24,"path":623,"seo":624,"stem":625,"wikipedia":626,"__hash__":627},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":598,"toc":613},[599],[11,600,601,602,377,605,608,609,612],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[47,603,604],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[47,606,607],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[47,610,611],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":614},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":616},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":629,"title":630,"body":631,"born":650,"description":651,"died":652,"extension":19,"image":653,"key":654,"meta":655,"name":656,"name_en":630,"navigation":24,"path":657,"seo":658,"stem":659,"wikipedia":660,"__hash__":661},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":632,"toc":648},[633],[11,634,635,636,639,640,643,644,647],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[47,637,638],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[47,641,642],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[47,645,646],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":649},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":651},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":663,"title":664,"body":665,"born":676,"description":677,"died":678,"extension":19,"image":679,"key":680,"meta":681,"name":682,"name_en":664,"navigation":24,"path":683,"seo":684,"stem":685,"wikipedia":686,"__hash__":687},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":666,"toc":674},[667],[11,668,669,670,673],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[47,671,672],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":675},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":677},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":689,"title":690,"body":691,"born":706,"description":707,"died":708,"extension":19,"image":709,"key":710,"meta":711,"name":712,"name_en":713,"navigation":24,"path":714,"seo":715,"stem":716,"wikipedia":717,"__hash__":718},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":692,"toc":704},[693],[11,694,695,696,699,700,703],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[47,697,698],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[47,701,702],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":705},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":707},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":720,"title":721,"body":722,"born":733,"description":734,"died":735,"extension":19,"image":736,"key":737,"meta":738,"name":739,"name_en":740,"navigation":24,"path":741,"seo":742,"stem":743,"wikipedia":744,"__hash__":745},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":723,"toc":731},[724],[11,725,726,727,730],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[47,728,729],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":732},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":734},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":747,"title":748,"body":749,"born":764,"description":765,"died":766,"extension":19,"image":767,"key":768,"meta":769,"name":748,"name_en":748,"navigation":24,"path":770,"seo":771,"stem":772,"wikipedia":773,"__hash__":774},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":750,"toc":762},[751],[11,752,753,754,757,758,761],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[47,755,756],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[47,759,760],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":763},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":765},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":776,"title":777,"body":778,"born":789,"description":790,"died":791,"extension":19,"image":792,"key":793,"meta":794,"name":795,"name_en":796,"navigation":24,"path":797,"seo":798,"stem":799,"wikipedia":800,"__hash__":801},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":779,"toc":787},[780],[11,781,782,783,786],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[47,784,785],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":788},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":790},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":803,"title":804,"body":805,"born":65,"description":830,"died":831,"extension":19,"image":832,"key":833,"meta":834,"name":835,"name_en":836,"navigation":24,"path":837,"seo":838,"stem":839,"wikipedia":840,"__hash__":841},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":806,"toc":828},[807],[11,808,809,810,812,813,816,817,819,820,823,824,827],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[47,811,577],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[47,814,815],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[47,818,461],{}," (or ",[47,821,822],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[47,825,826],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":829},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":830},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":843,"title":844,"body":845,"born":34,"description":863,"died":34,"extension":19,"image":864,"key":865,"meta":866,"name":867,"name_en":868,"navigation":24,"path":869,"seo":870,"stem":871,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":872},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":846,"toc":861},[847],[11,848,849,850,853,854,856,857,860],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[47,851,852],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[47,855,642],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[47,858,859],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":862},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":863},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":874,"title":875,"body":876,"born":706,"description":887,"died":888,"extension":19,"image":889,"key":890,"meta":891,"name":892,"name_en":893,"navigation":24,"path":894,"seo":895,"stem":896,"wikipedia":897,"__hash__":898},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":877,"toc":885},[878],[11,879,880,881,884],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[47,882,883],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":886},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":887},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":900,"title":901,"body":902,"born":909,"description":906,"died":910,"extension":19,"image":911,"key":912,"meta":913,"name":914,"name_en":901,"navigation":24,"path":915,"seo":916,"stem":917,"wikipedia":918,"__hash__":919},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":903,"toc":907},[904],[11,905,906],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":908},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":906},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":921,"title":922,"body":923,"born":930,"description":927,"died":931,"extension":19,"image":932,"key":933,"meta":934,"name":935,"name_en":922,"navigation":24,"path":936,"seo":937,"stem":938,"wikipedia":939,"__hash__":940},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":924,"toc":928},[925],[11,926,927],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":929},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg","jean-gerson",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":927},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":942,"title":943,"body":944,"born":965,"description":966,"died":109,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":967,"meta":968,"name":969,"name_en":943,"navigation":24,"path":970,"seo":971,"