[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3204},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-william-saint-amour-collectiones-d1":3,"authors":57,"doc-william-saint-amour-collectiones-d1":1688,"transcription-cols-william-saint-amour-collectiones-d1":1729,"translation-cols-william-saint-amour-collectiones-d1":2423},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":35,"document":36,"extension":37,"key":38,"meta":39,"navigation":44,"page_end":45,"page_start":46,"path":47,"pdf_page_end":48,"pdf_page_start":49,"section":50,"seo":51,"stem":52,"title_en":53,"translator":54,"year":55,"__hash__":56},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1.md","Collectiones, Distinctio I: De Opitulationibus","william-saint-amour",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":31},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13,14,18,19,22,23,26,27,30],"p",{},"A passage from the first distinction of William of Saint-Amour's ",[15,16,17],"em",{},"Collectiones"," treating the ",[15,20,21],{},"Opitulationes"," — the auxiliary or \"helper\" offices in the Church. William argues that those who exercise such helping roles outside the ordinary hierarchy of bishops and parish priests lack proper jurisdiction over their hearers, and that the sustenance they receive from preaching is therefore not owed ",[15,24,25],{},"potestative"," (by right) but only ",[15,28,29],{},"mendicative"," (by begging for God's sake).",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":34},"",2,[],"A passage from the first distinction of William of Saint-Amour's Collectiones treating the Opitulationes — the auxiliary or \"helper\" offices in the Church. William argues that those who exercise such helping roles outside the ordinary hierarchy of bishops and parish priests lack proper jurisdiction over their hearers, and that the sustenance they receive from preaching is therefore not owed potestative (by right) but only mendicative (by begging for God's sake).","saint-amour-opera-omnia-1632","md","william-saint-amour-collectiones-d1",{"start_text":40,"end_text":41,"start_text_transcription":42,"end_text_transcription":43},"Istorum autem, qui Opitulationes dicti sunt, iam sunt quidam per Ecclesias ordinarie instituti","non potestative, sed mendicative, eo quod petant propter Deum","Iftorum autem, qui Opitulationes dicti funt","non poteftatiuè, fed mendicatiuè, eô quod petant propter Deum",true,"157","145","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1",251,239,"Collectiones, Distinctio I (on Opitulatores)",{"title":5,"description":35},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1","Collectiones, Distinction I: On Helpers",null,1266,"NBq5fbYBXZY8a30xGyTnRREgUdo0TiGDdzgve7_59Zk",[58,96,138,175,202,220,240,278,308,344,371,414,459,510,532,556,586,613,647,681,707,738,765,794,821,861,892,918,939,960,994,1020,1041,1076,1096,1126,1147,1168,1189,1222,1251,1281,1311,1336,1366,1385,1421,1446,1471,1499,1528,1555,1585,1614,1634,1659],{"id":59,"title":60,"body":61,"born":84,"description":85,"died":86,"extension":37,"image":87,"key":88,"meta":89,"name":68,"name_en":90,"navigation":44,"path":91,"seo":92,"stem":93,"wikipedia":94,"__hash__":95},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":62,"toc":82},[63],[11,64,65,66,69,70,73,74,77,78,81],{},"Albert the Great (",[15,67,68],{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[15,71,72],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[15,75,76],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[15,79,80],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":83},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":85},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":97,"title":98,"body":99,"born":126,"description":127,"died":128,"extension":37,"image":129,"key":130,"meta":131,"name":106,"name_en":132,"navigation":44,"path":133,"seo":134,"stem":135,"wikipedia":136,"__hash__":137},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":100,"toc":124},[101],[11,102,103,104,107,108,111,112,115,116,119,120,123],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[15,105,106],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[15,109,110],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[15,113,114],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[15,117,118],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[15,121,122],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":125},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":127},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":139,"title":140,"body":141,"born":162,"description":163,"died":164,"extension":37,"image":165,"key":166,"meta":167,"name":168,"name_en":169,"navigation":44,"path":170,"seo":171,"stem":172,"wikipedia":173,"__hash__":174},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":142,"toc":160},[143],[11,144,145,146,149,150,149,153,149,156,159],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[15,147,148],{},"De fide",", ",[15,151,152],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[15,154,155],{},"De mysteriis",[15,157,158],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":161},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":163},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":176,"title":177,"body":178,"born":189,"description":190,"died":191,"extension":37,"image":192,"key":193,"meta":194,"name":195,"name_en":196,"navigation":44,"path":197,"seo":198,"stem":199,"wikipedia":200,"__hash__":201},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":179,"toc":187},[180],[11,181,182,183,186],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[15,184,185],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":188},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":190},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":203,"title":204,"body":205,"born":54,"description":209,"died":54,"extension":37,"image":212,"key":213,"meta":214,"name":215,"name_en":204,"navigation":44,"path":216,"seo":217,"stem":218,"wikipedia":54,"__hash__":219},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":206,"toc":210},[207],[11,208,209],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":211},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":209},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":221,"title":222,"body":223,"born":230,"description":227,"died":231,"extension":37,"image":232,"key":233,"meta":234,"name":222,"name_en":222,"navigation":44,"path":235,"seo":236,"stem":237,"wikipedia":238,"__hash__":239},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":224,"toc":228},[225],[11,226,227],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":229},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":227},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":241,"title":242,"body":243,"born":266,"description":267,"died":268,"extension":37,"image":269,"key":270,"meta":271,"name":272,"name_en":242,"navigation":44,"path":273,"seo":274,"stem":275,"wikipedia":276,"__hash__":277},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":244,"toc":264},[245],[11,246,247,248,251,252,255,256,259,260,263],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[15,249,250],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[15,253,254],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[15,257,258],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[15,261,262],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":265},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":267},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":279,"title":280,"body":281,"born":54,"description":296,"died":297,"extension":37,"image":298,"key":299,"meta":300,"name":301,"name_en":302,"navigation":44,"path":303,"seo":304,"stem":305,"wikipedia":306,"__hash__":307},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":282,"toc":294},[283],[11,284,285,286,289,290,293],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[15,287,288],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[15,291,292],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":295},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":296},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":309,"title":310,"body":311,"born":331,"description":332,"died":333,"extension":37,"image":334,"key":335,"meta":336,"name":337,"name_en":338,"navigation":44,"path":339,"seo":340,"stem":341,"wikipedia":342,"__hash__":343},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":312,"toc":329},[313],[11,314,315,316,319,320,149,322,149,325,328],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[15,317,318],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[15,321,318],{},[15,323,324],{},"The City of God",[15,326,327],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":330},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":332},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":345,"title":346,"body":347,"born":358,"description":359,"died":360,"extension":37,"image":361,"key":362,"meta":363,"name":364,"name_en":365,"navigation":44,"path":366,"seo":367,"stem":368,"wikipedia":369,"__hash__":370},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":348,"toc":356},[349],[11,350,351,352,355],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[15,353,354],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":357},[],329,"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":359},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":372,"title":373,"body":374,"born":403,"description":404,"died":405,"extension":37,"image":406,"key":407,"meta":408,"name":381,"name_en":373,"navigation":44,"path":409,"seo":410,"stem":411,"wikipedia":412,"__hash__":413},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":375,"toc":401},[376],[11,377,378,379,382,383,386,387,389,390,149,393,396,397,400],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[15,380,381],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[15,384,385],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[15,388,114],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[15,391,392],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[15,394,395],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[15,398,399],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":402},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":404},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":415,"title":416,"body":417,"born":447,"description":448,"died":449,"extension":37,"image":450,"key":451,"meta":452,"name":453,"name_en":453,"navigation":44,"path":454,"seo":455,"stem":456,"wikipedia":457,"__hash__":458},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":418,"toc":445},[419],[11,420,421,422,425,426,429,430,433,434,437,438,441,442,444],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[15,423,424],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[15,427,428],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[15,431,432],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[15,435,436],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[15,439,440],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[15,443,440],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":446},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":448},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":460,"title":461,"body":462,"born":447,"description":499,"died":500,"extension":37,"image":501,"key":502,"meta":503,"name":469,"name_en":504,"navigation":44,"path":505,"seo":506,"stem":507,"wikipedia":508,"__hash__":509},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":463,"toc":497},[464],[11,465,466,467,470,471,474,475,477,478,481,482,485,486,489,490,492,493,496],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[15,468,469],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[15,472,473],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[15,476,114],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[15,479,480],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[15,483,484],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[15,487,488],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[15,491,484],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[15,494,495],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":498},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":499},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