[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1860},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-tyndale-obedience-covetousness":3,"authors":36,"doc-tyndale-obedience-covetousness":1668,"transcription-cols-tyndale-obedience-covetousness":1700,"translation-cols-tyndale-obedience-covetousness":1784},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":13,"document":18,"extension":19,"key":20,"meta":21,"navigation":24,"page_end":25,"page_start":26,"path":27,"pdf_page_end":28,"pdf_page_start":29,"section":30,"seo":31,"stem":32,"title_en":5,"translator":33,"year":34,"__hash__":35},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness.md","Of the Covetousness of the Spiritualty","william-tyndale",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":14},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Tyndale's catalogue of the exactions by which the clergy fleece the realm. Beginning with their seizure of the tithe — \"the tenth of all the realm\" — he enumerates their temporal lands, mortuaries, offering-days, and privy tithes, and the endless fees for churchings, weddings, burials, hallowings, and priests' first masses. The indictment climaxes in his image of the clergy flaying the laity: \"the parson shears, the vicar shaves, the parish priest polls, the friar scrapes, and the pardoner pares; we lack but a butcher to pull off the skin.\" He likens the spiritualty to horseleeches, caterpillars, and wolves in lambs' skins, to be known and judged by their works.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":17},"",2,[],"tyndale-obedience","md","tyndale-obedience-covetousness",{"start_text":22,"end_text":23},"Neither as vnsaciable wretches","iudge them bi their workes",true,"78r","76r","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness",155,151,"The Duty of the Higher Powers",{"title":5,"description":13},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness",null,1528,"5bw3L3iBHzEA8PjAYRHSDcS4FGUEdvNcMXUhUfaY3dk",[37,76,118,155,182,200,220,258,288,324,351,394,439,490,512,536,566,593,627,661,687,718,745,774,801,841,872,898,919,940,974,1000,1021,1056,1076,1106,1127,1148,1169,1202,1231,1261,1291,1316,1346,1365,1401,1426,1451,1479,1508,1535,1565,1594,1614,1640],{"id":38,"title":39,"body":40,"born":64,"description":65,"died":66,"extension":19,"image":67,"key":68,"meta":69,"name":48,"name_en":70,"navigation":24,"path":71,"seo":72,"stem":73,"wikipedia":74,"__hash__":75},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":41,"toc":62},[42],[11,43,44,45,49,50,53,54,57,58,61],{},"Albert the Great (",[46,47,48],"em",{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[46,51,52],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[46,55,56],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[46,59,60],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":63},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":65},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":77,"title":78,"body":79,"born":106,"description":107,"died":108,"extension":19,"image":109,"key":110,"meta":111,"name":86,"name_en":112,"navigation":24,"path":113,"seo":114,"stem":115,"wikipedia":116,"__hash__":117},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":80,"toc":104},[81],[11,82,83,84,87,88,91,92,95,96,99,100,103],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[46,85,86],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[46,89,90],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[46,93,94],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[46,97,98],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[46,101,102],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":105},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":107},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":119,"title":120,"body":121,"born":142,"description":143,"died":144,"extension":19,"image":145,"key":146,"meta":147,"name":148,"name_en":149,"navigation":24,"path":150,"seo":151,"stem":152,"wikipedia":153,"__hash__":154},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":122,"toc":140},[123],[11,124,125,126,129,130,129,133,129,136,139],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[46,127,128],{},"De fide",", ",[46,131,132],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[46,134,135],{},"De mysteriis",[46,137,138],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":141},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":143},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":156,"title":157,"body":158,"born":169,"description":170,"died":171,"extension":19,"image":172,"key":173,"meta":174,"name":175,"name_en":176,"navigation":24,"path":177,"seo":178,"stem":179,"wikipedia":180,"__hash__":181},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":159,"toc":167},[160],[11,161,162,163,166],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[46,164,165],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":168},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":170},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":183,"title":184,"body":185,"born":33,"description":189,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":193,"meta":194,"name":195,"name_en":184,"navigation":24,"path":196,"seo":197,"stem":198,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":199},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":186,"toc":190},[187],[11,188,189],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":191},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":189},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":201,"title":202,"body":203,"born":210,"description":207,"died":211,"extension":19,"image":212,"key":213,"meta":214,"name":202,"name_en":202,"navigation":24,"path":215,"seo":216,"stem":217,"wikipedia":218,"__hash__":219},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":204,"toc":208},[205],[11,206,207],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":209},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":207},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":221,"title":222,"body":223,"born":246,"description":247,"died":248,"extension":19,"image":249,"key":250,"meta":251,"name":252,"name_en":222,"navigation":24,"path":253,"seo":254,"stem":255,"wikipedia":256,"__hash__":257},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":224,"toc":244},[225],[11,226,227,228,231,232,235,236,239,240,243],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[46,229,230],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[46,233,234],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[46,237,238],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[46,241,242],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":245},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":247},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":259,"title":260,"body":261,"born":33,"description":276,"died":277,"extension":19,"image":278,"key":279,"meta":280,"name":281,"name_en":282,"navigation":24,"path":283,"seo":284,"stem":285,"wikipedia":286,"__hash__":287},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":262,"toc":274},[263],[11,264,265,266,269,270,273],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[46,267,268],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[46,271,272],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":275},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":276},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":289,"title":290,"body":291,"born":311,"description":312,"died":313,"extension":19,"image":314,"key":315,"meta":316,"name":317,"name_en":318,"navigation":24,"path":319,"seo":320,"stem":321,"wikipedia":322,"__hash__":323},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":292,"toc":309},[293],[11,294,295,296,299,300,129,302,129,305,308],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[46,297,298],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[46,301,298],{},[46,303,304],{},"The