stem":972,"wikipedia":973,"__hash__":974},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":945,"toc":963},[946],[11,947,948,949,952,953,955,956,959,960,962],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[47,950,951],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[47,954,642],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[47,957,958],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[47,961,646],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":964},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":966},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":976,"title":977,"body":978,"born":989,"description":990,"died":991,"extension":19,"image":992,"key":993,"meta":994,"name":995,"name_en":977,"navigation":24,"path":996,"seo":997,"stem":998,"wikipedia":999,"__hash__":1000},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":979,"toc":987},[980],[11,981,982,983,986],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[47,984,985],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":988},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":990},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":1002,"title":1003,"body":1004,"born":1011,"description":1008,"died":1012,"extension":19,"image":1013,"key":1014,"meta":1015,"name":1016,"name_en":1003,"navigation":24,"path":1017,"seo":1018,"stem":1019,"wikipedia":1020,"__hash__":1021},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1005,"toc":1009},[1006],[11,1007,1008],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1010},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1008},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1023,"title":1024,"body":1025,"born":1044,"description":1045,"died":1046,"extension":19,"image":1047,"key":1048,"meta":1049,"name":1050,"name_en":1051,"navigation":24,"path":1052,"seo":1053,"stem":1054,"wikipedia":1055,"__hash__":1056},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1026,"toc":1042},[1027],[11,1028,1029,1030,1033,1034,1037,1038,1041],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[47,1031,1032],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[47,1035,1036],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[47,1039,1040],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1043},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1045},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1058,"title":1059,"body":1060,"born":1067,"description":1064,"died":557,"extension":19,"image":1068,"key":1069,"meta":1070,"name":1071,"name_en":1059,"navigation":24,"path":1072,"seo":1073,"stem":1074,"wikipedia":1075,"__hash__":1076},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1061,"toc":1065},[1062],[11,1063,1064],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1066},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1064},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1078,"title":1079,"body":1080,"born":1095,"description":1096,"died":1097,"extension":19,"image":1098,"key":1099,"meta":1100,"name":1101,"name_en":1079,"navigation":24,"path":1102,"seo":1103,"stem":1104,"wikipedia":1105,"__hash__":1106},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1081,"toc":1093},[1082],[11,1083,1084,1085,1088,1089,1092],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[47,1086,1087],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[47,1090,1091],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1094},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg","martin-luther",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1096},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1108,"title":1109,"body":1110,"born":1117,"description":1114,"died":1118,"extension":19,"image":193,"key":1119,"meta":1120,"name":1121,"name_en":1122,"navigation":24,"path":1123,"seo":1124,"stem":1125,"wikipedia":1126,"__hash__":1127},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1111,"toc":1115},[1112],[11,1113,1114],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1116},[],1360,1434,"maurice-of-prague",{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1114},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1129,"title":1130,"body":1131,"born":501,"description":1135,"died":1138,"extension":19,"image":1139,"key":1140,"meta":1141,"name":1142,"name_en":1143,"navigation":24,"path":1144,"seo":1145,"stem":1146,"wikipedia":1147,"__hash__":1148},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1132,"toc":1136},[1133],[11,1134,1135],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1137},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1135},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1150,"title":1151,"body":1152,"born":1159,"description":1156,"died":1160,"extension":19,"image":1161,"key":1162,"meta":1163,"name":1164,"name_en":1151,"navigation":24,"path":1165,"seo":1166,"stem":1167,"wikipedia":1168,"__hash__":1169},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1153,"toc":1157},[1154],[11,1155,1156],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1158},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1156},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1171,"title":1172,"body":1173,"born":65,"description":1192,"died":831,"extension":19,"image":1193,"key":1194,"meta":1195,"name":1196,"name_en":1197,"navigation":24,"path":1198,"seo":1199,"stem":1200,"wikipedia":1201,"__hash__":1202},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1174,"toc":1190},[1175],[11,1176,1177,1178,1181,1182,1185,1186,1189],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[47,1179,1180],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[47,1183,1184],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[47,1187,1188],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1191},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg","peraldus",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1192},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1204,"title":1205,"body":1206,"born":67,"description":1221,"died":1222,"extension":19,"image":1223,"key":1224,"meta":1225,"name":1226,"name_en":1205,"navigation":24,"path":1227,"seo":1228,"stem":1229,"wikipedia":1230,"__hash__":1231},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1207,"toc":1219},[1208],[11,1209,1210,1211,1214,1215,1218],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[47,1212,1213],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[47,1216,1217],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1220},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1221},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1233,"title":1234,"body":1235,"born":1250,"description":1251,"died":1252,"extension":19,"image":1253,"key":1254,"meta":1255,"name":1256,"name_en":1234,"navigation":24,"path":1257,"seo":1258,"stem":1259,"wikipedia":1260,"__hash__":1261},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1236,"toc":1248},[1237],[11,1238,1239,1240,1243,1244,1247],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[47,1241,1242],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[47,1245,1246],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1249},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1251},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1263,"title":1264,"body":1265,"born":1280,"description":1281,"died":1282,"extension":19,"image":1283,"key":1284,"meta":1285,"name":1286,"name_en":1264,"navigation":24,"path":1287,"seo":1288,"stem":1289,"wikipedia":1290,"__hash__":1291},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