":511,"title":512,"body":513,"born":520,"description":517,"died":521,"extension":37,"image":522,"key":523,"meta":524,"name":525,"name_en":526,"navigation":44,"path":527,"seo":528,"stem":529,"wikipedia":530,"__hash__":531},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":514,"toc":518},[515],[11,516,517],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":519},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":517},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":533,"title":534,"body":535,"born":546,"description":547,"died":191,"extension":37,"image":548,"key":549,"meta":550,"name":534,"name_en":534,"navigation":44,"path":551,"seo":552,"stem":553,"wikipedia":554,"__hash__":555},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":536,"toc":544},[537],[11,538,539,540,543],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[15,541,542],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":545},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":547},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":557,"title":558,"body":559,"born":574,"description":575,"died":576,"extension":37,"image":577,"key":578,"meta":579,"name":580,"name_en":558,"navigation":44,"path":581,"seo":582,"stem":583,"wikipedia":584,"__hash__":585},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":560,"toc":572},[561],[11,562,563,564,567,568,571],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[15,565,566],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[15,569,570],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":573},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":575},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":587,"title":588,"body":589,"born":54,"description":603,"died":54,"extension":37,"image":604,"key":605,"meta":606,"name":607,"name_en":608,"navigation":44,"path":609,"seo":610,"stem":611,"wikipedia":54,"__hash__":612},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":590,"toc":601},[591],[11,592,593,594,597,598,600],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[15,595,596],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[15,599,114],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":602},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg","geoffrey-poitiers",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":603},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":614,"title":615,"body":616,"born":634,"description":635,"died":636,"extension":37,"image":637,"key":638,"meta":639,"name":640,"name_en":641,"navigation":44,"path":642,"seo":643,"stem":644,"wikipedia":645,"__hash__":646},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":617,"toc":632},[618],[11,619,620,621,396,624,627,628,631],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[15,622,623],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[15,625,626],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[15,629,630],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":633},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":635},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":648,"title":649,"body":650,"born":669,"description":670,"died":671,"extension":37,"image":672,"key":673,"meta":674,"name":675,"name_en":649,"navigation":44,"path":676,"seo":677,"stem":678,"wikipedia":679,"__hash__":680},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":651,"toc":667},[652],[11,653,654,655,658,659,662,663,666],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[15,656,657],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[15,660,661],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[15,664,665],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":668},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":670},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":682,"title":683,"body":684,"born":695,"description":696,"died":697,"extension":37,"image":698,"key":699,"meta":700,"name":701,"name_en":683,"navigation":44,"path":702,"seo":703,"stem":704,"wikipedia":705,"__hash__":706},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":685,"toc":693},[686],[11,687,688,689,692],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[15,690,691],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":694},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":696},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":708,"title":709,"body":710,"born":725,"description":726,"died":727,"extension":37,"image":728,"key":729,"meta":730,"name":731,"name_en":732,"navigation":44,"path":733,"seo":734,"stem":735,"wikipedia":736,"__hash__":737},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":711,"toc":723},[712],[11,713,714,715,718,719,722],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[15,716,717],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[15,720,721],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":724},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":726},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":739,"title":740,"body":741,"born":752,"description":753,"died":754,"extension":37,"image":755,"key":756,"meta":757,"name":758,"name_en":759,"navigation":44,"path":760,"seo":761,"stem":762,"wikipedia":763,"__hash__":764},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":742,"toc":750},[743],[11,744,745,746,749],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[15,747,748],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":751},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":753},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":766,"title":767,"body":768,"born":783,"description":784,"died":785,"extension":37,"image":786,"key":787,"meta":788,"name":767,"name_en":767,"navigation":44,"path":789,"seo":790,"stem":791,"wikipedia":792,"__hash__":793},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":769,"toc":781},[770],[11,771,772,773,776,777,780],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[15,774,775],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[15,778,779],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":782},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":784},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":795,"title":796,"body":797,"born":808,"description":809,"died":810,"extension":37,"image":811,"key":812,"meta":813,"name":814,"name_en":815,"navigation":44,"path":816,"seo":817,"stem":818,"wikipedia":819,"__hash__":820},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":798,"toc":806},[799],[11,800,801,802,805],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[15,803,804],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":807},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":809},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":822,"title":823,"body":824,"born":84,"description":849,"died":850,"extension":37,"image":851,"key":852,"meta":853,"name":854,"name_en":855,"navigation":44,"path":856,"seo":857,"stem":858,"wikipedia":859,"__hash__":860},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":825,"toc":847},[826],[11,827,828,829,831,832,835,836,838,839,842,843,846],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[15,830,596],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[15,833,834],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[15,837,480],{}," (or ",[15,840,841],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[15,844,845],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":848},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":849},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":862,"title":863,"body":864,"born":54,"description":882,"died":54,"extension":37,"image":883,"key":884,"meta":885,"name":886,"name_en":887,"navigation":44,"path":888,"seo":889,"stem":890,"wikipedia":54,"__hash__":891},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":865,"toc":880},[866],[11,867,868,869,872,873,875,876,879],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[15,870,871],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[15,874,661],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[15,877,878],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":881},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":882},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":893,"title":894,"body":895,"born":725,"description":906,"died":907,"extension":37,"image":908,"key":909,"meta":910,"name":911,"name_en":912,"navigation":44,"path":913,"seo":914,"stem":915,"wikipedia":916,"__hash__":917},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":896,"toc":904},[897],[11,898,899,900,903],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[15,901,902],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":905},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":906},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":919,"title":920,"body":921,"born":928,"description":925,"died":929,"extension":37,"image":930,"key":931,"meta":932,"name":933,"name_en":920,"navigation":44,"path":934,"seo":935,"stem":936,"wikipedia":937,"__hash__":938},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":922,"toc":926},[923],[11,924,925],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":927},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":925},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":940,"title":941,"body":942,"born":949,"description":946,"died":950,"extension":37,"image":951,"key":952,"meta":953,"name":954,"name_en":941,"navigation":44,"path":955,"seo":956,"stem":957,"wikipedia":958,"__hash__":959},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":943,"toc":947},[944],[11,945,946],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":948},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg","jean-gerson",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":946},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":961,"title":962,"body":963,"born":984,"description":985,"died":128,"extension":37,"image":212,"key":986,"meta":987,"name":988,"name_en":962,"navigation":44,"path":989,"seo":990,"stem":991,"wikipedia":992,"__hash__":993},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":964,"toc":982},[965],[11,966,967,968,971,972,974,975,978,979,981],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[15,969,970],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[15,973,661],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[15,976,977],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[15,980,665],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":983},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":985},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":995,"title":996,"body":997,"born":1008,"description":1009,"died":1010,"extension":37,"image":1011,"key":1012,"meta":1013,"name":1014,"name_en":996,"navigation":44,"path":1015,"seo":1016,"stem":1017,"wikipedia":1018,"__hash__":1019},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":998,"toc":1006},[999],[11,1000,1001,1002,1005],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[15,1003,1004],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1007},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":1009},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":1021,"title":1022,"body":1023,"born":1030,"description":1027,"died":1031,"extension":37,"image":1032,"key":1033,"meta":1034,"name":1035,"name_en":1022,"navigation":44,"path":1036,"seo":1037,"stem":1038,"wikipedia":1039,"__hash__":1040},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1024,"toc":1028},[1025],[11,1026,1027],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1029},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1027},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1042,"title":1043,"body":1044,"born":1063,"description":1064,"died":1065,"extension":37,"image":1066,"key":1067,"meta":1068,"name":1069,"name_en":1070,"navigation":44,"path":1071,"seo":1072,"stem":1073,"wikipedia":1074,"__hash__":1075},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1045,"toc":1061},[1046],[11,1047,1048,1049,1052,1053,1056,1057,1060],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[15,1050,1051],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[15,1054,1055],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[15,1058,1059],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1062},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1064},