City of God",[46,306,307],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":310},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":312},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":325,"title":326,"body":327,"born":338,"description":339,"died":340,"extension":19,"image":341,"key":342,"meta":343,"name":344,"name_en":345,"navigation":24,"path":346,"seo":347,"stem":348,"wikipedia":349,"__hash__":350},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":328,"toc":336},[329],[11,330,331,332,335],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[46,333,334],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":337},[],329,"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":339},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":352,"title":353,"body":354,"born":383,"description":384,"died":385,"extension":19,"image":386,"key":387,"meta":388,"name":361,"name_en":353,"navigation":24,"path":389,"seo":390,"stem":391,"wikipedia":392,"__hash__":393},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":355,"toc":381},[356],[11,357,358,359,362,363,366,367,369,370,129,373,376,377,380],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[46,360,361],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[46,364,365],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,368,94],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[46,371,372],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[46,374,375],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[46,378,379],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":382},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":384},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":395,"title":396,"body":397,"born":427,"description":428,"died":429,"extension":19,"image":430,"key":431,"meta":432,"name":433,"name_en":433,"navigation":24,"path":434,"seo":435,"stem":436,"wikipedia":437,"__hash__":438},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":398,"toc":425},[399],[11,400,401,402,405,406,409,410,413,414,417,418,421,422,424],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[46,403,404],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[46,407,408],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[46,411,412],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[46,415,416],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[46,419,420],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[46,423,420],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":426},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":428},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":440,"title":441,"body":442,"born":427,"description":479,"died":480,"extension":19,"image":481,"key":482,"meta":483,"name":449,"name_en":484,"navigation":24,"path":485,"seo":486,"stem":487,"wikipedia":488,"__hash__":489},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":443,"toc":477},[444],[11,445,446,447,450,451,454,455,457,458,461,462,465,466,469,470,472,473,476],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[46,448,449],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[46,452,453],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[46,456,94],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[46,459,460],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[46,463,464],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[46,467,468],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[46,471,464],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[46,474,475],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":478},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":479},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":491,"title":492,"body":493,"born":500,"description":497,"died":501,"extension":19,"image":502,"key":503,"meta":504,"name":505,"name_en":506,"navigation":24,"path":507,"seo":508,"stem":509,"wikipedia":510,"__hash__":511},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":494,"toc":498},[495],[11,496,497],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":499},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":497},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":513,"title":514,"body":515,"born":526,"description":527,"died":171,"extension":19,"image":528,"key":529,"meta":530,"name":514,"name_en":514,"navigation":24,"path":531,"seo":532,"stem":533,"wikipedia":534,"__hash__":535},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":516,"toc":524},[517],[11,518,519,520,523],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[46,521,522],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":525},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":527},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":537,"title":538,"body":539,"born":554,"description":555,"died":556,"extension":19,"image":557,"key":558,"meta":559,"name":560,"name_en":538,"navigation":24,"path":561,"seo":562,"stem":563,"wikipedia":564,"__hash__":565},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":540,"toc":552},[541],[11,542,543,544,547,548,551],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[46,545,546],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[46,549,550],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":553},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":555},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":567,"title":568,"body":569,"born":33,"description":583,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":584,"key":585,"meta":586,"name":587,"name_en":588,"navigation":24,"path":589,"seo":590,"stem":591,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":592},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":570,"toc":581},[571],[11,572,573,574,577,578,580],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[46,575,576],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[46,579,94],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":582},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg","geoffrey-poitiers",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":583},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":594,"title":595,"body":596,"born":614,"description":615,"died":616,"extension":19,"image":617,"key":618,"meta":619,"name":620,"name_en":621,"navigation":24,"path":622,"seo":623,"stem":624,"wikipedia":625,"__hash__":626},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":597,"toc":612},[598],[11,599,600,601,376,604,607