1266,"toc":1278},[1267],[11,1268,1269,1270,1273,1274,1277],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[47,1271,1272],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[47,1275,1276],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1279},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1281},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1293,"title":1294,"body":1295,"born":1306,"description":1307,"died":652,"extension":19,"image":1308,"key":1309,"meta":1310,"name":1311,"name_en":1294,"navigation":24,"path":1312,"seo":1313,"stem":1314,"wikipedia":1315,"__hash__":1316},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1296,"toc":1304},[1297],[11,1298,1299,1300,1303],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[47,1301,1302],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1305},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1307},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1318,"title":1319,"body":1320,"born":1335,"description":1336,"died":1337,"extension":19,"image":1338,"key":1339,"meta":1340,"name":1341,"name_en":1341,"navigation":24,"path":1342,"seo":1343,"stem":1344,"wikipedia":1345,"__hash__":1346},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1321,"toc":1333},[1322],[11,1323,1324,1325,1328,1329,1332],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[47,1326,1327],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[47,1330,1331],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1334},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1336},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1348,"title":1349,"body":1350,"born":1357,"description":1354,"died":1358,"extension":19,"image":1359,"key":1360,"meta":1361,"name":1349,"name_en":1349,"navigation":24,"path":1362,"seo":1363,"stem":1364,"wikipedia":34,"__hash__":1365},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1351,"toc":1355},[1352],[11,1353,1354],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1356},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1354},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1367,"title":1368,"body":1369,"born":1390,"description":1391,"died":501,"extension":19,"image":1392,"key":6,"meta":1393,"name":1394,"name_en":1395,"navigation":24,"path":1396,"seo":1397,"stem":1398,"wikipedia":1399,"__hash__":1400},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1370,"toc":1388},[1371],[11,1372,1373,1374,236,1377,1380,1381,1383,1384,1387],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[47,1375,1376],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[47,1378,1379],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[47,1382,642],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[47,1385,1386],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1389},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1391},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1402,"title":1403,"body":1404,"born":1414,"description":1415,"died":481,"extension":19,"image":1416,"key":1417,"meta":1418,"name":1419,"name_en":1420,"navigation":24,"path":1421,"seo":1422,"stem":1423,"wikipedia":1424,"__hash__":1425},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1405,"toc":1412},[1406],[11,1407,1408,1409,1411],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,1410,95],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1413},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1415},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1427,"title":1428,"body":1429,"born":652,"description":1439,"died":1440,"extension":19,"image":1441,"key":1442,"meta":1443,"name":1444,"name_en":1445,"navigation":24,"path":1446,"seo":1447,"stem":1448,"wikipedia":1449,"__hash__":1450},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1430,"toc":1437},[1431],[11,1432,1433,1434,1436],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[47,1435,577],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1438},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1439},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1452,"title":1453,"body":1454,"born":1468,"description":1469,"died":386,"extension":19,"image":1470,"key":1471,"meta":1472,"name":1473,"name_en":1453,"navigation":24,"path":1474,"seo":1475,"stem":1476,"wikipedia":1477,"__hash__":1478},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1455,"toc":1466},[1456],[11,1457,1458,1459,1462,1463,1465],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[47,1460,1461],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[47,1464,61],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1467},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1469},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1480,"title":1481,"body":1482,"born":501,"description":1496,"died":1497,"extension":19,"image":1498,"key":1499,"meta":1500,"name":1501,"name_en":1502,"navigation":24,"path":1503,"seo":1504,"stem":1505,"wikipedia":1506,"__hash__":1507},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1483,"toc":1494},[1484],[11,1485,1486,1487,1490,1491,1493],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[47,1488,1489],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[47,1492,95],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1495},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1496},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1509,"title":1510,"body":1511,"born":1522,"description":1523,"died":1524,"extension":19,"image":1525,"key":1526,"meta":1527,"name":1528,"name_en":1529,"navigation":24,"path":1530,"seo":1531,"stem":1532,"wikipedia":1533,"__hash__":1534},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1512,"toc":1520},[1513],[11,1514,1515,1516,1519],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[47,1517,1518],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1521},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1523},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1536,"title":1537,"body":1538,"born":1553,"description":1554,"died":1555,"extension":19,"image":1556,"key":1557,"meta":1558,"name":1559,"name_en":1537,"navigation":24,"path":1560,"seo":1561,"stem":1562,"wikipedia":1563,"__hash__":1564},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1539,"toc":1551},[1540],[11,1541,1542,1543,1546,1547,1550],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[47,1544,1545],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[47,1548,1549],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1552},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1554},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1566,"title":1567,"body":1568,"born":1581,"description":1582,"died":1583,"extension":19,"image":1584,"key":1585,"meta":1586,"name":1587,"name_en":1588,"navigation":24,"path":1589,"seo":1590,"stem":1591,"wikipedia":1592,"__hash__":1593},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1569,"toc":1579},[1570],[11,1571,1572,1573,1575,1576,1578],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[47,1574,815],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[47,1577,95],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1580},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1582},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1595,"title":1596,"body":1597,"born":1604,"description":1601,"died":1605,"extension":19,"image":1606,"key":1607,"meta":1608,"name":1596,"name_en":1596,"navigation":24,"path":1609,"seo":1610,"stem":1611,"wikipedia":1612,"__hash__":1613},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1598,"toc