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1077,"title":1078,"body":1079,"born":1086,"description":1083,"died":576,"extension":37,"image":1087,"key":1088,"meta":1089,"name":1090,"name_en":1078,"navigation":44,"path":1091,"seo":1092,"stem":1093,"wikipedia":1094,"__hash__":1095},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1080,"toc":1084},[1081],[11,1082,1083],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1085},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1083},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1097,"title":1098,"body":1099,"born":1114,"description":1115,"died":1116,"extension":37,"image":1117,"key":1118,"meta":1119,"name":1120,"name_en":1098,"navigation":44,"path":1121,"seo":1122,"stem":1123,"wikipedia":1124,"__hash__":1125},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1100,"toc":1112},[1101],[11,1102,1103,1104,1107,1108,1111],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[15,1105,1106],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[15,1109,1110],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1113},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg","martin-luther",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1115},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1127,"title":1128,"body":1129,"born":1136,"description":1133,"died":1137,"extension":37,"image":212,"key":1138,"meta":1139,"name":1140,"name_en":1141,"navigation":44,"path":1142,"seo":1143,"stem":1144,"wikipedia":1145,"__hash__":1146},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1130,"toc":1134},[1131],[11,1132,1133],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1135},[],1360,1434,"maurice-of-prague",{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1133},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1148,"title":1149,"body":1150,"born":520,"description":1154,"died":1157,"extension":37,"image":1158,"key":1159,"meta":1160,"name":1161,"name_en":1162,"navigation":44,"path":1163,"seo":1164,"stem":1165,"wikipedia":1166,"__hash__":1167},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1151,"toc":1155},[1152],[11,1153,1154],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1156},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1154},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1169,"title":1170,"body":1171,"born":1178,"description":1175,"died":1179,"extension":37,"image":1180,"key":1181,"meta":1182,"name":1183,"name_en":1170,"navigation":44,"path":1184,"seo":1185,"stem":1186,"wikipedia":1187,"__hash__":1188},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1172,"toc":1176},[1173],[11,1174,1175],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1177},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1175},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1190,"title":1191,"body":1192,"born":84,"description":1211,"died":850,"extension":37,"image":1212,"key":1213,"meta":1214,"name":1215,"name_en":1216,"navigation":44,"path":1217,"seo":1218,"stem":1219,"wikipedia":1220,"__hash__":1221},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1193,"toc":1209},[1194],[11,1195,1196,1197,1200,1201,1204,1205,1208],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[15,1198,1199],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[15,1202,1203],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[15,1206,1207],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1210},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg","peraldus",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1211},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1223,"title":1224,"body":1225,"born":86,"description":1240,"died":1241,"extension":37,"image":1242,"key":1243,"meta":1244,"name":1245,"name_en":1224,"navigation":44,"path":1246,"seo":1247,"stem":1248,"wikipedia":1249,"__hash__":1250},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1226,"toc":1238},[1227],[11,1228,1229,1230,1233,1234,1237],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[15,1231,1232],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[15,1235,1236],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1239},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1240},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1252,"title":1253,"body":1254,"born":1269,"description":1270,"died":1271,"extension":37,"image":1272,"key":1273,"meta":1274,"name":1275,"name_en":1253,"navigation":44,"path":1276,"seo":1277,"stem":1278,"wikipedia":1279,"__hash__":1280},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1255,"toc":1267},[1256],[11,1257,1258,1259,1262,1263,1266],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[15,1260,1261],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[15,1264,1265],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1268},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1270},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1282,"title":1283,"body":1284,"born":1299,"description":1300,"died":1301,"extension":37,"image":1302,"key":1303,"meta":1304,"name":1305,"name_en":1283,"navigation":44,"path":1306,"seo":1307,"stem":1308,"wikipedia":1309,"__hash__":1310},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1285,"toc":1297},[1286],[11,1287,1288,1289,1292,1293,1296],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[15,1290,1291],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[15,1294,1295],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1298},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1300},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1312,"title":1313,"body":1314,"born":1325,"description":1326,"died":671,"extension":37,"image":1327,"key":1328,"meta":1329,"name":1330,"name_en":1313,"navigation":44,"path":1331,"seo":1332,"stem":1333,"wikipedia":1334,"__hash__":1335},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1315,"toc":1323},[1316],[11,1317,1318,1319,1322],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[15,1320,1321],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1324},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1326},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1337,"title":1338,"body":1339,"born":1354,"description":1355,"died":1356,"extension":37,"image":1357,"key":1358,"meta":1359,"name":1360,"name_en":1360,"navigation":44,"path":1361,"seo":1362,"stem":1363,"wikipedia":1364,"__hash__":1365},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1340,"toc":1352},[1341],[11,1342,1343,1344,1347,1348,1351],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[15,1345,1346],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[15,1349,1350],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1353},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1355},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1367,"title":1368,"body":1369,"born":1376,"description":1373,"died":1377,"extension":37,"image":1378,"key":1379,"meta":1380,"name":1368,"name_en":1368,"navigation":44,"path":1381,"seo":1382,"stem":1383,"wikipedia":54,"__hash__":1384},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1370,"toc":1374},[1371],[11,1372,1373],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1375},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1373},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1386,"title":1387,"body":1388,"born":1409,"description":1410,"died":520,"extension":37,"image":1411,"key":1412,"meta":1413,"name":1414,"name_en":1415,"navigation":44,"path":1416,"seo":1417,"stem":1418,"wikipedia":1419,"__hash__":1420},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1389,"toc":1407},[1390],[11,1391,1392,1393,255,1396,1399,1400,1402,1403,1406],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[15,1394,1395],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[15,1397,1398],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[15,1401,661],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[15,1404,1405],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1408},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg","raymond-of-penyafort",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1410},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1422,"title":1423,"body":1424,"born":1434,"description":1435,"died":500,"extension":37,"image":1436,"key":1437,"meta":1438,"name":1439,"name_en":1440,"navigation":44,"path":1441,"seo":1442,"stem":1443,"wikipedia":1444,"__hash__":1445},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1425,"toc":1432},[1426],[11,1427,1428,1429,1431],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[15,1430,114],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1433},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1435},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1447,"title":1448,"body":1449,"born":671,"description":1459,"died":1460,"extension":37,"image":1461,"key":1462,"meta":1463,"name":1464,"name_en":1465,"navigation":44,"path":1466,"seo":1467,"stem":1468,"wikipedia":1469,"__hash__":1470},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1450,"toc":1457},[1451],[11,1452,1453,1454,1456],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[15,1455,596],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1458},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1459},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1472,"title":1473,"body":1474,"born":1488,"description":1489,"died":405,"extension":37,"image":1490,"key":1491,"meta":1492,"name":1493,"name_en":1473,"navigation":44,"path":1494,"seo":1495,"stem":1496,"wikipedia":1497,"__hash__":1498},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1475,"toc":1486},[1476],[11,1477,1478,1479,1482,1483,1485],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[15,1480,1481],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[15,1484,80],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1487},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1489},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1500,"title":1501,"body":1502,"born":520,"description":1516,"died":1517,"extension":37,"image":1518,"key":1519,"meta":1520,"name":1521,"name_en":1522,"navigation":44,"path":1523,"seo":1524,"stem":1525,"wikipedia":1526,"__hash__":1527},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1503,"toc":1514},[1504],[11,1505,1506,1507,1510,1511,1513],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[15,1508,1509],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[15,1512,114],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1515},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1516},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1529,"title":1530,"body":1531,"born":1542,"description":1543,"died":1544,"extension":37,"image":1545,"key":1546,"meta":1547,"name":1548,"name_en":1549,"navigation":44,"path":1550,"seo":1551,"stem":1552,"wikipedia":1553,"__hash__":1554},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1532,"toc":1540},[1533],[11,1534,1535,1536,1539],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[15,1537,1538],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1541},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1543},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1556,"title":1557,"body":1558,"born":1573,"description":1574,"died":1575,"extension":37,"image":1576,"key":1577,"meta":1578,"name":1579,"name_en":1557,"navigation":44,"path":1580,"seo":1581,"stem":1582,"wikipedia":1583,"__hash__":1584},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1559,"toc":1571},[1560],[11,1561,1562,1563,1566,1567,1570],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[15,1564,1565],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[15,1568,1569],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1572},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1574},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1586,"title":1587,"body":1588,"born":1601,"description":1602,"died":1603,"extension":37,"image":1604,"key":1605,"meta":1606,"name":1607,"name_en":1608,"navigation":44,"path":1609,"seo":1610,"stem":1611,"wikipedia":1612,"__hash__":1613},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1589,"toc":1599},[1590],[11,1591,1592,1593,1595,1596,1598],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[15,1594,834],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[15,1597,114],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1600},