,608,611],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[46,602,603],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[46,605,606],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[46,609,610],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":613},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":615},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":628,"title":629,"body":630,"born":649,"description":650,"died":651,"extension":19,"image":652,"key":653,"meta":654,"name":655,"name_en":629,"navigation":24,"path":656,"seo":657,"stem":658,"wikipedia":659,"__hash__":660},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":631,"toc":647},[632],[11,633,634,635,638,639,642,643,646],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[46,636,637],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[46,640,641],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[46,644,645],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":648},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":650},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":662,"title":663,"body":664,"born":675,"description":676,"died":677,"extension":19,"image":678,"key":679,"meta":680,"name":681,"name_en":663,"navigation":24,"path":682,"seo":683,"stem":684,"wikipedia":685,"__hash__":686},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":665,"toc":673},[666],[11,667,668,669,672],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[46,670,671],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":674},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":676},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":688,"title":689,"body":690,"born":705,"description":706,"died":707,"extension":19,"image":708,"key":709,"meta":710,"name":711,"name_en":712,"navigation":24,"path":713,"seo":714,"stem":715,"wikipedia":716,"__hash__":717},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":691,"toc":703},[692],[11,693,694,695,698,699,702],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[46,696,697],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[46,700,701],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":704},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":706},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":719,"title":720,"body":721,"born":732,"description":733,"died":734,"extension":19,"image":735,"key":736,"meta":737,"name":738,"name_en":739,"navigation":24,"path":740,"seo":741,"stem":742,"wikipedia":743,"__hash__":744},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":722,"toc":730},[723],[11,724,725,726,729],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[46,727,728],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":731},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":733},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":746,"title":747,"body":748,"born":763,"description":764,"died":765,"extension":19,"image":766,"key":767,"meta":768,"name":747,"name_en":747,"navigation":24,"path":769,"seo":770,"stem":771,"wikipedia":772,"__hash__":773},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":749,"toc":761},[750],[11,751,752,753,756,757,760],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[46,754,755],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[46,758,759],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":762},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":764},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":775,"title":776,"body":777,"born":788,"description":789,"died":790,"extension":19,"image":791,"key":792,"meta":793,"name":794,"name_en":795,"navigation":24,"path":796,"seo":797,"stem":798,"wikipedia":799,"__hash__":800},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":778,"toc":786},[779],[11,780,781,782,785],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[46,783,784],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":787},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":789},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":802,"title":803,"body":804,"born":64,"description":829,"died":830,"extension":19,"image":831,"key":832,"meta":833,"name":834,"name_en":835,"navigation":24,"path":836,"seo":837,"stem":838,"wikipedia":839,"__hash__":840},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":805,"toc":827},[806],[11,807,808,809,811,812,815,816,818,819,822,823,826],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[46,810,576],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[46,813,814],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[46,817,460],{}," (or ",[46,820,821],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[46,824,825],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":828},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":829},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":842,"title":843,"body":844,"born":33,"description":862,"died":33,"extension":19,"image":863,"key":864,"meta":865,"name":866,"name_en":867,"navigation":24,"path":868,"seo":869,"stem":870,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":871},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":845,"toc":860},[846],[11,847,848,849,852,853,855,856,859],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[46,850,851],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[46,854,641],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[46,857,858],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":861},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":862},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":873,"title":874,"body":875,"born":705,"description":886,"died":887,"extension":19,"image":888,"key":889,"meta":890,"name":891,"name_en":892,"navigation":24,"path":893,"seo":894,"stem":895,"wikipedia":896,"__hash__":897},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":876,"toc":884},[877],[11,878,879,880,883],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[46,881,882],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":885},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":886},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":899,"title":900,"body":901,"born":908,"description":905,"died":909,"extension":19,"image":910,"key":911,"meta":912,"name":913,"name_en":900,"navigation":24,"path":914,"seo":915,"stem":916,"wikipedia":917,"__hash__":918},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":902,"toc":906},[903],[11,904,905],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":907},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":905},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":920,"title":921,"body":922,"born":929,"description":926,"died":930,"extension":19,"image":931,"key":932,"meta":933,"name":934,"name_en":921,"navigation":24,"path":935,"seo":936,"stem":937,"wikipedia":938,"__hash__":939},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":923,"toc":927},[924],[11,925,926],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":928},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg","jean-gerson",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":926},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":941,"title":942,"body":943,"born":964,"description