":1602},[1599],[11,1600,1601],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1603},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1601},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1615,"title":1616,"body":1617,"born":65,"description":1628,"died":1629,"extension":19,"image":1630,"key":1631,"meta":1632,"name":1633,"name_en":1634,"navigation":24,"path":1635,"seo":1636,"stem":1637,"wikipedia":1638,"__hash__":1639},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1618,"toc":1626},[1619],[11,1620,1621,1622,1625],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[47,1623,1624],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1627},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg","william-saint-amour",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1628},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1641,"title":1642,"body":1643,"born":1658,"description":1659,"died":1660,"extension":19,"image":1661,"key":1662,"meta":1663,"name":1642,"name_en":1642,"navigation":24,"path":1664,"seo":1665,"stem":1666,"wikipedia":1667,"__hash__":1668},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1644,"toc":1656},[1645],[11,1646,1647,1648,1651,1652,1655],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[47,1649,1650],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[47,1653,1654],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1657},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg","william-tyndale",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1659},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1670,"title":1671,"authors":1672,"body":1673,"cover":1683,"description":1684,"document":1685,"editors":34,"extension":19,"filesize":1686,"key":18,"language":1687,"meta":1688,"navigation":24,"ocr_model":1689,"pages":1690,"pagination_starts":1691,"path":1700,"seo":1701,"stem":1702,"title_en":1703,"typeface":1695,"url":1704,"year":1705,"__hash__":1706},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Fraymond-summa-1744.md","Sancti Raymundi de Pennafort, Ordinis Prædicatorum, Summa",[6],{"type":8,"value":1674,"toc":1681},[1675],[11,1676,1677,1678,1680],{},"Summa of Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275), the Catalan Dominican canonist and Master General of the Order of Preachers, augmented with the full text of the sacred canons cited therein. Raymond's ",[47,1679,577],{}," — composed c. 1224–1234 — is a systematic handbook of penitential and matrimonial law organized in four books: the first three covering simony, usury, homicide, theft, and related moral and canonical matters for use in the confessional; the fourth treating matrimony. This 1744 Verona edition, revised against manuscript sources, was prepared under the direction of the Dominican Order and printed at the Seminary Press by Augustino Carattonius.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1682},[],"\u002Fd\u002Fraymond-summa-1744\u002Fcover.jpg","Summa of Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275), the Catalan Dominican canonist and Master General of the Order of Preachers, augmented with the full text of the sacred canons cited therein. Raymond's Summa — composed c. 1224–1234 — is a systematic handbook of penitential and matrimonial law organized in four books: the first three covering simony, usury, homicide, theft, and related moral and canonical matters for use in the confessional; the fourth treating matrimony. This 1744 Verona edition, revised against manuscript sources, was prepared under the direction of the Dominican Order and printed at the Seminary Press by Augustino Carattonius.","\u002Fd\u002Fraymond-summa-1744.pdf","43.6MB","latin",{},"10.5281\u002Fzenodo.11113737",735,[1692,1697],{"pdf_page":1693,"printed_page":1694,"numeral_type":1695,"pagination":1696},21,1,"roman","page",{"pdf_page":1698,"printed_page":1694,"numeral_type":1699,"pagination":1696},95,"arabic","\u002Fdocuments\u002Fraymond-summa-1744",{"title":1671,"description":1684},"documents\u002Fraymond-summa-1744","Summa of Saint Raymond of Penyafort of the Order of Preachers","https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002Fbub_gb_Ge5dJpx5O9YC",1744,"GgZODEUNb8kmRvrUcFEOz6kLGxdmZYi0NUg-X0_uoa8",[1708,1730,1793,1853],{"id":1709,"title":1710,"body":1711,"description":1719,"extension":19,"meta":1725,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":1726,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":1727,"sortable_pagination_id":29,"stem":1728,"__hash__":1729},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F21.md","De Magistris, & ne aliquid exigant pro licentia docendi.",{"type":8,"value":1712,"toc":1723},[1713,1717,1720],[1714,1715,1710],"h1",{"id":1716},"de-magistris-ne-aliquid-exigant-pro-licentia-docendi",[11,1718,1719],{},"Diximus qualiter spiritualia prohibeantur acquiri; nunc videamus de iis, quæ spiritualium instar habent, scilicet de magistris, & licentia docendi.",[11,1721,1722],{},"Nota ergo, quod statutum fuit quondam ab Eugenio Papa, postea ab Alexandro in Concilio Late-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1724},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F21",{"title":1710,"description":1719},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F21","ovmUMO9yMLkX7yWjXiG9MC439L7h2varwkYm_R-ZQgM",{"id":1731,"title":1732,"body":1733,"description":1737,"extension":19,"meta":1787,"navigation":24,"page":1732,"path":1788,"pdf_page":1789,"reading":20,"seo":1790,"sortable_pagination_id":1789,"stem":1791,"__hash__":1792},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F22.md","22",{"type":8,"value":1734,"toc":1784},[1735,1738,1741,1744,1747,1750,1753,1758,1763,1766,1769,1772,1775,1778,1781],[11,1736,1737],{},"ranense, deinde ab Innocentio in Concilio generali, quod singulæ Ecclesiæ Cathedrales tenerent singulos magistros liberalium artium, ad minus grammaticæ, quæ earumdem Ecclesiarum Clericos, & alios scholares pauperes, gratis instituerent; propter quod aliquod competens beneficium magistro cuilibet præberetur in Ecclesia. Adjecit etiam in sua constitutione Dominus Innocentius, quod non solum fieret hoc in Ecclesiis Cathedralibus, sed etiam in aliis, quarum possent sufficere facultates. Item quod Metropolitana Ecclesia Theologum nihilominus habeat, qui sacerdotes, & alios in sacra pagina doceat, & in his præsertim informet, quæ ad curam animarum spectare noscuntur.",[11,1739,1740],{},"Probantur hæc dift. 37. c. De quibusdam. Extra, de magistris, c. Quoniam, & Quia nonnullis.",[11,1742,1743],{},"De quibusdam locis ad nos refertur, neque magistros, neque curam inveniri pro studio litterarum. Idcirco ab universis Episcopis subjectisque plebibus & aliis locis, in quibus necessitas occurrerit, omnino cura, & diligentia adhibeatur, ut magistri & doctores constituantur, qui studia litterarum, liberaliumque artium dogmata assidue doceant; quia in his maxime divina manifestantur, atque declarantur mandata.",[11,1745,1746],{},"QUoniam Ecclesia Dei, sicut pia mater providere tenetur, ne pauperibus, qui parentum opibus juvari non possunt, legendi & proficiendi opportunitas subtrahatur, unamquamque Cathedralem Ecclesiam magistro, qui Clericos ejusdem, & scholares pauperes gratis doceat, competens aliquod beneficium præbeatur (& infra) Pro licentia vero docendi nullus pretium exigat, vel sub obtentu alicujus consuetudinis ab eis, qui docent, quid quærat, nec docere quemquam (qui sit idoneus) petita licentia illis interdicat; qui autem contra hoc venire præsumpserit, Ecclesiastico fiat beneficio alienus: dignum