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1602},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1615,"title":1616,"body":1617,"born":1624,"description":1621,"died":1625,"extension":37,"image":1626,"key":1627,"meta":1628,"name":1616,"name_en":1616,"navigation":44,"path":1629,"seo":1630,"stem":1631,"wikipedia":1632,"__hash__":1633},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1618,"toc":1622},[1619],[11,1620,1621],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1623},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1621},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1635,"title":1636,"body":1637,"born":84,"description":1648,"died":1649,"extension":37,"image":1650,"key":6,"meta":1651,"name":1652,"name_en":1653,"navigation":44,"path":1654,"seo":1655,"stem":1656,"wikipedia":1657,"__hash__":1658},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1638,"toc":1646},[1639],[11,1640,1641,1642,1645],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[15,1643,1644],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1647},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1648},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1660,"title":1661,"body":1662,"born":1677,"description":1678,"died":1679,"extension":37,"image":1680,"key":1681,"meta":1682,"name":1661,"name_en":1661,"navigation":44,"path":1683,"seo":1684,"stem":1685,"wikipedia":1686,"__hash__":1687},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1663,"toc":1675},[1664],[11,1665,1666,1667,1670,1671,1674],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[15,1668,1669],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[15,1672,1673],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1676},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg","william-tyndale",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1678},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1689,"title":1690,"authors":1691,"body":1692,"cover":1706,"description":1707,"document":1708,"editors":54,"extension":37,"filesize":1709,"key":36,"language":1710,"meta":1711,"navigation":44,"ocr_model":1712,"pages":697,"pagination_starts":1713,"path":1721,"seo":1722,"stem":1723,"title_en":1724,"typeface":1725,"url":1726,"year":1727,"__hash__":1728},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632.md","Magistri Guillielmi de Sancto Amore Opera Omnia quae Reperiri Potuerunt",[6],{"type":8,"value":1693,"toc":1704},[1694],[11,1695,1696,1697,1699,1700,1703],{},"This volume collects the known works of William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272), doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris and member of the Sorbonne. Published pseudonymously in Constance in 1632 under the imprint \"Ad Insigne Bonae Fidei Apud Alithophilos,\" the edition was assembled by Joannes Alithophilus to defend the hierarchical structure of the Church against the mendicant orders. It opens with an extensive prefatory history of William's controversies and relevant papal documents, followed by William's preface to the Psalms, his major treatise ",[15,1698,1644],{}," (On the Dangers of the Last Times), his ",[15,1701,1702],{},"Collectiones Catholicae et Canonicae Scripturae ad instructionem et praeparationem Simplicium Christi Fidelium contra pericula imminentia Ecclesiae Generali per Hypocritas et Pseudo-Praedicatores",", a table of signs for detecting false preachers, and a sermon for the feast of Saints James and Philip.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1705},[],"\u002Fd\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632\u002Fcover.jpg","This volume collects the known works of William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272), doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris and member of the Sorbonne. Published pseudonymously in Constance in 1632 under the imprint \"Ad Insigne Bonae Fidei Apud Alithophilos,\" the edition was assembled by Joannes Alithophilus to defend the hierarchical structure of the Church against the mendicant orders. It opens with an extensive prefatory history of William's controversies and relevant papal documents, followed by William's preface to the Psalms, his major treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times), his Collectiones Catholicae et Canonicae Scripturae ad instructionem et praeparationem Simplicium Christi Fidelium contra pericula imminentia Ecclesiae Generali per Hypocritas et Pseudo-Praedicatores, a table of signs for detecting false preachers, and a sermon for the feast of Saints James and Philip.","\u002Fd\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632.pdf","119.5MB","la",{},"10.5281\u002Fzenodo.11113737",[1714,1719],{"pdf_page":1715,"printed_page":1716,"numeral_type":1717,"pagination":1718},15,1,"arabic","page",{"pdf_page":1720,"printed_page":1716,"numeral_type":1717,"pagination":1718},95,"\u002Fdocuments\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632",{"title":1690,"description":1707},"documents\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632","Complete Works of William of Saint-Amour","roman","https:\u002F\u002Fnumelyo.bm-lyon.fr\u002Ff_view\u002FBML:BML_00GOO0100137001100702138",1632,"3mpUEmG5wQbrCiF6e8SdKwwg0OKOvYR2iHdA1gk03f8",[1730,1761,1823,1887,1936,1987,2114,2181,2242,2291,2345,2367,2389],{"id":1731,"title":5,"body":1732,"description":1755,"extension":37,"meta":1756,"navigation":44,"page":46,"path":1757,"pdf_page":49,"reading":38,"seo":1758,"sortable_pagination_id":49,"stem":1759,"__hash__":1760},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F145.md",{"type":8,"value":1733,"toc":1753},[1734,1738],[1735,1736,5],"h1",{"id":1737},"collectiones-distinctio-i-de-opitulationibus",[11,1739,1740,1741,1744,1745,1748,1749,1752],{},"§. Istorum autem, qui Opitulationes dicti sunt, iam sunt quidam per Ecclesias ordinariè instituti, vt sunt Archidiaconi, & Archipresbyteri; verumtamen, Ecclesiarum necessitate, vel vtilitate exigentibus, augeri possunt Opitulationes extraordinariè per delegationem Maiorum. Vnde Opitulationes extraordinariæ dici possunt, quos Episcopi nonnullis occupationibus impediti, mittunt per suas Dioceses, ad exercendum vice ipsorum regimen animarum, secundùm quod ipsi Episcopi iudicauerunt expedire, vt legitur Extrà, ",[15,1742,1743],{},"De Officio Ordin."," cap. ",[15,1746,1747],{},"Inter cetera."," Quod etiam eadem ratione dici posset de Minoribus Prælatis, vt sunt Plebani, & alij Ecclesiarum Rectores; videlicet, quod per suas Parochias possint Prædicatores mittere, vel vocare, vel inuitare, vt legitur 7. q. 1. cap. ",[15,1750,1751],{},"Episcopi, vel Presbyteri."," Opitulationes etiam dici possunt,",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1754},[],"§. Istorum autem, qui Opitulationes dicti sunt, iam sunt quidam per Ecclesias ordinariè instituti, vt sunt Archidiaconi, & Archipresbyteri; verumtamen, Ecclesiarum necessitate, vel vtilitate exigentibus, augeri possunt Opitulationes extraordinariè per delegationem Maiorum. Vnde Opitulationes extraordinariæ dici possunt, quos Episcopi nonnullis occupationibus impediti, mittunt per suas Dioceses, ad exercendum vice ipsorum regimen animarum, secundùm quod ipsi Episcopi iudicauerunt expedire, vt legitur Extrà, De Officio Ordin. cap. Inter cetera. Quod etiam eadem ratione dici posset de Minoribus Prælatis, vt sunt Plebani, & alij Ecclesiarum Rectores; videlicet, quod per suas Parochias possint Prædicatores mittere, vel vocare, vel inuitare, vt legitur 7. q. 1. cap. Episcopi, vel Presbyteri. Opitulationes etiam dici possunt,",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F145",{"title":5,"description":1755},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F145","f0pqtbkmgH5EKW7Ew1BjFIw47HngFUpdag1g8Xu3US8",{"id":1762,"title":1763,"body":1764,"description":1816,"extension":37,"meta":1817,"navigation":44,"page":1763,"path":1818,"pdf_page":1819,"reading":38,"seo":1820,"sortable_pagination_id":1819,"stem":1821,"__hash__":1822},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F146.md","146",{"type":8,"value":1765,"toc":1814},[1766,1777],[11,1767,1768,1769,1772,1773,1776],{},"quos Dominus Papa, qui est summus Episcoporum, & Ordinarius singulorum, ex causis prædictis, secundùm quod iudicauerit expedire, mittit per diuersas Ecclesias, vel Prouincias, ad prædicandum, vel ad aliud regimen animarum. Extrà, ",[15,1770,1771],{},"De Hereticis",", cap. ",[15,1774,1775],{},"Cum ex iniuncto",".",[11,1778,1779,1780,1783,1784,1787,1788,1791,1792,1795,1796,1799,1800,1803,1804,1772,1807,1810,1811],{},"§. Verùm si Dominus Papa infinitis & incertis, à se, vel ab Ecclesia, non electis, & sibi non cognitis, vel probatis priùs (V. G. vniuersis Monachis Cluniacensis, aut Cisterciensis Ordinis, aut quoscumque Abbates eorum duxerint destinandos) concedat in generali licentiam prædicandi, confessiones audiendi, pœnitentias iniungendi, in quibus maximè consistit regimen animarum; non est verisimile, quod per talem licentiam in generali concessam intendat, eos facere vniuersales Apostolos, vel etiam vniuersales Opitulationes Ecclesiæ vniuersæ, habentes scilicet generalem & liberam potestatem exercendi prædicta officia in omni Ecclesia Christianorum, irrequisitis Prælatis Ecclesiasticis, vel inuitis; cum Dominus Iesus Christus (cuius est Vicarius generalis, & propter quod debet eum in suo regimine imitari, tamquam eius generalis Minister, iuxta illud Ioan. 10. ",[15,1781,1782],{},"Qui mihi ministrat me sequatur",", Gloss. ",[15,1785,1786],{},"Id est, me imitetur",") dum esset in carne mortali, non nisi certas personas à se electas, conuersatione expertas, & in suo disciplinatu probatas, miserit ad prædictum regimen animarum; videlicet, duodecim Apostolos, Luc. 9. & septuaginta duos Discipulos, Luc. 10. dicens eis Matth. 10. ECCE ego, Gloss. ",[15,1789,1790],{},"qui elegi, qui docui",", MITTO vos, Gloss. ",[15,1793,1794],{},"id est, de Discipulis, missos vos facio; ideo sitis mansueti, humiles, innocentes",". Quasi diceret. ",[15,1797,1798],{},"Ideo elegi vos, & docui, & probaui in meo disciplinatu, antequam mitterem, vt sitis quales esse oportet, scilicet, mansueti, &c."," Ideo autem elegit Dominus, & probauit Discipulos suos, antequam mitteret; non quod ipse probatione indigeret, qui nihil ignorat; sed vt daret formam mittentibus, quod non mitterent passim, & sine delectu; sed deligerent electos, doctos, & diu probatos; præsertim ",[15,1801,1802],{},"Cum sit Ars Artium Regimen Animarum",", Extrà, ",[15,1805,1806],{},"De ætate & qualitate Præficiendorum",[15,1808,1809],{},"Cum sit Ars Artium",", & ideo non sine examine, nec passim quibuslibet, sed solis idoneis committendum. Vnde 2. Timoth. 2. dicit Apostolus. ",[15,1812,1813],{},"Quæ audisti à me per multos testes, hæc commenda fidelibus hominibus, qui idonei",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1815},[],"quos Dominus Papa, qui est summus Episcoporum, & Ordinarius singulorum, ex causis prædictis, secundùm quod iudicauerit expedire, mittit per diuersas Ecclesias, vel Prouincias, ad prædicandum, vel ad aliud regimen animarum. Extrà, De Hereticis, cap. Cum ex iniuncto.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F146",240,{"description":1816},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F146","U7v40nY6WHt7J8RvQoh3MRW7v1KBs_sZwUOf5ZjBAsw",{"id":1824,"title":1825,"body":1826,"description":1880,"extension":37,"meta":1881,"navigation":44,"page":1825,"path":1882,"pdf_page":1883,"reading":38,"seo":1884,"sortable_pagination_id":1883,"stem":1885,"__hash__":1886},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F147.md","147",{"type":8,"value":1827,"toc":1878},[1828,1843],[11,1829,1830,1831,1834,1835,1838,1839,1842],{},"sint & alios docere. Gloss. ",[15,1832,1833],{},"Illis enim committendum est prædicandi officium, qui apti sunt illi officio."," Ecce qualiter Apostolus, per hoc quod dicit, ",[15,1836,1837],{},"Qui idonei sint",", docet Timotheum, vt quos missurus est ad prædicandum, priùs studeat examinare. Item 1. Timoth. 