":965,"died":108,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":966,"meta":967,"name":968,"name_en":942,"navigation":24,"path":969,"seo":970,"stem":971,"wikipedia":972,"__hash__":973},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":944,"toc":962},[945],[11,946,947,948,951,952,954,955,958,959,961],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[46,949,950],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[46,953,641],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[46,956,957],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[46,960,645],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":963},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":965},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":975,"title":976,"body":977,"born":988,"description":989,"died":990,"extension":19,"image":991,"key":992,"meta":993,"name":994,"name_en":976,"navigation":24,"path":995,"seo":996,"stem":997,"wikipedia":998,"__hash__":999},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":978,"toc":986},[979],[11,980,981,982,985],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[46,983,984],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":987},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":989},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":1001,"title":1002,"body":1003,"born":1010,"description":1007,"died":1011,"extension":19,"image":1012,"key":1013,"meta":1014,"name":1015,"name_en":1002,"navigation":24,"path":1016,"seo":1017,"stem":1018,"wikipedia":1019,"__hash__":1020},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1004,"toc":1008},[1005],[11,1006,1007],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1009},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1007},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1022,"title":1023,"body":1024,"born":1043,"description":1044,"died":1045,"extension":19,"image":1046,"key":1047,"meta":1048,"name":1049,"name_en":1050,"navigation":24,"path":1051,"seo":1052,"stem":1053,"wikipedia":1054,"__hash__":1055},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1025,"toc":1041},[1026],[11,1027,1028,1029,1032,1033,1036,1037,1040],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[46,1030,1031],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[46,1034,1035],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[46,1038,1039],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1042},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1044},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1057,"title":1058,"body":1059,"born":1066,"description":1063,"died":556,"extension":19,"image":1067,"key":1068,"meta":1069,"name":1070,"name_en":1058,"navigation":24,"path":1071,"seo":1072,"stem":1073,"wikipedia":1074,"__hash__":1075},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1060,"toc":1064},[1061],[11,1062,1063],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1065},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1063},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1077,"title":1078,"body":1079,"born":1094,"description":1095,"died":1096,"extension":19,"image":1097,"key":1098,"meta":1099,"name":1100,"name_en":1078,"navigation":24,"path":1101,"seo":1102,"stem":1103,"wikipedia":1104,"__hash__":1105},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1080,"toc":1092},[1081],[11,1082,1083,1084,1087,1088,1091],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[46,1085,1086],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[46,1089,1090],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1093},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg","martin-luther",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1095},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1107,"title":1108,"body":1109,"born":1116,"description":1113,"died":1117,"extension":19,"image":192,"key":1118,"meta":1119,"name":1120,"name_en":1121,"navigation":24,"path":1122,"seo":1123,"stem":1124,"wikipedia":1125,"__hash__":1126},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1110,"toc":1114},[1111],[11,1112,1113],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1115},[],1360,1434,"maurice-of-prague",{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1113},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1128,"title":1129,"body":1130,"born":500,"description":1134,"died":1137,"extension":19,"image":1138,"key":1139,"meta":1140,"name":1141,"name_en":1142,"navigation":24,"path":1143,"seo":1144,"stem":1145,"wikipedia":1146,"__hash__":1147},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1131,"toc":1135},[1132],[11,1133,1134],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1136},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1134},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1149,"title":1150,"body":1151,"born":1158,"description":1155,"died":1159,"extension":19,"image":1160,"key":1161,"meta":1162,"name":1163,"name_en":1150,"navigation":24,"path":1164,"seo":1165,"stem":1166,"wikipedia":1167,"__hash__":1168},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1152,"toc":1156},[1153],[11,1154,1155],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1157},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1155},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1170,"title":1171,"body":1172,"born":64,"description":1191,"died":830,"extension":19,"image":1192,"key":1193,"meta":1194,"name":1195,"name_en":1196,"navigation":24,"path":1197,"seo":1198,"stem":1199,"wikipedia":1200,"__hash__":1201},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1173,"toc":1189},[1174],[11,1175,1176,1177,1180,1181,1184,1185,1188],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[46,1178,1179],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[46,1182,1183],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[46,1186,1187],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1190},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg","peraldus",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1191},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1203,"title":1204,"body":1205,"born":66,"description":1220,"died":1221,"extension":19,"image":1222,"key":1223,"meta":1224,"name":1225,"name_en":1204,"navigation":24,"path":1226,"seo":1227,"stem":1228,"wikipedia":1229,"__hash__":1230},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1206,"toc":1218},[1207],[11,1208,1209,1210,1213,1214,1217],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[46,1211,1212],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[46,1215,1216],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1219},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1220},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1232,"title":1233,"body":1234,"born":1249,"description":1250,"died":1251,"extension":19,"image":1252,"key":1253,"meta":1254,"name":1255,"name_en":1233,"navigation":24,"path":1256,"seo":1257,"stem":1258,"wikipedia":1259,"__hash__":1260},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1235,"toc":1247},[1236],[11,1237,1238,1239,1242,1243,1246],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[46,1240,1241],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