quippe videtur, ut in Ecclesia fructus sui laboris non habeat, qui cupiditate animi, dum vendit docendi licentiam, Ecclesiasticum profectum nititur impedire.",[11,1748,1749],{},"QUia nonnullis propter inopiam, & legendi studium, & opportunitas proficiendi subtrahitur, in Laterauensi Concilio pia fuit constitutione provisum, ut per unamquamque Cathedralem Ecclesiam, magistro, qui ejusdem Ecclesiæ clericos, aliofque scholares pauperes gratis institueret, aliquod competens beneficium præberetur, quo & docentia relevaretur necessitas, & via pateret discentibus ad doctrinam. Verum quoniam in multis Ecclesiis id minime observatur, Nos præditum roborantes statutum, adjicimus, ut non solum in qualibet Cathedrali Ecclesia, sed etiam in aliis, quæ sufficere poterant facultates, constituatur magister idoneus a Prælato eum Capitulo, seu majori, & saniori parte capituli eligendus, qui clericos Ecclesiarum ipsarum gratis in grammatica facultate, ac alios instruat juxta posse. Sane Metropolis Ecclesia Theologum nihilominus habeat, qui sacerdotes, & alios in sacra pagina doceat, & in his præsertim informet, quæ ad curam animarum spectare noscuntur. Assignetur autem cuilibet magistrorum a Capitulo unius præben-",[11,1751,1752],{},"de proventus, & pro Theologo Metropolitano tantundem, non quod propter hoc efficiatur canonicus, sed tamdiu reditus ipsos percipiat, quamdin perstiterit in docendo: quod si forte de duobus magistris Ecclesia Metropolis gravetur, Theologo juxta modum præditum ipsa provideat; grammatico vero in alia Ecclesia suæ civitatis, sive diœcefis, quæ sufficere valeat, faciat provideri.",[1754,1755,1757],"h2",{"id":1756},"i","§. I.",[11,1759,1760],{},[47,1761,1762],{},"Utrum committat simoniam Magister, si exigit aliquid a pauperibus, vel a Clericis Ecclesiæ, a qua recipit beneficium.",[11,1764,1765],{},"REspondeo sic: quum enim hoc sit spirituale, & ex officio suo teneatur facere; certum est, exigere aliquid propter hoc, simoniam esse. Extra, de simonia, c. Nemo. In Templo vendentes sunt, qui hoc, quod quibusdam jure competit, ad præmium largiuntur. Caussa 1. q. 3. c. Vendentes. Cum eo concordat etiam Beda, eadem q. c. Non solum.",[11,1767,1768],{},"Non solum venditores sunt columbarum, & domum Dei faciunt domum negotiationis, qui sacros ordines, largiendo pretium pecuniæ, vel landis, vel etiam honoris, inquirunt. Verum hi quoque, qui gradum, vel gratiam in Ecclesia spiritualem, quam Domino largiente, perceperunt, non simplici intentione, sed cujuslibet humanæ caussa retributionis exercent, contra illud Petri Apostoli: Qui loquitur, quasi sermones Dei: qui ministrat, tamquam ex virtute, quam administrat Deus, ut in omnibus honorificetur Deus per Jesum Christum. Quicumque ergo tales sunt, si nolunt, veniente Domino, de Ecclesia auferri, auferant ista de actibus suis, ne faciant domum Dei domum negotiationis.",[11,1770,1771],{},"Per eadem jura dico, simoniam committere magistrum, qui festum de jure, vel consuetudine colendum, non vult concedere scholaribus colendum, nisi pecunia sibi data; vel e converso, diem non colendum concedit colendum pro pecunia.",[11,1773,1774],{},"Sed numquid ab aliis scholaribus, qui nec sunt pauperes, nec de eadem Ecclesia, potest exigere salarium? vel numquid Magister in scholis Parisiis, vel Bononiæ potest facere licite collectam?",[11,1776,1777],{},"Videtur quod non; quia scientia donum Dei est, unde vendi non potest. Caussa 1. q. 3. c. Non solum, ut supra; immo potius debet projicere pecuniam exemplo Socratis, qui magnum pondus auri abjecit, videns, se non posse simul virtutes, & divitias possidere. Item professores juris, etsi honeste sponte oblata recipiant, tamen inhonesie petunt, ff. de var. & extraord. cog. l. 1. §. Est enim quidem.",[11,1779,1780],{},"Sed contra; qui pro tempore præstat obsequium, debet consequi beneficium, 12. q. 2. Charitatem. Item potest Magister vendere doctrinam, sicut & jurisperitus consilium, 14. q. 5. c. Non sane.",[11,1782,1783],{},"Non sane, quidquid ab invito sumitur, injuriose aufertur; nam plerique nec Medi-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1785},[1786],{"id":1756,"depth":16,"text":1757},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F22",116,{"description":1737},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F22","mcDOVOzp2eJYM5GEIPHiRj1zrldhrPzuV-lg45bqJ0A",{"id":1794,"title":1795,"body":1796,"description":1800,"extension":19,"meta":1847,"navigation":24,"page":1795,"path":1848,"pdf_page":1849,"reading":20,"seo":1850,"sortable_pagination_id":1849,"stem":1851,"__hash__":1852},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F23.md","23",{"type":8,"value":1797,"toc":1844},[1798,1801,1804,1807,1810,1813,1816,1819,1823,1826,1829,1832,1835,1838,1841],[11,1799,1800],{},"-ca volunt reddere honorem suum, nec operario mercedem; nec tamen hæc, qui ab invita accipiunt, per injuriam accipiunt, quæ potius per injuriam non darentur; sed non ideo debet index vendere justum judicium, aut testimonium verum, quia vendit advocatus justum patrocinium, jurisperitus verum consilium: illi enim inter utramque partem ad examen adhibentur; isti ex una parte consistunt. Cum autem &c.",[11,1802,1803],{},"Item gratis potest docere, nihilominus pro expensis suis collectam facere, sicut testis gratis testatur, & tamen recipit procurationem, 4. q. 3. c. Si testes, §. Venturis.",[11,1805,1806],{},"Si testes... Venturis autem ad judicium per accusatorem, aut ab iis, per quos fuerant postulati, sumtus competentes ministrentur, etiamsi in pecuniaria caussa ab alterutra parte testes sint producendi.",[11,1808,1809],{},"Et Episcopus gratis consecrat Ecclesiam, & recipit similiter procurationem. Extra, de simonia, c. Cum sit.",[11,1811,1812],{},"Solutio. Dico cum Laurent. & Joan. quod si sua non sufficiunt ei competenter, & honeste, potest licite exigere, & moderate: alias nihil debet exigere; sed sponte ablata poterit recipere, 1. q. 2. c. Placuit, 33. q. a. c. Quæsta est. Dist. 18. c. De Eulogiis.",[11,1814,1815],{},"Placuit, ut quoties ab aliqua fidelium ad consecrandas Ecclesias Episcopi invitantur, non quasi ex debito munus aliquod a fundatore requirant; sed si ipse quidem aliquid ex suo voto obtulerit, non respuatur: si vera aut paupertas illum, aut necessitas retinet, nihil exigatur ab illa; hoc tamen unusquisque Episcoporum meminerit, ut non prius dedicet Ecclesiam, nisi antea dotem Basilicæ, & obsequium ipsius per donationem chartulæ confirmatum, accipiat. Nam non levis culpa est illa temeritas, si sine luminariis, vel sine substantiali sustentatione eorum, qui ibidem servituri sunt, tamquam domus privata, consecretur Ecclesia.",[11,1817,1818],{},"De Eulogiis ad sacra Concilia deferendis nihil invenimus a Majoribus terminatum; sed sicut unicuique presbytero placuerit. Nam si constitutum fuerit illo in tempore benedictiones afferri, forsitan minus libenter ad Synodum occurrent, & magis venire obtractabunt, quæ non sunt, ut arbitrantur, rationabiliter requirendæ, nec ultro delatæ, respuendæ.",[1754,1820,1822],{"id":1821},"ii","§. II.",[11,1824,1825],{},"Quid de Cancellaric Parisiensi, vel Bonniensi, vel de Magistris scholarum, seu de præceptoribus aliarum Ecclesiarum, qui a cupiditate, vel consuetudine longa, nolunt forte aliquando dare licentiam docendi, nisi aliquo sibi dato?",[11,1827,1828],{},"Ad hoc dico, quod nec qui petit licentiam, nec quid dare, vel promittere, nec aliquid supra dictorum aliquid exigere: si contra hoc factum fuerit, debent exactores dignitatibus ac beneficiis Ecclesiasticis spoliari. Extra, de