2. Præcipit Apostolus, vt Episcopi, & Presbyteri, & Diaconi, qui ad regimen Ecclesiæ canonicè eliguntur, priùs probentur, quàm eis administratio verbi Dei, & aliorum spiritualium, committatur, dicens. ",[15,1840,1841],{},"Et hi autem probentur primùm, & sic ministrent, nullum crimen habentes."," Multò magis ergo probandi sunt, qui electione canonicâ non præmissâ, se offerunt, vel, quibuslibet inuitis, se ingerunt ad prædicandum, & ad omne regimen animarum.",[11,1844,1845,1846,1849,1850,1853,1854,1857,1858,1861,1862,1865,1866,1869,1870,1873,1874,1877],{},"§. Beatus etiam Paulus, post Domini Ascensionem ab eodem Domino electus, iuxta illud dictum de ipso Paulo Act. 9. ",[15,1847,1848],{},"Vas electionis mihi est iste, &c."," quamuis in lege secus pedes Gamalielis eruditus, vt legitur Act. 22. nihilominùs tamen, antequam mitteretur ad prædicandum, in raptu suo à Domino est edoctus, cum ",[15,1851,1852],{},"audiuit arcana verba, quæ non licet homini loqui,"," 2. Corinth. 12. & licet sic edoctus, non tamen statim factus est generalis Apostolus (",[15,1855,1856],{},"Annô enim Passionis & Resurrectionis Domini ad fidem venisse probatur",") sed per multos annos expertus & probatus, decimotertiô annô post suam conuersionem, generalem Gentium Apostolatum accepit, vt dicit Gloss. Bedæ super principio Epistolæ ",[15,1859,1860],{},"Ad Rom."," Item Act. 13. super illud, ",[15,1863,1864],{},"Segregate mihi Saulum & Barnabam, &c."," dicit Gloss. ",[15,1867,1868],{},"Tertiodecimô annô post Passionem Domini, videtur Saulus secundùm ordinem Historiæ, Apostolatum cum Barnaba, & Pauli nomen accepisse; quartodecimô autem annô, iuxta condictum Iacobi, Cepha, & Ioannis, ad Magisterium Gentium profectus est; cui consentit Ecclesiastica Historia."," Cum igitur secundùm Apostolum, omnes, quibus committitur prædicationis officium ante commissionem sint à committente probandi; cum etiam Saluator noster, qui errare non potest, certas & à se electas, & sibi experimentô cognitas, & probatas personas miserit ad regimen animarum; & hoc tantùm ad instructionem sequentium Ministrorum suorum fecerit, vt dictum est suprà; ",[15,1871,1872],{},"Cum omnis eius actio, nostra sit instructio,"," vt dicit Gloss. super illud Hebr. 5. ",[15,1875,1876],{},"Qui in diebus carnis suæ preces supplicationesque offudit ad eum, qui posset saluum illum facere à morte:"," Non est",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1879},[],"sint & alios docere. Gloss. Illis enim committendum est prædicandi officium, qui apti sunt illi officio. Ecce qualiter Apostolus, per hoc quod dicit, Qui idonei sint, docet Timotheum, vt quos missurus est ad prædicandum, priùs studeat examinare. Item 1. Timoth. 2. Præcipit Apostolus, vt Episcopi, & Presbyteri, & Diaconi, qui ad regimen Ecclesiæ canonicè eliguntur, priùs probentur, quàm eis administratio verbi Dei, & aliorum spiritualium, committatur, dicens. Et hi autem probentur primùm, & sic ministrent, nullum crimen habentes. Multò magis ergo probandi sunt, qui electione canonicâ non præmissâ, se offerunt, vel, quibuslibet inuitis, se ingerunt ad prædicandum, & ad omne regimen animarum.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F147",241,{"description":1880},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F147","YAF49NPZMMokLEcATaimkcA6WMg53BsaM5UyDH74jgs",{"id":1888,"title":1889,"body":1890,"description":1894,"extension":37,"meta":1930,"navigation":44,"page":1889,"path":1931,"pdf_page":1932,"reading":38,"seo":1933,"sortable_pagination_id":1932,"stem":1934,"__hash__":1935},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F148.md","148",{"type":8,"value":1891,"toc":1928},[1892,1895,1917],[11,1893,1894],{},"verisimile, summum Pontificem, Apostolicum, successorem & Christi Vicarium, ac generalem Ministrum, & ob hoc ad eius imitationem, vt ostensum est, obligatum, mittere velle, vel intendere, ad illud regimen, personas infinitas, incertas, à se, vel ab Ecclesia canonicè non electas, nec sibi cognitas, nec probatas, vt Opitulationes generales, habentes scilicet generalem & liberam potestatem eiusdem regiminis per Ecclesiam vniuersam.",[11,1896,1897,1898,1901,1902,1905,1906,1909,1910,1913,1914,1776],{},"§. Item certum est, quod nullus Apostolorum, præter Paulum, fuerit generalis Prædicator totius orbis Gentium; sed singuli ad singulas fuerunt Prouincias destinati. Vnde Rom. 1. super illud, ",[15,1899,1900],{},"Segregatus in Euangelium Dei",", dicit Glos. ",[15,1903,1904],{},"Destinatus est Paulus Apostolus Gentibus totius orbis Predicator; ac reliqui singulis Prouincijs facti sunt Legati & Predicatores",". Item B. Gregorius, licet summus Pontifex esset, tamen nihilominùs vniuersalem Pontificem se prohibet appellari; ",[15,1907,1908],{},"quoniam alijs subtrahitur, quod alteri, plusquàm ratio exigit, prabetur",", vt legitur dist. 99. can. ",[15,1911,1912],{},"Ecce in præfationè",". Non est ergo visimile, quod Dominus Papa, Christi Vicarius & imitator, infinitis & incertis personis, & à se, vel ab alio Prælato canonicè non electis, nec experimentò probatis, concesserit generalem Apostolatum, seu Pontificatum totius orbis, vel etiam generalem Opitulationem, seu Legationem; videlicet prædictam potestatem liberam eis generaliter concedendo; ne illi per hoc, maiores, vel discretiores Apostolis, vel Episcopis omnibus videantur; & ne Prælatis Ecclesiæ vniuersis subtrahi videretur, quod illis infinitis & incertis personis, plusquàm ratio exigit, præberetur; & sic vilesceret nomen Episcopi, & status Ecclesiæ turbaretur. Nam, vt dicit Damasus Papa, ",[15,1915,1916],{},"si vilescat nomen Pontificum, omnis status Ecclesiæ perturbatur",[11,1918,1919,1920,1923,1924,1927],{},"§. Item in Euangelio Matth. cap. 10. Apostolorum à Domino electorum, & certus numerus, & certa nomina ideo exprimuntur, vt præter hos, qui futuri erant Pseudo, tamquam incerti, & non electi à Domino excluderentur. Vnde Matth. 10. super illud, ",[15,1921,1922],{},"Duodecim Apostolorum nomina hæc sunt",", dicit Gloss. ",[15,1925,1926],{},"Catalogus Apostolorum ideo hìc ponitur, vt præter hos, qui Pseudo futuri erant, excluderentur",". Præuidebant enim Apostoli multos Pseudo-Apostolos, & multos falsos Doctores in Ecclesia Dei futuros, & Prædicatores sub nomine Chri",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1929},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F148",242,{"description":1894},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F148","DL-R04hKKsdaInDEj05Qb27RuajgE5Ogm3crP3f5Rr4",{"id":1937,"title":1938,"body":1939,"description":1980,"extension":37,"meta":1981,"navigation":44,"page":1938,"path":1982,"pdf_page":1983,"reading":38,"seo":1984,"sortable_pagination_id":1983,"stem":1985,"__hash__":1986},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F149.md","149",{"type":8,"value":1940,"toc":1978},[1941,1952],[11,1942,1943,1944,1947,1948,1951],{},"sti, voluntatem tamen Diaboli facturos; propter quod prohibuerunt omnes Praedicatores admitti, praeter quàm ipsos, & ipsorum legitimos successores, vel qui ab eis testimonium haberent. Vnde in lib. 4. Historiae Sancti Clementis Papae, in fine, ex Sermone Beati Petri Apostoli in Ciuitate Tripoli, ita legitur. ",[15,1945,1946],{},"Ne vnius & Veri Dei repararetur Religio Vera, Diabolus festinat continuo in hunc mundum immittere (postquam ei dixit Dominus,"," DOMINVM DEVM TVVM ADORABIS, ET ILLI SOLI SERVIES*) deterritus & metuens, Pseudo Prophetas, & Pseudo-Apostolos, falsosque Doctores, qui sub nomine quidem Christi loquerentur, Daemonis tamen facerent voluntatem; propter quod obseruate cautiùs, vt nulli Doctorum credatis, nisi qui Iacobi Fratris Domini ex Ierusalem certum detulerit testimonium, vel eius, quicumque post ipsum fuerit; nisi enim quis illuc ascenderit, & ibi probatus fuerit, quod sit Doctor idoneus & fidelis ad praedicandum Christi Verbum; nisi, inquam, inde detulerit testimonium, recipiendus ommino non est. Sed neque Propheta, neque Apostolus in hoc tempore speretur à vobis aliquis, praeter nos; vnus enim est Verus Propheta, cuius nos duodecim Apostoli verba praedicamus.* Videtur ergo, quod praeter Episcopos, qui Apostolis, & praeter Presbyteros, qui Septuaginta duobus Discipulis successerunt, vt ostensum est suprà ead. dist. §. ",[15,1949,1950],{},"Quoniam igitur,"," alij Praedicatores incerti, ab Ecclesia, vel à Praelatis Ecclesiae non electi, vel de quorum electione, aut canonica missione non constat, Pseudo sint censendi.",[11,1953,1954,1955,1958,1959,1962,1963,1966,1967,1962,1970,1973,1974,1977],{},"§. Item non est intentionis summi Pontificis, vel imminuere, vel arctare, vel infringere, vel impedire honorem, potestatem, iurisdictionem, & officia Fratrum & Coepiscoporum suorum, iuxta illud Gregorij, ",[15,1956,1957],{},"Nec honorem meum esse deputo, in quo Fratres meos honorem suum perdere cognosco; meus namque honor est honor vniuersalis Ecclesiae; meus honor est Fratrum meorum solitus Vigor; tunc ego honoratus sum, cum singulis quibusque honor debitus non negatur."," dist. 99. can. ",[15,1960,1961],{},"Ecce in praefatione."," Item Gregorius, ",[15,1964,1965],{},"Absit hoc à me, vt statuta Maiorum Consacerdotibus meis in qualibet Ecclesia infringam; quia mihi iniuriam facio, si Fratrum meorum iura perturbo."," 25 q. 2. cap. ",[15,1968,1969],{},"Quod verò dicitis.",[15,1971,1972],{},"Si sua vnicuique iurisdictio non seruatur; quid agitur aliud, nisi per nos, per quos Ecclesiasticus ordo illaesus custodiri debuit, confundatur?"," 11. q. 1. cap. ",[15,1975,1976],{},"Peruenit."," Constat autem quod potestas",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":1979},[],"sti, voluntatem tamen Diaboli facturos; propter quod prohibuerunt omnes Praedicatores admitti, praeter quàm ipsos, & ipsorum legitimos successores, vel qui ab eis testimonium haberent. Vnde in lib. 4. Historiae Sancti Clementis Papae, in fine, ex Sermone Beati Petri Apostoli in Ciuitate Tripoli, ita legitur. Ne vnius & Veri Dei repararetur Religio Vera, Diabolus festinat continuo in hunc mundum immittere (postquam ei dixit Dominus, DOMINVM DEVM TVVM ADORABIS, ET ILLI SOLI SERVIES*) deterritus & metuens, Pseudo Prophetas, & Pseudo-Apostolos, falsosque Doctores, qui sub nomine quidem Christi loquerentur, Daemonis tamen facerent voluntatem; propter quod obseruate cautiùs, vt nulli Doctorum credatis, nisi qui Iacobi Fratris Domini ex Ierusalem certum detulerit testimonium, vel eius, quicumque post ipsum fuerit; nisi enim quis illuc ascenderit, & ibi probatus fuerit, quod sit Doctor idoneus & fidelis ad praedicandum Christi Verbum; nisi, inquam, inde detulerit testimonium, recipiendus ommino non est. Sed neque Propheta, neque Apostolus in hoc tempore speretur à vobis aliquis, praeter nos; vnus enim est Verus Propheta, cuius nos duodecim Apostoli verba praedicamus.* Videtur ergo, quod praeter Episcopos, qui Apostolis, & praeter Presbyteros, qui Septuaginta duobus Discipulis successerunt, vt ostensum est suprà ead. dist. §. Quoniam igitur, alij Praedicatores incerti, ab Ecclesia, vel à Praelatis Ecclesiae non electi, vel de quorum electione, aut canonica missione non constat, Pseudo sint censendi.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F149",243,{"description":1980},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F149","2UiIJOkzdRpU5r5N9F28ibbiZoTg-hqUYfzKJiaZ7U8",{"id":1988,"title":1989,"body":1990,"description":2107,"extension":37,"meta":2108,"navigation":44,"page":1989,"path":2109,"pdf_page":2110,"reading":38,"seo":2111,"sortable_pagination_id":2110,"stem":2112,"__hash__":2113},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F150.md","150",{"type":8,"value":1991,"toc":2105},[1992,2029,2039],[11,1993,1994,1995,1998,1999,2002,2003,2006,2007,2010,2011,2014,2015,2018,2019,2014,2022,2025,2026],{},"& officium Episcoporum est probare, siue examinare, Praedicatores ignotos; de hoc enim commendatur Episcopus Ephesi Apoc. 2. à Domino ei dicente, ",[15,1996,1997],{},"Scio",", id est approbo, ",[15,2000,2001],{},"opera tua, & laborem tuum, &c."," Et infrà. ",[15,2004,2005],{},"Et probasti eos, qui se dicunt esse Apostolos, & non sunt, & inuenisti eos mendaces."," Talis examinatio praecipitur 1. Ioan. 4. vbi dicitur, ",[15,2008,2009],{},"Charissimi"," NOLITE CREDERE ",[15,2012,2013],{},"omni spiritui",", Glos. ",[15,2016,2017],{},"Id est, omni spiritualiter loquenti,"," SED PROBATE ",[15,2020,2021],{},"spiritus, si ex Deo sunt",[15,2023,2024],{},"Id est, si secundum Deum spirituales sint, & si charitate innitantur."," Quasi diceret. Probate, si non cupiditati, non ambitioni, non alteri peruersae intentioni seruiant. Et causam huius probationis, seu examinationis, subiungit dicens. ",[15,2027,2028],{},"Quoniam multi Pseudo-Prophetae exierunt in mundum, &c.",[11,2030,2031,2032,1901,2035,2038],{},"§. Item potestas & officium Episcoporum est, resistere Pseudo-Praedicatoribus. Vnde 1. Timoth. 