[46,1244,1245],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1248},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1250},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1262,"title":1263,"body":1264,"born":1279,"description":1280,"died":1281,"extension":19,"image":1282,"key":1283,"meta":1284,"name":1285,"name_en":1263,"navigation":24,"path":1286,"seo":1287,"stem":1288,"wikipedia":1289,"__hash__":1290},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1265,"toc":1277},[1266],[11,1267,1268,1269,1272,1273,1276],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[46,1270,1271],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[46,1274,1275],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1278},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1280},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1292,"title":1293,"body":1294,"born":1305,"description":1306,"died":651,"extension":19,"image":1307,"key":1308,"meta":1309,"name":1310,"name_en":1293,"navigation":24,"path":1311,"seo":1312,"stem":1313,"wikipedia":1314,"__hash__":1315},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1295,"toc":1303},[1296],[11,1297,1298,1299,1302],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[46,1300,1301],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1304},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1306},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1317,"title":1318,"body":1319,"born":1334,"description":1335,"died":1336,"extension":19,"image":1337,"key":1338,"meta":1339,"name":1340,"name_en":1340,"navigation":24,"path":1341,"seo":1342,"stem":1343,"wikipedia":1344,"__hash__":1345},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1320,"toc":1332},[1321],[11,1322,1323,1324,1327,1328,1331],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[46,1325,1326],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[46,1329,1330],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1333},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1335},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1347,"title":1348,"body":1349,"born":1356,"description":1353,"died":1357,"extension":19,"image":1358,"key":1359,"meta":1360,"name":1348,"name_en":1348,"navigation":24,"path":1361,"seo":1362,"stem":1363,"wikipedia":33,"__hash__":1364},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1350,"toc":1354},[1351],[11,1352,1353],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1355},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1353},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1366,"title":1367,"body":1368,"born":1389,"description":1390,"died":500,"extension":19,"image":1391,"key":1392,"meta":1393,"name":1394,"name_en":1395,"navigation":24,"path":1396,"seo":1397,"stem":1398,"wikipedia":1399,"__hash__":1400},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1369,"toc":1387},[1370],[11,1371,1372,1373,235,1376,1379,1380,1382,1383,1386],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[46,1374,1375],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[46,1377,1378],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[46,1381,641],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[46,1384,1385],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1388},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg","raymond-of-penyafort",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1390},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1402,"title":1403,"body":1404,"born":1414,"description":1415,"died":480,"extension":19,"image":1416,"key":1417,"meta":1418,"name":1419,"name_en":1420,"navigation":24,"path":1421,"seo":1422,"stem":1423,"wikipedia":1424,"__hash__":1425},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1405,"toc":1412},[1406],[11,1407,1408,1409,1411],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,1410,94],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1413},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1415},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1427,"title":1428,"body":1429,"born":651,"description":1439,"died":1440,"extension":19,"image":1441,"key":1442,"meta":1443,"name":1444,"name_en":1445,"navigation":24,"path":1446,"seo":1447,"stem":1448,"wikipedia":1449,"__hash__":1450},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1430,"toc":1437},[1431],[11,1432,1433,1434,1436],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[46,1435,576],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1438},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1439},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1452,"title":1453,"body":1454,"born":1468,"description":1469,"died":385,"extension":19,"image":1470,"key":1471,"meta":1472,"name":1473,"name_en":1453,"navigation":24,"path":1474,"seo":1475,"stem":1476,"wikipedia":1477,"__hash__":1478},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1455,"toc":1466},[1456],[11,1457,1458,1459,1462,1463,1465],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[46,1460,1461],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[46,1464,60],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1467},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1469},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1480,"title":1481,"body":1482,"born":500,"description":1496,"died":1497,"extension":19,"image":1498,"key":1499,"meta":1500,"name":1501,"name_en":1502,"navigation":24,"path":1503,"seo":1504,"stem":1505,"wikipedia":1506,"__hash__":1507},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1483,"toc":1494},[1484],[11,1485,1486,1487,1490,1491,1493],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[46,1488,1489],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[46,1492,94],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1495},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1496},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1509,"title":1510,"body":1511,"born":1522,"description":1523,"died":1524,"extension":19,"image":1525,"key":1526,"meta":1527,"name":1528,"name_en":1529,"navigation":24,"path":1530,"seo":1531,"stem":1532,"wikipedia":1533,"__hash__":1534},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1512,"toc":1520},[1513],[11,1514,1515,1516,1519],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[46,1517,1518],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1521},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1523},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1536,"title":1537,"body":1538,"born":1553,"description":1554,"died":1555,"extension":19,"image":1556,"key":1557,"meta":1558,"name":1559,"name_en":1537,"navigation":24,"path":1560,"seo":1561,"stem":1562,"wikipedia":1563,"__hash__":1564},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1539,"toc":1551},[1540],[11,1541,1542,1543,1546,1547,1550],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[46,1544,1545],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[46,1548,1549],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1552},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1554},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1566,"title":1567,"body":1568,"born":1581,"description":1582,"