magistris, cap. 4. & 3. seu c. Prohibeas.",[11,1830,1831],{},"Prohibeas, ne in parochia tua prædicantia docendi exigatur aliquid, aut etiam præmittatur. Si quid vero postea solutum fuerit, vel promissum, remitti promissum facias, & restitui, appellatione cessante, solutum, sciens quod scriptum est: Gratis accepistis, gratis date. Sane si quis distulerit Magistros in locis congruis instituere, tibi liceat, appellatione postposita, ibi aliorum instruendis præficere viros pravidos, honestos, & discretos.",[11,1833,1834],{},"Quanta Gallicana Ecclesia Majorum per bonarum scientia & honestate præfulget, continentius nititur cavere, quæ confundere Ecclesiasticam videantur honestatem, tanto vehementiori dignos esse animadversione censemus, qui nomen Magistri scholarum, & dignitatem assumunt, & sine certo pretio Ecclesiasticis viris docendi alios licentiam non dant. Cum autem hæc prava consuetudo a cupiditatis radice processerit, & de admodum Ecclesiasticæ honestatis confundat; mandamus quatenus (consuetudine ipsa de vestris Ecclesiis exstirpata) sub anathematis interminatione hoc inhibere curetis, districte præcipientes, ut quicumque viri idonei, & litterati voluerint regere studia litterarum, sine malestia, & exactione qualibet, scholas regere permittantur: si qui vero hujusmodi prohibitionis, vel præcepti exstiterint transgressores, eas officiis, & dignitatibus spolietis.",[11,1836,1837],{},"Et licet ex utraque parte turpitudo vetetur, & ideo videatur potior conditio possidentis, ff. de cond. ob turp. Caus. l. 3. tamen subvenitur hic magistro promittenti, & solventi, ut promissum remittatur, & quod solverit, sibi, appellatione cessante, & non obstante aliqua consuetudine, restituatur, non in favorem sui, sed in odium alterius. Extra, de Magistris, c. Prohibeas, & c. Quanta.",[11,1839,1840],{},"Quid de Episcopo, qui clerico suo noluerit dare licentiam eundi ad scholas, nisi data sibi primo pecunia.",[11,1842,1843],{},"Re-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1845},[1846],{"id":1821,"depth":16,"text":1822},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F23",117,{"description":1800},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F23","qXpAAGaKIpISF4d6staJ6af9oUiVXnM7SWm9O9yvclk",{"id":1854,"title":25,"body":1855,"description":1859,"extension":19,"meta":1871,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":1872,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":1873,"sortable_pagination_id":28,"stem":1874,"__hash__":1875},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F24.md",{"type":8,"value":1856,"toc":1869},[1857,1860,1863,1866],[11,1858,1859],{},"Respondeo eum Laur. stricte non est simonia, sed turpe lucrum. Arg. Caussa 1. quaest. 3. cap. Vendentes.",[11,1861,1862],{},"In summa nota, quod in omnibus supradictis nomine pecuniae totum, quod habent homines in terra, seu mobile, seu immobile, intelligitur, ut Caussa 1. quaest. 3. e. Totum.",[11,1864,1865],{},"TOtum, quidquid homines possident in terra, omnia, quorum domini sunt, pecunia vocatur: servus, vas, ager, arbor, pecus, quidquid horum est, pecunia dicitur. Ideo autem pecunia vocata est, quia antiqui totum, quod habebant, in pecoribus habebant.",[11,1867,1868],{},"Item in talibus simoniis credo, cum contritis, & vere poenitentibus posse per Episcopum dispensari, quia non sibi est prohibitum; quod sufficit.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1870},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F24",{"description":1859},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F24","6l1G_tl3govOavG-Xa4RiCTJ6TtWMybEqmu7P_18oBQ",[1877,1898,2031,2127],{"id":1878,"title":1879,"body":1880,"description":1887,"extension":19,"meta":1893,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":1894,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":1895,"sortable_pagination_id":29,"stem":1896,"__hash__":1897},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F21.md","On Masters, and That They Should Exact Nothing for a License to Teach",{"type":8,"value":1881,"toc":1891},[1882,1885,1888],[1714,1883,1879],{"id":1884},"on-masters-and-that-they-should-exact-nothing-for-a-license-to-teach",[11,1886,1887],{},"We have discussed how spiritual things are forbidden to be acquired; now let us consider those things that are treated like spiritual things — namely, masters and the license to teach.",[11,1889,1890],{},"Note, therefore, that a statute was once issued by Pope Eugenius, and afterwards by Alexander at the Council of Late-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1892},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F21",{"title":1879,"description":1887},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F21","degoy69FsTSIaXeDRjOiBgFp-UBIGLpRFuTn8fuTxy8",{"id":1899,"title":1732,"body":1900,"description":1904,"extension":19,"meta":2026,"navigation":24,"page":1732,"path":2027,"pdf_page":1789,"reading":20,"seo":2028,"sortable_pagination_id":1789,"stem":2029,"__hash__":2030},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F22.md",{"type":8,"value":1901,"toc":2023},[1902,1905,1920,1926,1932,1938,1941,1943,1948,1973,1979,1982,1985,2001,2017],[11,1903,1904],{},"-ran [i.e., the Third Lateran Council], and thereafter by Innocentius at the general Council [the Fourth Lateran Council], that each cathedral church should maintain at least one master of the liberal arts — at minimum of grammar — who would instruct the clerics of those churches and other poor scholars without charge; and that on this account some suitable benefice should be provided to each such master in the church. Lord Innocentius also added in his constitution that this should take place not only in cathedral churches, but also in others whose resources could suffice. Moreover, the metropolitan church should nonetheless have a theologian who might teach priests and others in sacred scripture, and instruct them especially in those things known to pertain to the care of souls.",[11,1906,1907,1908,1911,1912,1915,1916,1919],{},"These matters are proved at ",[47,1909,1910],{},"dist. 37, c. De quibusdam","; ",[47,1913,1914],{},"Extra, de magistris, c. Quoniam",", and ",[47,1917,1918],{},"c. Quia nonnullis",".",[11,1921,1922,1925],{},[47,1923,1924],{},"De quibusdam locis"," — It is reported to us from certain places that neither masters nor provision for literary studies are to be found. Therefore let every care and diligence be applied by all bishops, subject parishes, and other places where need arises, so that masters and teachers may be appointed who shall continually teach literary studies and the doctrines of the liberal arts; for in these things the divine commandments are chiefly made manifest and declared.",[11,1927,1928,1931],{},[47,1929,1930],{},"Quoniam"," — Because the Church of God, as a pious mother, is bound to provide that the opportunity of reading and advancing not be taken from the poor who cannot be aided by their parents’ means, some suitable benefice shall be assigned to a master at each cathedral church who may freely teach its clerics and poor scholars — and further: for the license to teach, no one shall exact a price, nor under pretext of any custom demand anything from those who teach, nor shall any one forbid teaching to anyone who is suitable, once license has been sought from them; whoever shall presume to act against this shall be deprived of his ecclesiastical benefice; for it seems fitting that one who, out of greed, seeks to impede the advancement of the Church by selling the license to teach, should