1. ",[15,2033,2034],{},"In principio",[15,2036,2037],{},"Timotheo in Asia relicto Episcopo scribit Apostolus de Episcopali officio; videlicet, quomodò resistat Pseudo-Apostolis."," Ecce quod officium & potestas Episcoporum est examinare Praedicatores, & resistere Pseudo Praedicatoribus.",[11,2040,2041,2042,2045,2046,2049,2050,2053,2054,2057,2058,1744,2061,2064,2065,2068,2069,2072,2073,2076,2077,1744,2080,1744,2083,1744,2086,1744,2089,2092,2093,2096,2097,2100,2101,2104],{},"§. Item in hoc consistit honor, iurisdictio, & potestas Episcoporum, & ius, & distinctio, & pax Ecclesiarum, vt in vna Diocesi, non sit, nisi vnus Episcopus; in vno Archidiaconatu, nisi vnus Archidiaconus; in vna Parochia, nisi vnus Rector Parochialis; vt enim dicit Hieron. ",[15,2043,2044],{},"Singuli Ecclesiarum Episcopi, singuli Archidiaconi,"," supple in vno Archidiaconatu, ",[15,2047,2048],{},"singuli Archiepiscopi; & omnis ordo Ecclesiasticus suis Rectoribus vtitur","; quasi diceret, ",[15,2051,2052],{},"non alienis",". 7. q. 1. cap. ",[15,2055,2056],{},"In apibus",". Ecclesia enim vna non debet habere plura capita, quasi monstrum, Extra, ",[15,2059,2060],{},"De Offic. Ordin.",[15,2062,2063],{},"Quoniam in plerisque","; alioquin Ecclesia ",[15,2066,2067],{},"non esset vxor, sed scortum",". 21. q. 2. cap. ",[15,2070,2071],{},"Sicut in vna",". Ideo non debet in Diocesi vnius Episcopi alter Episcopus publicè praedicare, aut alia officia publica facere, vel plebem regere, nisi à Diocesano, vel eius Presbyteris, fuerit inuitatus. 7. q. 1. cap. ",[15,2074,2075],{},"Episcopi, vel Presbyteri",". 9. q. 2. cap. ",[15,2078,2079],{},"Nullus primas.",[15,2081,2082],{},"Nullum Episcoporum.",[15,2084,2085],{},"Nullus Episcopus.",[15,2087,2088],{},"Episcopum.",[15,2090,2091],{},"Episcopi",", & cap. ",[15,2094,2095],{},"Non inuitati",". Et Deut. 23. super illud, ",[15,2098,2099],{},"Ingressus vineam proximi tui, &c."," dicit Glos. ",[15,2102,2103],{},"In Ecclesia alterius Episcopi potest alter Episcopus aliquos corrigere, vel monere; totam verò plebem non licet ei regere, vel magna negotia tractare","; quia po-",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2106},[],"& officium Episcoporum est probare, siue examinare, Praedicatores ignotos; de hoc enim commendatur Episcopus Ephesi Apoc. 2. à Domino ei dicente, Scio, id est approbo, opera tua, & laborem tuum, &c. Et infrà. Et probasti eos, qui se dicunt esse Apostolos, & non sunt, & inuenisti eos mendaces. Talis examinatio praecipitur 1. Ioan. 4. vbi dicitur, Charissimi NOLITE CREDERE omni spiritui, Glos. Id est, omni spiritualiter loquenti, SED PROBATE spiritus, si ex Deo sunt, Glos. Id est, si secundum Deum spirituales sint, & si charitate innitantur. Quasi diceret. Probate, si non cupiditati, non ambitioni, non alteri peruersae intentioni seruiant. Et causam huius probationis, seu examinationis, subiungit dicens. Quoniam multi Pseudo-Prophetae exierunt in mundum, &c.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F150",244,{"description":2107},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F150","4tFPJvesPj1badONyi9a53iJKtwE6nrasS4y75WCBhs",{"id":2115,"title":2116,"body":2117,"description":2174,"extension":37,"meta":2175,"navigation":44,"page":2116,"path":2176,"pdf_page":2177,"reading":38,"seo":2178,"sortable_pagination_id":2177,"stem":2179,"__hash__":2180},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F151.md","151",{"type":8,"value":2118,"toc":2172},[2119,2147,2169],[11,2120,2121,2124,2125,2128,2129,2132,2133,2136,2137,2140,2141,1772,2144,2146],{},[15,2122,2123],{},"alienam messem transiens, falcem mittere non debet."," 6. q. 3. cap. ",[15,2126,2127],{},"Scriptum est;"," & est sumptum ex Deuter. cap. 23. Item 7. q. 1. cap. 27. ",[15,2130,2131],{},"Placuit, vt à nullo Episcopo vsurpentur plebes alienæ, nec aliquis Episcoporum supergrediatur in Diocesi Collegam suum."," Item Leo Papa. ",[15,2134,2135],{},"Suis terminis quisque contentus sit, nec supra mensuram iuris sui affectet augeri."," 7. q. 1. cap. ",[15,2138,2139],{},"Si quis Episcopus mediocritate ciuitatis suæ."," Vnde si quis à Domino Papa non missus, officium Episcopi sibi vsurpet in Diocesi aliena, inuitô Diocesano, ipso facto excommunicationem incurrit, & etiam debet inuocari contra eum, si necesse fuerit, brachium sæculare. Extrà ",[15,2142,2143],{},"De Officio Ordinariorum",[15,2145,2063],{},", in fine. Si ergo hoc non potest Episcopus in Diocesi aliena, multò minùs ille, qui per ordinationem Ecclesiæ nulli præest iurisdictioni, aut Ecclesiasticæ potestati.",[11,2148,2149,2150,2153,2154,2157,2158,2161,2162,2165,2166],{},"§. Cum igitur, vt dictum est, potestas Episcoporum sit examinare Prædicatores, & resistere illis, si Pseudo fuerint inuenti; & iurisdictio, & honor eorum sit, vt vnius Diocesis vnus sit Episcopus, & vnius Ecclesiæ vnus Rector; & quod nullus à Domino Papa non missus, debeat eis irrequisitis, vel inuitis, in eorum Diocesibus, officia Ecclesiastica exercere; nec sit intentionis Domini Papæ minuere, vel alterare, vel impedire potestatem, vel honorem, vel iurisdictionem eorumdem Episcoporum, vt ostensum est suprà; constat autem, quod si præfatæ infinitæ, & incertæ personæ, sine mandato, aut legatione Domini Papæ speciali, possent Ecclesiastica officia in qualibet Diocesi, & in qualibet Ecclesia, irrequisitis, vel inuitis Episcopis, publicè exercere; ita quod non possent Episcopi ratione Prælationis suæ illos prohibere, vel saltem examinare, nec ijs possent resistere, etiamsi Pseudo essent inuenti; Restat quod per hoc minueretur, immò infringeretur, & turbaretur Prælatio, id est potestas, honor, & iurisdictio Episcoporum. Restat etiam per consequentiam quod ex hoc ordo vniuersæ Ecclesiæ confunderetur; ",[15,2151,2152],{},"Non enim posset ipsius vniuersitas vlla ratione subsistere, nisi eam Prælationis & Subiectionis ordo seruaret",", vt legitur dist. 89. can. ",[15,2155,2156],{},"Ad hoc."," Turbatô etiam Prælationis ordine, pax Ecclesiæ turbaretur; ",[15,2159,2160],{},"cum ordo, & gradus Prælationis inuentus extiterit ad concordiam Ecclesiæ vniuersæ",", vt legitur dist. 93 can. ",[15,2163,2164],{},"Legimus"," versu, ",[15,2167,2168],{},"Quod autem posteà vnus.",[11,2170,2171],{},"§. Cum igitur non sit intentionis summi Pontificis, Recto-",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2173},[],"alienam messem transiens, falcem mittere non debet. 6. q. 3. cap. Scriptum est; & est sumptum ex Deuter. cap. 23. Item 7. q. 1. cap. 27. Placuit, vt à nullo Episcopo vsurpentur plebes alienæ, nec aliquis Episcoporum supergrediatur in Diocesi Collegam suum. Item Leo Papa. Suis terminis quisque contentus sit, nec supra mensuram iuris sui affectet augeri. 7. q. 1. cap. Si quis Episcopus mediocritate ciuitatis suæ. Vnde si quis à Domino Papa non missus, officium Episcopi sibi vsurpet in Diocesi aliena, inuitô Diocesano, ipso facto excommunicationem incurrit, & etiam debet inuocari contra eum, si necesse fuerit, brachium sæculare. Extrà De Officio Ordinariorum, cap. Quoniam in plerisque, in fine. Si ergo hoc non potest Episcopus in Diocesi aliena, multò minùs ille, qui per ordinationem Ecclesiæ nulli præest iurisdictioni, aut Ecclesiasticæ potestati.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F151",245,{"description":2174},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F151","E63TycLFyUw3QU9OyNKlF_rVpCapZdXJ1pnXlnufbAY",{"id":2182,"title":2183,"body":2184,"description":2235,"extension":37,"meta":2236,"navigation":44,"page":2183,"path":2237,"pdf_page":2238,"reading":38,"seo":2239,"sortable_pagination_id":2238,"stem":2240,"__hash__":2241},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F152.md","152",{"type":8,"value":2185,"toc":2233},[2186,2195,2230],[11,2187,2188,2189,1772,2192,1776],{},"ris Ecclesiæ generalis, confundere ordinem Ecclesiæ vniuersæ, vel turbare pacem Ecclesiæ, quæ duo per ordinem Pręlationis & subiectionis seruantur; sed potiùs sit intentionis eius, Ecclesiam construere, & ordinem seruare; Restat, quod secundùm intentionem Summi Pontificis, vt videtur, pręfatę infinitę, & incertę personę, per prædictam Ecclesiam generalem non possunt dici Opitulationes generales Ecclesię vniuersę, vt per Hoc liberè valeant in Ecclesia generali Ecclesiastica officia publicè exercere, irrequisitis Prælatis Ecclesiasticis, vel inuitis; sed potiùs debent ab Episcopis horum authoritatem requirere; nisi aliter missionem suam, vel legationem sibi à Domino Papa commissam canonicè ostendant, quemadmodum dicitur in Decretali. Quod si Dominus Papa concesserit aliquibus Regularibus, vt Ecclesias suas, cum vacauerint, possint in proprios vsus conuertere, illis tamen vacantibus, non possunt authoritate illius concessionis eas intrare; sed necesse habent Episcoporum authoritatem nihilominùs implorare; quia per talem generalem indulgentiam non intendit Dominus Papa Episcoporum iuribus derogare, nisi & hęc exprimatur in eius concessione Extrà, ",[15,2190,2191],{},"De priuilegijs",[15,2193,2194],{},"Pastoralis",[11,2196,2197,2198,2201,2202,2205,2206,2209,2210,1901,2213,2216,2217,2205,2220,2223,2224,2226,2227],{},"§. Item, vt ostendit Augustinus in lib. ",[15,2199,2200],{},"De Opere Monach."," à 3. capitulo, vsque ad 12. certum est, quod potestas sumendi sumptus ex Euangelio, consequens est ad potestatem prędicandi; vnde non potest Prædicatori auferri, quia potestas prædicandi, & potestas viuendi de Euangelio non possunt ab inuicem separari. Et hoc ex præcepto Dominico Deuter. 25. ",[15,2203,2204],{},"Non alligabis os boui trituranti."," Glos. ",[15,2207,2208],{},"Id est, non prohibebis Prædicatorem sumere necessaria."," Et 1. Cor. 9. super eodem verbo, ",[15,2211,2212],{},"Non alligabis os boui trituranti",[15,2214,2215],{},"Id est, non prohibebis Prædicatorem viuere de prædicatione."," Nam sicut dicitur 1. Corinth. 9. ",[15,2218,2219],{},"Ordinauit Deus his, qui Euangelium annuntiant, de Euangelio viuere.",[15,2221,2222],{},"Vt expeditiores sint ad prædicandum verbum Dei."," Et ideo dicit Augustinus in lib. ",[15,2225,2200],{}," cap. 10. 11. 12. quod ",[15,2228,2229],{},"Prædicatoribus missis debentur sumptus ex Euangelio, iure Dominicô, id est, iure diuinô.",[11,2231,2232],{},"§. Veruntamen diuersimodè debent sumi sumptus; nimirum, secundùm missiones diuersas. Si enim missi fuerint ordinariâ missione, vt sunt Episcopi, & alij curam animarum habentes, sumere possunt sumptus, tamquam stipendia militiæ suæ",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2234},[],"ris Ecclesiæ generalis, confundere ordinem Ecclesiæ vniuersæ, vel turbare pacem Ecclesiæ, quæ duo per ordinem Pręlationis & subiectionis seruantur; sed potiùs sit intentionis eius, Ecclesiam construere, & ordinem seruare; Restat, quod secundùm intentionem Summi Pontificis, vt videtur, pręfatę infinitę, & incertę personę, per prædictam Ecclesiam generalem non possunt dici Opitulationes generales Ecclesię vniuersę, vt per Hoc liberè valeant in Ecclesia generali Ecclesiastica officia publicè exercere, irrequisitis Prælatis Ecclesiasticis, vel inuitis; sed potiùs debent ab Episcopis horum authoritatem requirere; nisi aliter missionem suam, vel legationem sibi à Domino Papa commissam canonicè ostendant, quemadmodum dicitur in Decretali. Quod si Dominus Papa concesserit aliquibus Regularibus, vt Ecclesias suas, cum vacauerint, possint in proprios vsus conuertere, illis tamen vacantibus, non possunt authoritate illius concessionis eas intrare; sed necesse habent Episcoporum authoritatem nihilominùs implorare; quia per talem generalem indulgentiam non intendit Dominus Papa Episcoporum iuribus derogare, nisi & hęc exprimatur in eius concessione Extrà, De priuilegijs, cap. Pastoralis.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F152",246,{"description":2235},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F152","x-Fy7SlebaolghN-8ZBG9jnTcW0RZWSQgKGscb-NcaQ",{"id":2243,"title":2244,"body":2245,"description":2284,"extension":37,"meta":2285,"navigation":44,"page":2244,"path":2286,"pdf_page":2287,"reading":38,"seo":2288,"sortable_pagination_id":2287,"stem":2289,"__hash__":2290},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F153.md","153",{"type":8,"value":2246,"toc":2282},[2247,2276],[11,2248,2249,2250,2014,2253,2256,2257,2260,2261,1901,2264,2267,2268,2271,2272,2275],{},"sibi debita à plebibus suis, quibus prædicant, tamquam à Prouincialibus suis; si tamen sine scandalo sumi possunt, vt dicit Augustin. in lib. De opere Monach. cap. 5. Item 2. Timoth. 