died":1583,"extension":19,"image":1584,"key":1585,"meta":1586,"name":1587,"name_en":1588,"navigation":24,"path":1589,"seo":1590,"stem":1591,"wikipedia":1592,"__hash__":1593},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1569,"toc":1579},[1570],[11,1571,1572,1573,1575,1576,1578],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[46,1574,814],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[46,1577,94],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1580},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1582},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1595,"title":1596,"body":1597,"born":1604,"description":1601,"died":1605,"extension":19,"image":1606,"key":1607,"meta":1608,"name":1596,"name_en":1596,"navigation":24,"path":1609,"seo":1610,"stem":1611,"wikipedia":1612,"__hash__":1613},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1598,"toc":1602},[1599],[11,1600,1601],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1603},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1601},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1615,"title":1616,"body":1617,"born":64,"description":1628,"died":1629,"extension":19,"image":1630,"key":1631,"meta":1632,"name":1633,"name_en":1634,"navigation":24,"path":1635,"seo":1636,"stem":1637,"wikipedia":1638,"__hash__":1639},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1618,"toc":1626},[1619],[11,1620,1621,1622,1625],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[46,1623,1624],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1627},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg","william-saint-amour",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1628},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1641,"title":1642,"body":1643,"born":1658,"description":1659,"died":1660,"extension":19,"image":1661,"key":6,"meta":1662,"name":1642,"name_en":1642,"navigation":24,"path":1663,"seo":1664,"stem":1665,"wikipedia":1666,"__hash__":1667},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1644,"toc":1656},[1645],[11,1646,1647,1648,1651,1652,1655],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[46,1649,1650],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[46,1653,1654],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1657},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1659},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1669,"title":1670,"authors":1671,"body":1672,"cover":1681,"description":1682,"document":1683,"editors":33,"extension":19,"filesize":1684,"key":18,"language":1685,"meta":1686,"navigation":24,"ocr_model":15,"pages":1687,"pagination_starts":1688,"path":1693,"seo":1694,"stem":1695,"title_en":1650,"typeface":1696,"url":1697,"year":1698,"__hash__":1699},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Ftyndale-obedience.md","The Obedience of a Christen Man",[6],{"type":8,"value":1673,"toc":1679},[1674],[11,1675,1676,1678],{},[46,1677,1650],{}," by William Tyndale, first published in 1528 and here in the corrected edition of 1535. The colophon bears the well-known false imprint — \"At Marlborow in the lande of Hesse... by me Hans Luft,\" 29 October 1535 — under which Tyndale's books were actually printed in Antwerp. The work argues that secular rulers hold their authority directly from God and that subjects owe them obedience, while attacking the temporal power and \"juggling\" of the papacy and clergy. A foundational text of the English Reformation, it is reputed to have prompted Henry VIII to declare, \"This book is for me, and all kings, to read.\"",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1680},[],"\u002Fd\u002Ftyndale-obedience\u002Fcover.jpg","The Obedience of a Christian Man by William Tyndale, first published in 1528 and here in the corrected edition of 1535. The colophon bears the well-known false imprint — \"At Marlborow in the lande of Hesse... by me Hans Luft,\" 29 October 1535 — under which Tyndale's books were actually printed in Antwerp. The work argues that secular rulers hold their authority directly from God and that subjects owe them obedience, while attacking the temporal power and \"juggling\" of the papacy and clergy. A foundational text of the English Reformation, it is reputed to have prompted Henry VIII to declare, \"This book is for me, and all kings, to read.\"","\u002Fd\u002Ftyndale-obedience.pdf","318MB","early-english",{},335,[1689],{"pdf_page":1690,"printed_page":1690,"numeral_type":1691,"pagination":1692},1,"roman","folio","\u002Fdocuments\u002Ftyndale-obedience",{"title":1670,"description":1682},"documents\u002Ftyndale-obedience","gothic","https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002Fbim_early-english-books-1475-1640_the-obedience-of-christe_tyndale-wm_1535",1535,"0dd3hm9Qa8oDMWhLcjOzqSq82vVu9GWQ7L23pG9vYAY",[1701,1719,1735,1751,1770],{"id":1702,"title":5,"body":1703,"description":1711,"extension":19,"meta":1714,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":1715,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":1716,"sortable_pagination_id":29,"stem":1717,"__hash__":1718},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76r.md",{"type":8,"value":1704,"toc":1712},[1705,1709],[1706,1707,5],"h1",{"id":1708},"of-the-covetousness-of-the-spiritualty",[11,1710,1711],{},"Neither as vnsaciable wretches not vnmyndfull whi they were shaue and shore\u002Fbecause they will stande at no mans grace or be in any mans daunger\u002Fhaue gotten in to their awne handes \u002F fyrst the tythe or tenth of all the realme. Then I suppose",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1713},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76r",{"title":5,"description":1711},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76r","Qw5OqISc750e0JVawy8IVbrbGwo-mewL_0f6uYJ8I4M",{"id":1720,"title":1721,"body":1722,"description":1726,"extension":19,"meta":1729,"navigation":24,"page":1721,"path":1730,"pdf_page":1731,"reading":20,"seo":1732,"sortable_pagination_id":1731,"stem":1733,"__hash__":1734},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76v.md","76v",{"type":8,"value":1723,"toc":1727},[1724],[11,1725,1726],{},"suppose we in a litle or all to gether the third fote of all the temporall londes. Marke well how many personages or vicariages ar ther in the realme that at the lest haue a plowe londe a pece. Then note the londes of Bisshopes\u002FAbbotes\u002FPryors\u002FNunnes\u002Fknyghtes of saynt Johns\u002FCathedrall chyrches\u002FColeges\u002FChauntries\u002FFrechapels. For though the house fall in decaye and the ordinaunce of the founder be lost\u002Fyet will not they loose the londes. What cometh ones in\u002Fmaye neuer more out. They make a frechapell of it\u002Fso that he weneth it shall to nought therfore. Besides all this\u002Fhow many chaplaines doo gentlemen fynde at their awne cost in their houses. How mani singe for soules by testamentes. Then the prouinge of testamentes and presinge of goodes the Bisshope of Caunterburyes prerogatyue. Ys that not moch thorow the Realme in a yere? Foure offeringe dayes and preuey tythes. There is no seruante\u002Fbut that he shall paye some what of his wages. None shall receaue the bodi of Christ at Ester\u002Fbe he