not enjoy the fruits of his labor in the Church.",[11,1933,1934,1937],{},[47,1935,1936],{},"Quia nonnullis"," — Because the opportunity for study and the chance of advancement is denied to some on account of poverty, the Lateran Council provided by a pious constitution that in each cathedral church a suitable benefice should be assigned to a master who would freely instruct the clerics of that church and other poor scholars — so that the need of teachers might be relieved and the way to learning opened to students. But since this is little observed in many churches, we, confirming the said statute, add that not only in each cathedral church, but also in others where resources may suffice, there shall be appointed a suitable master, to be chosen by the prelate together with the chapter or the greater and sounder part of the chapter, who shall freely instruct the clerics of those churches in the faculty of grammar and others in accordance with his ability. Indeed the metropolitan church shall also have a theologian who may teach priests and others in sacred scripture, and instruct them especially in those things known to pertain to the care of souls. Moreover, the chapter shall assign to each of the masters the revenues of one prebend —",[11,1939,1940],{},"— and the same to the metropolitan theologian — not so that he thereby becomes a canon, but that he may receive those revenues for as long as he continues in teaching; but if by chance the metropolitan church should be burdened by two masters, it shall provide for the theologian in the manner described above, and shall arrange for the grammarian to be provided for in another church of its city or diocese that is able to suffice.",[1754,1942,1757],{"id":1756},[11,1944,1945],{},[47,1946,1947],{},"Whether a master commits simony if he exacts something from the poor, or from the clerics of the church from which he receives his benefice.",[11,1949,1950,1951,1954,1955,1958,1959,1954,1962,1965,1966,1954,1969,1972],{},"I respond: yes — for since this is a spiritual matter and he is bound to perform it by virtue of his office, it is certain that to exact anything on this account is simony. ",[47,1952,1953],{},"Extra, de simonia, c. Nemo"," [",[47,1956,1957],{},"X. 5.3.1","]. Those who sell in the Temple are those who bestow for a reward what by right belongs to certain persons. ",[47,1960,1961],{},"Causa 1, q. 3, c. Vendentes",[47,1963,1964],{},"C. 1 q. 3 c. 2","]. Beda agrees with this, at the same question, ",[47,1967,1968],{},"c. Non solum",[47,1970,1971],{},"C. 1 q. 3 c. 4","].",[11,1974,1975,1978],{},[47,1976,1977],{},"Non solum"," — They are not only sellers of doves and makers of the house of God into a house of trade who seek sacred orders by paying a price in money, praise, or honor. But also those who exercise the spiritual grade or grace in the Church which they received by the Lord’s gift, not with a simple intention but for the sake of some human recompense — acting against the word of the Apostle Peter: “Whoever speaks, let him speak as the oracles of God; whoever ministers, let him do it as with the strength that God supplies, so that in all things God may be glorified through Jesus Christ.” Therefore all such persons, if they do not wish to be removed from the Church when the Lord comes, let them remove these things from their conduct, lest they make the house of God a house of trade.",[11,1980,1981],{},"By these same authorities I say that a master commits simony who, when a feast is to be observed by right or custom, refuses to grant scholars leave to observe it unless money is given to him; or, conversely, grants leave to observe a non-feast day in exchange for money.",[11,1983,1984],{},"But can he exact a salary from other scholars who are neither poor nor of that same church? Or, can a master at Paris or Bologna lawfully make a collection?",[11,1986,1987,1988,1991,1992,1994,1995,1954,1998,1972],{},"It seems that he cannot, because knowledge is the gift of God and therefore cannot be sold. ",[47,1989,1990],{},"Causa 1, q. 3, c. Non solum",", as above [",[47,1993,1971],{},"]; indeed he should rather cast money away, after the example of Socrates, who threw away a great weight of gold, seeing that he could not possess both virtues and riches at once. Likewise, professors of law, even if they may honorably accept what is freely offered, nevertheless dishonorably demand it: ",[47,1996,1997],{},"ff. de var. & extraord. cog., l. 1, §. Est enim quidem",[47,1999,2000],{},"Dig. 50.13.1 pr.",[11,2002,2003,2004,1954,2007,2010,2011,1954,2014,1972],{},"But on the other hand: one who renders service over time ought to receive a benefit in return, ",[47,2005,2006],{},"12, q. 2, Charitatem",[47,2008,2009],{},"C. 12 q. 2 c. 32","]. Likewise a master may sell his teaching just as a jurist may sell his counsel, ",[47,2012,2013],{},"14, q. 5, c. Non sane",[47,2015,2016],{},"C. 14 q. 5 c. 12",[11,2018,2019,2022],{},[47,2020,2021],{},"Non sane"," — Whatever is taken from an unwilling person is taken wrongfully; for many people are unwilling to render a physician —",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2024},[2025],{"id":1756,"depth":16,"text":1757},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F22",{"description":1904},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F22","ye18H2HMGRIMyOAyAsnAoOe3TU1-pBbj5g3E0IPD2cQ",{"id":2032,"title":1795,"body":2033,"description":2037,"extension":19,"meta":2122,"navigation":24,"page":1795,"path":2123,"pdf_page":1849,"reading":20,"seo":2124,"sortable_pagination_id":1849,"stem":2125,"__hash__":2126},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F23.md",{"type":8,"value":2034,"toc":2119},[2035,2038,2044,2049,2055,2067,2073,2078,2080,2083,2093,2098,2104,2114,2117],[11,2036,2037],{},"-cians are willing to render their proper fee, nor employers the laborer’s wage; and yet those who accept payment from an unwilling party do not receive it unjustly, since it would rather be unjust not to give it. But for this reason a judge ought not to sell a just verdict, nor a witness true testimony, merely because an advocate sells just advocacy and a jurist true counsel: for the latter stand on one side only, while the former are brought in between both parties for examination. But and so on.",[11,2039,2040,2041],{},"Item: one may teach freely and yet make a collection for one’s expenses, just as a witness testifies freely and yet receives a procuration. ",[47,2042,2043],{},"Decretum IV, q. 3, c. Si testes, §. Venturis.",[11,2045,2046,2048],{},[47,2047,1806],{}," [To witnesses coming to judgment at the summons of the accuser, or of those by whom they were called, competent expenses shall be supplied, even if in a monetary cause the witnesses are to be produced by either party.]",[11,2050,2051,2052],{},"And a bishop consecrates a church freely and likewise receives a procuration [hospitality allowance]. ",[47,2053,2054],{},"Extra, de simonia, c. Cum sit.",[11,2056,2057,2058,1911,2061,1911,2064],{},"Solution. I say, with Laurent. and Joan., that if his own means do not suffice him competently and honorably, he may lawfully demand payment in moderation; otherwise he ought to demand nothing, but may accept what is voluntarily offered. ",[47,2059,2060],{},"Decretum I, q. 2, c. Placuit",[47,2062,2063],{},"Decretum XXXIII, q. 2, c. Quaesta est",[47,2065,2066],{},"Decretum Dist. 18, c. De Eulogiis.",[11,2068,2069,2072],{},[47,2070,2071],{},"Placuit, ut quoties ab aliqua fidelium ad consecrandas Ecclesias