2. ",[15,2251,2252],{},"Laborantem Agricolam oportet primum de fructibus percipere",[15,2254,2255],{},"Id est, necessaria ab Auditoribus."," Scandalum enim in hoc vitandum est, 10. q. 3. cap. ",[15,2258,2259],{},"Cauendum."," Vnde Luc. 9. super illud, ",[15,2262,2263],{},"Nihil tuleritis in via",[15,2265,2266],{},"Necessaria vitæ debentur Prædicatoribus ab eis, quibus prædicant, quando sine scandalo sumi possunt."," Si verò missi fuerint delegatâ missione, tunc distinguitur; Aut enim missi sunt à Summo Pontifice, aut ab Inferioribus Prælatis. Si à Summo Pontifice; tunc sumere possunt sumptus ab eis, ad quorum regimen mittuntur, tamquam Legati mittentis. Extrà, De Censibus, Exactionibus, & Procurationibus, cap. Cum instantia. Si autem missi fuerint tales Prædicatores delegati, ab Episcopis, vel ab aliis Minoribus Prælatis, qui propter onus regiminis subditorum suorum habent ab eis stipendia constituta; tunc debent illi mittentes illis missis necessaria ministrare, vel præbendas assignare, de quibus in officio sibi commisso competenter valeant sustentari. Extrà, De Officio Iud. Ordin. cap. Inter cætera. Et hoc ad instar Imperialis Legati in Prouincia destinati, qui non de rebus Prouincialium, sed de rebus fisci Imperatoris viuere debet, eô quod à Prouincialibus recipit Imperator tributa constituta, vt legitur in Authentica ",[15,2269,2270],{},"Vt nulli iudicum."," §. ",[15,2273,2274],{},"Nulli."," Collat. 9. quod non est in summo Pontifice. Non igitur tenentur subiecti Episcoporum exhibere procurationes Prædicatoribus extraordinariis, ab Episcopis destinatis, nisi forte ipsi Episcopi facerent illos Vicarios suos, non solùm ad prædicandum, sed etiam ad visitandum, & ad exigendum, & recipiendum procurationes sibi debitas vice ipsorum.",[11,2277,2278,2279],{},"§. Si verò dicatur, quod Episcopi compellere possunt Parochiales Presbyteros, vt omnes Prædicatores ab eis destinatos procurent, videtur hoc esse iuri contrarium; quoniam exinde Presbyteri grauarentur & scandalizarentur. Constat enim quod Episcopi, etiam quando visitant suas Dioceses, non possunt grauare, vel scandalizare subiectos Sacerdotes, in procurationibus propriis exigendis. Vnde in Concilio Cabilonensi legitur. ",[15,2280,2281],{},"Si quando Episcopis ad peragendum ministerium suum, à Fratribus, aut à Subditis aliquid accipiendum est, hoc summe-",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2283},[],"sibi debita à plebibus suis, quibus prædicant, tamquam à Prouincialibus suis; si tamen sine scandalo sumi possunt, vt dicit Augustin. in lib. De opere Monach. cap. 5. Item 2. Timoth. 2. Laborantem Agricolam oportet primum de fructibus percipere, Glos. Id est, necessaria ab Auditoribus. Scandalum enim in hoc vitandum est, 10. q. 3. cap. Cauendum. Vnde Luc. 9. super illud, Nihil tuleritis in via, dicit Glos. Necessaria vitæ debentur Prædicatoribus ab eis, quibus prædicant, quando sine scandalo sumi possunt. Si verò missi fuerint delegatâ missione, tunc distinguitur; Aut enim missi sunt à Summo Pontifice, aut ab Inferioribus Prælatis. Si à Summo Pontifice; tunc sumere possunt sumptus ab eis, ad quorum regimen mittuntur, tamquam Legati mittentis. Extrà, De Censibus, Exactionibus, & Procurationibus, cap. Cum instantia. Si autem missi fuerint tales Prædicatores delegati, ab Episcopis, vel ab aliis Minoribus Prælatis, qui propter onus regiminis subditorum suorum habent ab eis stipendia constituta; tunc debent illi mittentes illis missis necessaria ministrare, vel præbendas assignare, de quibus in officio sibi commisso competenter valeant sustentari. Extrà, De Officio Iud. Ordin. cap. Inter cætera. Et hoc ad instar Imperialis Legati in Prouincia destinati, qui non de rebus Prouincialium, sed de rebus fisci Imperatoris viuere debet, eô quod à Prouincialibus recipit Imperator tributa constituta, vt legitur in Authentica Vt nulli iudicum. §. Nulli. Collat. 9. quod non est in summo Pontifice. Non igitur tenentur subiecti Episcoporum exhibere procurationes Prædicatoribus extraordinariis, ab Episcopis destinatis, nisi forte ipsi Episcopi facerent illos Vicarios suos, non solùm ad prædicandum, sed etiam ad visitandum, & ad exigendum, & recipiendum procurationes sibi debitas vice ipsorum.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F153",247,{"description":2284},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F153","8GWOoX9UyUwJkzxRhMteVzX5DXK6C8MCzL7sPZ8a1iY",{"id":2292,"title":2293,"body":2294,"description":2338,"extension":37,"meta":2339,"navigation":44,"page":2293,"path":2340,"pdf_page":2341,"reading":38,"seo":2342,"sortable_pagination_id":2341,"stem":2343,"__hash__":2344},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F154.md","154",{"type":8,"value":2295,"toc":2336},[2296,2317],[11,2297,2298,2299,2302,2303,2306,2307,2310,2311,2092,2314,1776],{},"perè obseruare debent, ne quem scandalizent, aut grauent. 10. q. 3. cap. ",[15,2300,2301],{},"Cauendum",". Multò minùs igitur grauare debent subiectos Presbyteros, in procurando destinatos ab eis; præsertim cum vltra statuta Patrum nihil possint exigere à subiectis. Vnde in Concilio Leonis Papæ legitur. ",[15,2304,2305],{},"Nulli Episcoporum liceat à subiecto Sacerdote, vel ab alio quolibet Clerico, vltra statuta Patrum exigere, aut superposita in Angarijs inferre",". 16. q. 1. cap. ",[15,2308,2309],{},"Nulli",". Item, cum secundùm doctrinam Dominicam & Apostolicam, Prædicator Apostolicus, seu canonicè missus, debeat sumere necessaria vitæ ab Auditoribus suis, id est ab illis, quibus prædicat, vt ostensum est suprà. §. proximô; Restat, quod non magis tenetur Presbyter Parochialis ad procurationem illius, quàm vnus ex aliis Auditoribus eiusdem; nisi fortè ille Prædicator ad supplendum defectum Presbyteri mitteretur, tamquam in spiritualibus Coadiutor. Quod faciendum non esset, nisi cum causæ cognitione, vel Presbyterô hoc petente. 7. q. 1. cap. ",[15,2312,2313],{},"Scripsit mihi",[15,2315,2316],{},"Quia Frater",[11,2318,2319,2320,2323,2324,2327,2328,2331,2332,2335],{},"§. Patet igitur ex præmissis, quod illis, qui canonicè mittuntur ad prædicandum Euangelium, non potest potestas viuendi de Euangelio adimi, vel auferri; Sed diuersimodè sumere debent sumptus, secundum diuersas missiones. Patet etiam, quod omnes Prædicatores missi a Domino Papa viuere debent de Euangelio, & ministrari illis debent sumptus ab ijs, ad quos mittuntur, & hoc iure Dominicô, id est, ex præcepto diuino. Contra præceptum verò Domini, vel eius ordinationem dispensare, vel ordinare non licet. 25. q. 1. cap. ",[15,2321,2322],{},"Sunt quidam dicentes",". Huic etiam potestati Prædicator renuntiare non potest, cum non sit introducta in fauorem eius, sed in fauorem Euangelij; videlicet, vt per hoc expeditior sit ad prædicandum Euangelium, vt ostensum est paulò ante; Et vt per hoc in labore Euangelij vires valeat reparare, vt dicit Glos. super illud Luc. 10. ",[15,2325,2326],{},"Dignus est Operarius mercede sua","; & super eodem verbo 1. Timoth. 5. ",[15,2329,2330],{},"Dignus est Mercenarius mercede sua",". Quia tamen vsus huius potestatis non est præceptus, sed tantùm permissus, vt probat Augustinus in lib. ",[15,2333,2334],{},"De Opere Monach",". cap. 6. Ideo Euangelista, si hoc viderit Euangelio expedire, potest non vti illà potestate, militando scilicet stipendijs propriis, videlicet victum suum proprijs stipendijs transigendo, ad instar Apostoli sic facientis, & sic ampliùs erogantis; secundùm quod probat August.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2337},[],"perè obseruare debent, ne quem scandalizent, aut grauent. 10. q. 3. cap. Cauendum. Multò minùs igitur grauare debent subiectos Presbyteros, in procurando destinatos ab eis; præsertim cum vltra statuta Patrum nihil possint exigere à subiectis. Vnde in Concilio Leonis Papæ legitur. Nulli Episcoporum liceat à subiecto Sacerdote, vel ab alio quolibet Clerico, vltra statuta Patrum exigere, aut superposita in Angarijs inferre. 16. q. 1. cap. Nulli. Item, cum secundùm doctrinam Dominicam & Apostolicam, Prædicator Apostolicus, seu canonicè missus, debeat sumere necessaria vitæ ab Auditoribus suis, id est ab illis, quibus prædicat, vt ostensum est suprà. §. proximô; Restat, quod non magis tenetur Presbyter Parochialis ad procurationem illius, quàm vnus ex aliis Auditoribus eiusdem; nisi fortè ille Prædicator ad supplendum defectum Presbyteri mitteretur, tamquam in spiritualibus Coadiutor. Quod faciendum non esset, nisi cum causæ cognitione, vel Presbyterô hoc petente. 7. q. 1. cap. Scripsit mihi, & cap. Quia Frater.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F154",248,{"description":2338},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F154","4oytKyrhDBTmakCsEB8m1wvlXVIxntI6GOKwncBaWSo",{"id":2346,"title":2347,"body":2348,"description":2352,"extension":37,"meta":2361,"navigation":44,"page":2347,"path":2362,"pdf_page":2363,"reading":38,"seo":2364,"sortable_pagination_id":2363,"stem":2365,"__hash__":2366},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F155.md","155",{"type":8,"value":2349,"toc":2359},[2350,2353,2356],[11,2351,2352],{},"in eodem lib. cap. 5. per authoritatem Apostoli 1. Corinth. 9. dicentis, Sed non sumus vsi hac potestate, &c.",[11,2354,2355],{},"§. Cum igitur quilibet Prædicator missus à Domino Papa potestatem habeat viuendi de Euangelio ab Auditoribus suis; quæ potestas ei auferri non potest, nec eidem potest ipse Prædicator renuntiare, vt ostensum est suprà; Relinquitur, quod si præfatæ personæ incertæ, & infinitæ, per prædictam Domini Papæ licentiam generalem potestatem haberent liberam prædicandi in omni Ecclesia Christianorum, per consequentiam potestatem haberent sumendi necessaria vitæ, seu procurationem, in qualibet Ecclesia Christianorum. Constat autem, quod propter eorum multitudinem, & frequentem fortè aduentum, ex tot eorum procurationibus enormiter Ecclesiæ grauarentur. Non est autem verisimile, quod Summus Pontifex, per prædictam licentiam generalem, intendat Ecclesiam grauare, contra illud Apostoli 2. Thess. 3. dicentis, Nocte & die operantes, ne quem vestrum grauaremus, &c. Præsertim cum hoc cederet ad impedimentum Euangelij, contra illud 1. Corinth. 9. Sed non vsi sumus hac potestate, ne quod offendiculum demus Euangelio Christi. Glos. Ne forte odirent Apostolum, si ab eis acciperet. Si Apostolus timebat odium Auditorum suorum, si ab eis acciperet; quantò magis timere deberent, qui Apostolo non sunt pares in potestate? Non est igitur verisimile, quod per prædictam generalem licentiam datam personis prædictis, intendat Dominus Papa, quod illæ personæ, tamquam generales Opitulationes, habeant liberam facultatem exercendi regimen animarum in omni Ecclesia Christianorum, irrequisitis Prælatis Ecclesiasticis, vel inuitis.",[11,2357,2358],{},"§. Sed contra hoc fortè obiiciet primarum cathedrarum in synagogis Amator, volens ostendere per multitudinem talium Prædicatorum Ecclesias non grauari, nec offendiculum Euangelio fieri, dicens. Etsi potestas Apostolica viuendi de Euangelio Predicatori misso auferri non possit, & eidem potestati ipse Predicator renuntiare non possit, vt ostensum est suprà; potest tamen Prædicator secundùm Apostolum illa potestate non vti, hoc modò; videlicet, si ab Auditoribus suis victum petat, non potestatiuè tamquam sibi debitum, sed indicatiuè, petendo scilicet propter Deum; & sic sumendo sumptus non grauantur Auditores, quia dant gratis tantùm, & ideo non fit offendicu",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2360},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F155",249,{"description":2352},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F155","RbH4q9KfQj2aWbD7xNjrKcaHn1r6SW6Aq567iwOYRjA",{"id":2368,"title":2369,"body":2370,"description":2374,"extension":37,"meta":2383,"navigation":44,"page":2369,"path":2384,"pdf_page":2385,"reading":38,"seo":2386,"sortable_pagination_id":2385,"stem":2387,"__hash__":2388},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F156.md","156",{"type":8,"value":2371,"toc":2381},[2372,2375,2378],[11,2373,2374],{},"lum Euangelio Christi. Sed verius dici potest, vt asserunt, ipsis Auditoribus gratiam fieri, & eis amplius impendi, siue amplius erogari, iuxta illud Luc. 10. Quidquid amplius erogaueris, ego cum rediero, reddam tibi; & sic in Euangelio, ad instar Apostoli, qui nihil ab Auditoribus suis recepit, misericordius & laboriosius conuersari.",[11,2376,2377],{},"§. Ad quod dicendum est, quod ille, qui hoc dicit, sub specie humilitatis & pietatis mirabiliter fallit, & falsum dicit. Primo, quia cum Prædicator missus Pastor sit, necessaria sumere ab ijs, quibus prædicat, non est mendicitas, sed potestas, vt dicit Augustinus in lib. De Opere Monach. cap. 14. in fine; Et idem dicit Glos. super illud 2. Timoth. 