neuer so pore a begger or neuer so yonge a lad or mayd: but they must paie some what for it. Then mortuaries for forgote tythes (as they saye) And yet what parsone or vicare is there that wil forgete to haue a pygyn howse to pecke vp some what both at sowinge tyme and at heruest",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1728},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76v",152,{"description":1726},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76v","pSC6m_0ukUPxwFB4muXMis1nSsnSUIYtmB_HqULVjWU",{"id":1736,"title":1737,"body":1738,"description":1742,"extension":19,"meta":1745,"navigation":24,"page":1737,"path":1746,"pdf_page":1747,"reading":20,"seo":1748,"sortable_pagination_id":1747,"stem":1749,"__hash__":1750},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77r.md","77r",{"type":8,"value":1739,"toc":1743},[1740],[11,1741,1742],{},"when corne is ripe. They will forgette nothinge. No man shall dye in their dett\u002For if any man doo\u002Fhe shall paye it when he is deed. They will loose nothinge. Why? It is Gods\u002Fit is not thers. It is sent Luders rentes\u002Fsent Albans londes\u002Fsent Edmonds ryght\u002Fsent Peters patrimonye saye they\u002Fand none of oures. Item if a man dye in a nother mans paresh\u002Fbysides that he must paye at home a mortuary for forgoten tythes he must there paye also the best that he there hath. Wether it be an horse of twenty pound or how good so euer he be\u002Fether a cheyne of golde of an hundret marke or fiue hundret punde\u002Fif it so chaunce. It is moch veryly for so litle payne takynge in confession and in ministringe the sacramentes. The beedrolles. Item chrisome\u002Fchyrchinges\u002Fbanes\u002Fweddinges\u002Fofferinge at weddinges\u002Fofferinge at buryenges\u002Fofferinge to images\u002Fofferinge of ware and lyghtes do come to their vautage\u002Fbesides the supersticious wast of ware\u002Fin torches and tapers thorow out the londe. Then brotherhedes and perdoners. What gete they also by confession? Yee and many enioyne penaunce to geue a certayne for to haue so many masses laide\u002Fand desire to prouide a chappellayne them selues. Soul masses diriges\u002Fmoneth myndes\u002Fyeres myndes\u002Falsouldaye and trentals. The mother chyrch and the hie altare must haue some what in eueri testamente",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1744},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77r",153,{"description":1742},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77r","Gd0isdnhay9YEBE7YVnhD1fgVeb6XULgbZhSQa9AKS8",{"id":1752,"title":1753,"body":1754,"description":1758,"extension":19,"meta":1764,"navigation":24,"page":1753,"path":1765,"pdf_page":1766,"reading":20,"seo":1767,"sortable_pagination_id":1766,"stem":1768,"__hash__":1769},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77v.md","77v",{"type":8,"value":1755,"toc":1762},[1756,1759],[11,1757,1758],{},"Offeringes at prestes fyrst masses. Item man is professed\u002Fof what so euer religion it be\u002Fbut he must bringe some what. The halowinge or rather coniuringe of churches chapels\u002Faltares\u002Fsuper altares\u002Fchalice vestimentes and belles. Then boke\u002Fbell\u002Fcandelsticke\u002Forganes\u002Fchalice\u002Fvestimentes copes\u002Faltare clothes\u002Fsyrpleses: towels basens\u002Fewars\u002Fshippe\u002Fsenser and all maner ornamentes must be founde them frely\u002Fthey will not geue a myte there vnto. Last of all what swarmes of begginge freres are there. The person shereth the vicare shaueth\u002Fthe parish prest polleth\u002Fthe frere scrapeth and the pardoner pareth we lacke but a bocher to pole of the skynne.",[11,1760,1761],{},"What gete they in their spirituall law (as they call it) in a yere\u002Fat the arches and in euery dioses\u002Fwhat gete the Comissaries and officials with their somners and apparitars by bawdery in a yere? Shall ye not fynde curates ynowe which to flatter the comessaries and officials with all that they may\u002Fye goo quite them selues shall ope vnto them the cofessios of the richest of their pareshes Whom they cite priuely and laye to their charges secretly. Yf they desyre to knowe their accusers\u002Fnaye saye they\u002Fthe mater is knowe well ynough and to moare then ye are ware of. Come laye youre hande on the boke\u002Fyf ye forswere youre selfe\u002Fwe shall bringe proues\u002Fwe will handle you\u002F",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1763},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77v",154,{"description":1758},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77v","uE5hKYKPG5VC_KXFQTMBpuBZLWUKlbcUc8pToVcw4G8",{"id":1771,"title":25,"body":1772,"description":1776,"extension":19,"meta":1779,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":1780,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":1781,"sortable_pagination_id":28,"stem":1782,"__hash__":1783},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F78r.md",{"type":8,"value":1773,"toc":1777},[1774],[11,1775,1776],{},"we will make an ensample of you. Oh how terreble are they. Come and swere (saye they) that ye wilbe obediente vnto oure indictions. And bi that craft wringe thei their purses and make them droppe as longe as there is a peny in them. In thre or foure yeres shall they in those offices gete ynough to paye for a bisshopes bulles. What other thinge are these in a realme saue horslieches and euen very magottes cancres and caterpillers\u002Fwhich deuoure no moare but all that is greane and those wolues whom Paul prophesied shuld come and shuld not spare the flocke Actes.xx.chap. And which Christ said shuld come in lambes skynnes and bade vs beware of them and iudge them bi their workes.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1778},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F78r",{"description":1776},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F78r","Mj-qJEpEfpbjiB0pd0bzOk_ZbRxLn6ipLrAwGBzMdBM",[1785,1801,1815,1829,1846],{"id":1786,"title":5,"body":1787,"description":1793,"extension":19,"meta":1796,"navigation":24,"page":26,"path":1797,"pdf_page":29,"reading":20,"seo":1798,"sortable_pagination_id":29,"stem":1799,"__hash__":1800},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76r.md",{"type":8,"value":1788,"toc":1794},[1789,1791],[1706,1790,5],{"id":1708},[11,1792,1793],{},"Furthermore, like insatiable wretches—unmindful of why they were shaved and shorn [tonsured for the clergy]—because they will stand at no man’s mercy or be in any man’s debt, they have gotten into their own hands, first, the tithe, or tenth, of the whole realm. Then I suppose,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1795},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76r",{"title":5,"description":1793},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76r","440AyoZH2NCqzTQrR8iISdRwpsjhB3AlTRNeSIub20k",{"id":1802,"title":1721,"body":1803,"description":1807,"extension":19,"meta":1810,"navigation":24,"page":1721,"path":1811,"pdf_page":1731,"reading":20,"seo":1812,"sortable_pagination_id":1731,"stem":1813,"__hash__":1814},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76v.md",{"type":8,"value":1804,"toc":1808},[1805],[11,1806,1807],{},"we