Episcopi invitantur, non quasi ex debito munus aliquod a fundatore requirant; sed si ipse quidem aliquid ex suo voto obtulerit, non respuatur: si vero aut paupertas illum, aut necessitas retinet, nihil exigatur ab illa; hoc tamen unusquisque Episcoporum meminerit, ut non prius dedicet Ecclesiam, nisi antea dotem Basilicæ, & obsequium ipsius per donationem chartulæ confirmatum, accipiat. Nam non levis culpa est illa temeritas, si sine luminariis, vel sine substantiali sustentatione eorum, qui ibidem servituri sunt, tamquam domus privata, consecretur Ecclesia."," [It was decreed that whenever bishops are invited by any of the faithful to consecrate churches, they should not demand any gift from the founder as though it were owed; but if the founder freely offers something from his own vow, it should not be refused. If, however, poverty or necessity restrains him, nothing is to be exacted from him. Nevertheless, let each bishop remember not to dedicate the church until he has first received a written donation confirming the church’s endowment and the arrangement for its service. For it is no light offense rashly to consecrate a church as though it were a private house, without lights or without adequate support for those who will serve there.]",[11,2074,2075,2077],{},[47,2076,1818],{}," [Concerning eulogies [gifts of bread] to be brought to sacred councils, we find nothing settled by our predecessors; it is left to each presbyter’s pleasure. For if it were made obligatory to bring such offerings at that time, they might come less willingly to the Synod and be more reluctant to attend, since [such offerings] are not, in their view, to be reasonably required, nor, when brought voluntarily, to be refused.]",[1754,2079,1822],{"id":1821},[11,2081,2082],{},"What of the Chancellor of Paris or Bologna, or the masters of schools, or the teachers of other churches, who out of greed or long-standing custom are sometimes unwilling to grant a license to teach unless something is given to them?",[11,2084,2085,2086,2089,2090],{},"To this I say that neither he who seeks a license ought to give or promise anything, nor should any of the aforesaid exact anything. If this is violated, the exactors ought to be stripped of their ecclesiastical dignities and benefices. ",[47,2087,2088],{},"Extra, de magistris, cap. 4 and 3",", or ",[47,2091,2092],{},"c. Prohibeas.",[11,2094,2095,2097],{},[47,2096,1831],{}," [Prohibit anything from being exacted or even promised in your parish for the practice of teaching. If anything has been paid or promised thereafter, have the promise remitted and, with appeal suspended, the payment restored, knowing what is written: “Freely you have received, freely give” [Matthew 10:8]. Indeed, if anyone has delayed in appointing masters in suitable places, you are permitted, setting aside appeal, to appoint there prudent, honorable, and discreet men for the instruction of others.]",[11,2099,2100,2103],{},[47,2101,2102],{},"Quanta Gallicana Ecclesia Majorum per bonarum scientia & honestate præfulget, continentius nititur cavere, quæ confundere Ecclesiasticam videantur honestatem, tanto vehementiori dignos esse animadversione censemus, qui nomen Magistri scholarum, & dignitatem assumunt, & sine certo pretio Ecclesiasticis viris docendi alios licentiam non dant. Cum autem hæc prava consuetudo a cupiditatis radice processerit, & de admodum Ecclesiasticæ honestatis confundat; mandamus quatenus (consuetudine ipsa de vestris Ecclesiis exstirpata) sub anathematis interminatione hoc inhibere curetis, districte præcipientes, ut quicumque viri idonei, & litterati voluerint regere studia litterarum, sine molestia, & exactione qualibet, scholas regere permittantur: si qui vero hujusmodi prohibitionis, vel præcepti exstiterint transgressores, eas officiis, & dignitatibus spolietis."," [Inasmuch as the Gallican Church shines so brilliantly through the learning and integrity of its great men, and strives more earnestly to guard against what may seem to dishonor ecclesiastical propriety, we judge the more worthy of severe censure those who take on the title and dignity of master of schools and yet do not grant ecclesiastical men a license to teach others without a fixed payment. Since this corrupt custom has arisen from the root of greed and greatly dishonors ecclesiastical propriety, we command that, once this custom has been rooted out from your churches, you take care to prohibit it under threat of anathema, strictly ordering that whatever qualified and learned men wish to govern schools of learning shall be permitted to do so without any harassment or exaction. If any transgress this prohibition or command, strip them of their offices and dignities.]",[11,2105,2106,2107,2110,2111],{},"And although the disgrace applies to both parties, and therefore the possessor’s condition might seem the stronger — ",[47,2108,2109],{},"Digest de cond. ob turp. Caus. l. 3"," — nevertheless relief is here given to the master who promised and paid, so that the promise is remitted and what he paid is restored to him, with appeal suspended and notwithstanding any custom, not for his own benefit but out of odium for the other party. ",[47,2112,2113],{},"Extra, de Magistris, c. Prohibeas and c. Quanta.",[11,2115,2116],{},"What of a bishop who is unwilling to give his cleric leave to go to school unless money is first given to him?",[11,2118,1843],{},{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2120},[2121],{"id":1821,"depth":16,"text":1822},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F23",{"description":2037},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F23","ZCSxCLC6ctsRgTXglD5byxwlP90Yl1bCd2hzMhM5-eU",{"id":2128,"title":25,"body":2129,"description":2164,"extension":19,"meta":2165,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":2166,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":2167,"sortable_pagination_id":28,"stem":2168,"__hash__":2169},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F24.md",{"type":8,"value":2130,"toc":2162},[2131,2137,2147,2159],[11,2132,2133,2134],{},"I respond with Laur.: strictly speaking it is not simony, but shameful gain. ",[47,2135,2136],{},"Arg. Decretum Causa 1, quaest. 3, cap. Vendentes.",[11,2138,2139,2140,2143,2144],{},"In sum, note that in all of the above cases the word “money” [",[47,2141,2142],{},"pecunia","] is understood to encompass everything that men possess on earth, whether movable or immovable, as in ",[47,2145,2146],{},"Decretum Causa 1, quaest. 3, c. Totum.",[11,2148,2149,2151,2152,2154,2155,2158],{},[47,2150,1865],{}," [Everything whatsoever that men possess on earth — all of which they are masters — is called money: a slave, a vessel, a field, a tree, livestock; whatever falls under these categories is called money. It is called “",[47,2153,2142],{},"” because the ancients had everything they owned in the form of cattle [",[47,2156,2157],{},"pecora","].]",[11,2160,2161],{},"Item, in such simonies I believe that the bishop can grant a dispensation to the truly contrite and penitent, since it is not forbidden to him; which suffices.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2163},[],"I respond with Laur.: strictly speaking it is not simony, but shameful gain. Arg. Decretum Causa 1, quaest. 3, cap. Vendentes.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F24",{"description":2164},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fraymond-summa-licenses\u002F24","toYZPpm00ia2ZJ8kYWtw0FYT-TvyB61cTuzpOv4KTy4",1789161134455]