may reckon, a little under or altogether, a third part of all the temporal lands. Consider well how many parsonages or vicarages there are in the realm that have at least a plowland [as much land as one plow can till] apiece. Then take note of the lands of bishops, abbots, priors, nuns, knights of Saint John’s, cathedral churches, colleges, chantries, and free chapels. For though the house fall into decay and the founder’s endowment be lost, yet they will not let go of the lands. Whatever comes in once may never come out again. They turn it into a free chapel, so that whoever thinks it must come to nothing is mistaken. Besides all this, how many chaplains do gentlemen maintain at their own cost in their houses? How many sing for souls by bequest of testaments? Then there is the proving of testaments and the appraising of goods—the Archbishop of Canterbury’s prerogative. Is that not a great sum throughout the realm in a year? Four offering days, and private tithes. There is no servant but he must pay some part of his wages. None shall receive the body of Christ at Easter—be he ever so poor a beggar, or ever so young a lad or maid—but they must pay something for it. Then mortuaries [death dues to the parish], for forgotten tithes (as they say). And yet what parson or vicar is there that will forget to keep a pigeon house to peck up something both at sowing time and at harvest,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1809},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76v",{"description":1807},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F76v","PBvinVOwhG1HwGzaNhLrflQNJGZtFWWCH1piaHoRGUU",{"id":1816,"title":1737,"body":1817,"description":1821,"extension":19,"meta":1824,"navigation":24,"page":1737,"path":1825,"pdf_page":1747,"reading":20,"seo":1826,"sortable_pagination_id":1747,"stem":1827,"__hash__":1828},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77r.md",{"type":8,"value":1818,"toc":1822},[1819],[11,1820,1821],{},"when the corn is ripe? They will forget nothing. No man shall die in their debt, or if any man does, he shall pay it when he is dead. They will lose nothing. Why? It is God’s; it is not theirs. It is Saint Luder’s rents, Saint Alban’s lands, Saint Edmund’s right, Saint Peter’s patrimony, say they, and none of ours. Likewise, if a man die in another man’s parish, besides that he must pay at home a mortuary for forgotten tithes, he must there pay also the best possession he has there—whether it be a horse worth twenty pounds, or however good he may be, or a chain of gold worth a hundred marks, or five hundred pounds, if it so happen. It is very much, truly, for so little labor taken in confession and in administering the sacraments. The beadrolls [lists of the dead to be prayed for]. Likewise the chrisom [fee for the cloth used at baptism], churchings [fees for the rite purifying women after childbirth], banns, weddings, offerings at weddings, offerings at burials, offerings to images, offerings of wax and lights—all come to their profit, besides the superstitious waste of wax in torches and tapers throughout the land. Then there are brotherhoods and pardoners. What do they also get by confession? Yes, and many enjoin penance: to give a certain sum to have so many masses said, and to desire to provide a chaplain for themselves. Soul masses, diriges [the Office for the Dead], month minds, year minds [commemorations a month and a year after death], All Souls’ Day, and trentals [sets of thirty masses for the dead]. The mother church and the high altar must have something in every testament.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1823},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77r",{"description":1821},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77r","HtBCymS4_Gwsfpu5RNXvXqmsECACxolmrN2P26CjxJk",{"id":1830,"title":1753,"body":1831,"description":1835,"extension":19,"meta":1841,"navigation":24,"page":1753,"path":1842,"pdf_page":1766,"reading":20,"seo":1843,"sortable_pagination_id":1766,"stem":1844,"__hash__":1845},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77v.md",{"type":8,"value":1832,"toc":1839},[1833,1836],[11,1834,1835],{},"Offerings at priests’ first masses. Likewise, when a man is professed into any religious order whatsoever, he must bring something. The hallowing—or rather conjuring—of churches, chapels, altars, super-altars, chalices, vestments, and bells. Then book, bell, candlestick, organs, chalice, vestments, copes, altar cloths, surplices, towels, basins, ewers, ship [the incense boat], censer, and every kind of ornament must be provided for them free of charge; they will not give a mite toward it. Last of all, what swarms of begging friars there are. The parson shears, the vicar shaves, the parish priest polls, the friar scrapes, and the pardoner pares; we lack only a butcher to flay off the skin.",[11,1837,1838],{},"What do they gain in their spiritual law (as they call it) in a year, at the Arches [the Court of Arches] and in every diocese? What do the commissaries and officials, with their summoners and apparitors, gain by their bawdry in a year? Will you not find plenty of curates who, to flatter the commissaries and officials with everything they can—so that they may get off scot-free themselves—will open up to them the confessions of the richest in their parishes? These men they cite privately and charge in secret. If the accused wish to know who their accusers are, “No,” they say, “the matter is well enough known—and to more people than you are aware of. Come, lay your hand on the book; if you perjure yourself, we shall bring proofs; we will handle you—",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1840},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77v",{"description":1835},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F77v","TcZF9Lfo5GEOJa8Pds9LqPABnKYAOjF3g15w1TCZWAA",{"id":1847,"title":25,"body":1848,"description":1852,"extension":19,"meta":1855,"navigation":24,"page":25,"path":1856,"pdf_page":28,"reading":20,"seo":1857,"sortable_pagination_id":28,"stem":1858,"__hash__":1859},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F78r.md",{"type":8,"value":1849,"toc":1853},[1850],[11,1851,1852],{},"we will make an example of you.” Oh, how terrible they are! “Come and swear,” they say, “that you will be obedient to our injunctions.” And by that trick they wring people’s purses and make them drip as long as there is a penny in them. In three or four years they will get enough in those offices to pay for a bishop’s bulls. What else are these in a realm but horse-leeches, and indeed the very maggots, cankers, and caterpillars that devour everything green and nothing else—and those wolves whom Paul prophesied would come and would not spare the flock (Acts 20), and whom Christ said would come in lambs’ skins, bidding us beware of them and judge them by their works.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1854},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F78r",{"description":1852},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Ftyndale-obedience-covetousness\u002F78r","aQsAOJyxAjNaXrRoKp_JzISFzX6g5-gT8Rk_zvsZ6P4",1789161142129]