2. Laborantem Agricolam, &c. vbi dicitur, Castum Euangelistam securum facit Apostolus, & vult, vt intelligat, quod Prædicatorem sumere sumptus ab illis, quos tamquam gregem pascit, vel tamquam cultor Vineam exercet, non est mendicitas, sed potestas. Patet igitur, quod Prædicator canonice missus non potest sumere sumptus ab Auditoribus suis mendicitate, sed magis potestate, licet petat illos propter Deum; & sic vtitur Apostolica potestate. Secundo fallit, & falsum dicit, quia cum necessaria vitæ debeantur Prædicatori Apostolico, id est canonice misso, Iure Dominico, id est Iure Diuino, vt dicit Augustinus in eodem libro cap. 11. constat, quod qui petit ea propter Deum, aut propter Dominum, petit ea potestatiue, quia petit ea eo iure, quo petere potest, scilicet Iure Dominico; nam alio modo non potest ea petere Prædicator, nisi forte per constitutiones canonicas & humanas, in quibus tantum cauetur de Prædicatoribus ordinariis, id est de Prælatis, & Legatis Summi Pontificis. Prædicator igitur Apostolicus petens sumptus ab Auditoribus suis propter Deum, petit eos potestatiue; Ergo non petit eos mendicatiue, sed vtitur Apostolica potestate.",[11,2379,2380],{},"§. Item Augustinus in eodem lib. cap. 8. ita dicit. Si Apostolus de spirituali opere victum & tegumentum quæreret, id est, vt ab eis hæc reciperet, quos in Euangelio ædificabat; non consequenter diceret; Sed non sumus vsi hac potestate. Ex hac Authoritate habetur manifeste, quod Prædicator Apostolicus, qui victum aut tegumentum accipit ab illis, quibus prædicat, vtitur potestate viuendi de Euangelio; Ergo accipit ea, non mendicatiue, sed potestatiue, quia ex debito re-",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2382},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F156",250,{"description":2374},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F156","-QkF-m3UVkvtY7YoTr_XUvfOx5nTXdUxFkWY7FQZbaE",{"id":2390,"title":45,"body":2391,"description":2417,"extension":37,"meta":2418,"navigation":44,"page":45,"path":2419,"pdf_page":48,"reading":38,"seo":2420,"sortable_pagination_id":48,"stem":2421,"__hash__":2422},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F157.md",{"type":8,"value":2392,"toc":2415},[2393],[11,2394,2395,2396,1865,2399,2402,2403,2406,2407,2410,2411,2414],{},"cipit, id est Iure Dominico, licet petat ea propter Deum; & tamen nihilominus recipit ea gratis tantum; idem enim est in Prædicatore, petere vel recipere sumptus gratis, videlicet propter Deum tantum, & petere vel recipere illos ex debito, id est Iure Dominico; quia debentur ex debito Charitatis. Vnde super illud 1. Timotth. 5. ",[15,2397,2398],{},"Qui bene præsunt Presbyteri, duplici honore digni habeantur,",[15,2400,2401],{},"Necessitatis est in Prædicatore accipere Vnde Viuitur, Charitatis autem præbere."," Panis igitur Prædicatoribus debitus, quia ex Charitate debetur, gratuitus est; & gratuitus appellari debet. Vnde Augustinus in eodem libro cap. 7. ",[15,2404,2405],{},"Apostoli, sicut constituit Dominus, ex Euangelio viuentes, panem gratuitum manducabant ab eis, quibus gratuitam gratiam prædicabant."," Dicitur autem panis Prædicatorum gratuitus, licet sit ex Charitate debitus, quia sine corporali labore recipitur, vt dicit Augustinus in eodem lib. cap. 3. in his verbis, ",[15,2408,2409],{},"Vt tantummodo spiritualiter operantes,"," videlicet prædicando, ",[15,2412,2413],{},"manducent panem a corporali labore gratuitum."," Ecce quod panis Prædicatorum gratuitus est, & gratuitus appellatur in Scripturis, licet Iure Dominico debeatur. Restat igitur, quod Prædicator missus, petens vel recipiens sumptus ab Auditoribus suis, licet propter Deum tantum accipiat, tamen non accipit mendicative, sed potestative; & sic sumendo vtitur Apostolica potestate. Falsum ergo dicunt huiusmodi Prædicatores, dicendo se recipere sumptus ab Auditoribus suis, non potestative, sed mendicative, eo quod petant propter Deum.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2416},[],"cipit, id est Iure Dominico, licet petat ea propter Deum; & tamen nihilominus recipit ea gratis tantum; idem enim est in Prædicatore, petere vel recipere sumptus gratis, videlicet propter Deum tantum, & petere vel recipere illos ex debito, id est Iure Dominico; quia debentur ex debito Charitatis. Vnde super illud 1. Timotth. 5. Qui bene præsunt Presbyteri, duplici honore digni habeantur, dicit Gloss. Necessitatis est in Prædicatore accipere Vnde Viuitur, Charitatis autem præbere. Panis igitur Prædicatoribus debitus, quia ex Charitate debetur, gratuitus est; & gratuitus appellari debet. Vnde Augustinus in eodem libro cap. 7. Apostoli, sicut constituit Dominus, ex Euangelio viuentes, panem gratuitum manducabant ab eis, quibus gratuitam gratiam prædicabant. Dicitur autem panis Prædicatorum gratuitus, licet sit ex Charitate debitus, quia sine corporali labore recipitur, vt dicit Augustinus in eodem lib. cap. 3. in his verbis, Vt tantummodo spiritualiter operantes, videlicet prædicando, manducent panem a corporali labore gratuitum. Ecce quod panis Prædicatorum gratuitus est, & gratuitus appellatur in Scripturis, licet Iure Dominico debeatur. Restat igitur, quod Prædicator missus, petens vel recipiens sumptus ab Auditoribus suis, licet propter Deum tantum accipiat, tamen non accipit mendicative, sed potestative; & sic sumendo vtitur Apostolica potestate. Falsum ergo dicunt huiusmodi Prædicatores, dicendo se recipere sumptus ab Auditoribus suis, non potestative, sed mendicative, eo quod petant propter Deum.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F157",{"description":2417},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F157","Dh7fDKJKK31Cu0pV8A-xtgm8FRxlYSXJY-yTlTILRLQ",[2424,2464,2522,2584,2637,2694,2815,2881,2944,3014,3064,3110,3164],{"id":2425,"title":2426,"body":2427,"description":2458,"extension":37,"meta":2459,"navigation":44,"page":46,"path":2460,"pdf_page":49,"reading":38,"seo":2461,"sortable_pagination_id":49,"stem":2462,"__hash__":2463},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F145.md","Collectiones, Distinction I: On the Opitulationes (Helpers)",{"type":8,"value":2428,"toc":2456},[2429,2436],[1735,2430,2432,2433,2435],{"id":2431},"collectiones-distinction-i-on-the-opitulationes-helpers","Collectiones, Distinction I: On the ",[15,2434,21],{}," (Helpers)",[11,2437,2438,2439,2441,2442,149,2445,1772,2448,2451,2452,2455],{},"§. Of those who are called ",[15,2440,21],{}," [helpers], some are already instituted in the Churches as ordinary officers, such as Archdeacons and Archpriests. Nevertheless, when the necessity or utility of the Churches demands it, helpers may be increased extraordinarily through delegation by superiors. Hence those whom Bishops, when hindered by various occupations, send through their dioceses to exercise the governance of souls in their stead—according as the Bishops themselves judge expedient—may be called extraordinary helpers, as one reads in ",[15,2443,2444],{},"Extra",[15,2446,2447],{},"De Officio Ordinarii",[15,2449,2450],{},"Inter cetera",". By the same reasoning, the same may be said of lesser Prelates, such as parish priests and other Rectors of Churches: that is, that they may send, summon, or invite Preachers through their parishes, as one reads in 7, q. 1, cap. ",[15,2453,2454],{},"Episcopi vel Presbyteri",". Helpers may also be called",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2457},[],"§. Of those who are called Opitulationes [helpers], some are already instituted in the Churches as ordinary officers, such as Archdeacons and Archpriests. Nevertheless, when the necessity or utility of the Churches demands it, helpers may be increased extraordinarily through delegation by superiors. Hence those whom Bishops, when hindered by various occupations, send through their dioceses to exercise the governance of souls in their stead—according as the Bishops themselves judge expedient—may be called extraordinary helpers, as one reads in Extra, De Officio Ordinarii, cap. Inter cetera. By the same reasoning, the same may be said of lesser Prelates, such as parish priests and other Rectors of Churches: that is, that they may send, summon, or invite Preachers through their parishes, as one reads in 7, q. 1, cap. Episcopi vel Presbyteri. Helpers may also be called",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F145",{"title":2426,"description":2458},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F145","DR9GPoJ2hUIwHqlB6iZhZ9l_k_z2AgBF9_SqH7f2seQ",{"id":2465,"title":1763,"body":2466,"description":2516,"extension":37,"meta":2517,"navigation":44,"page":1763,"path":2518,"pdf_page":1819,"reading":38,"seo":2519,"sortable_pagination_id":1819,"stem":2520,"__hash__":2521},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F146.md",{"type":8,"value":2467,"toc":2514},[2468,2477],[11,2469,2470,2471,149,2473,1772,2475,1776],{},"those whom the Lord Pope—who is the highest of the Bishops and the Ordinary of every individual—sends, for the aforesaid causes and as he shall judge expedient, through various Churches or Provinces, to preach or to exercise some other governance of souls. ",[15,2472,2444],{},[15,2474,1771],{},[15,2476,1775],{},[11,2478,2479,2480,2483,2484,2487,2488,2491,2492,2495,2496,2499,2500,149,2503,149,2505,1772,2508,2510,2511],{},"§. But if the Lord Pope should grant in a general way—to persons indefinite and uncertain, not chosen by himself or by the Church, and neither previously known nor proven to him (for example, to all the Monks of the Cluniac or Cistercian Order, or to whomsoever their Abbots shall have decided to designate)—a license to preach, to hear confessions, and to impose penances, in which the governance of souls chiefly consists, it is not plausible that by such a license granted in general he intends to make them universal Apostles, or even universal helpers of the universal Church—that is, possessing a general and unrestricted power of exercising the aforesaid offices in every Church of the Christians, without consulting the Ecclesiastical Prelates or even against their will. For the Lord Jesus Christ (of whom [the Pope] is the general Vicar, and on whose account he ought to imitate Him in his governance as His general Minister, according to John 10: ",[15,2481,2482],{},"He that ministers to me, let him follow me","; Gloss: ",[15,2485,2486],{},"that is, let him imitate me","), while He was in His mortal flesh, sent to the aforesaid governance of souls only certain persons chosen by Himself, tested by association with Him, and proven under His discipleship: namely, the twelve Apostles, Luke 9, and the seventy-two Disciples, Luke 10, saying to them in Matthew 10, BEHOLD, I—Gloss: ",[15,2489,2490],{},"who chose, who taught","—SEND YOU—Gloss: ",[15,2493,2494],{},"that is, from among the Disciples, I make you sent; therefore be gentle, humble, innocent",". As though He were saying: ",[15,2497,2498],{},"For this reason I have chosen and taught and tested you under my discipleship, before sending you, that you may be such as you ought to be, namely gentle, etc."," And the Lord chose and tested His Disciples before sending them—not because He Himself stood in need of testing, who is ignorant of nothing, but to provide a pattern for those who send, that they should not send indiscriminately and without selection, but should pick out men who are chosen, learned, and long tested; especially since ",[15,2501,2502],{},"the Governance of Souls is the Art of Arts",[15,2504,2444],{},[15,2506,2507],{},"De ætate et qualitate Præficiendorum",[15,2509,1809],{},", and therefore it is to be entrusted not without examination, nor indiscriminately to anyone whatever, but only to suitable persons. Hence in 2 Timothy 2 the Apostle says: ",[15,2512,2513],{},"The things you have heard from me through many witnesses, commend these to faithful men, who shall be fit",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2515},[],"those whom the Lord Pope—who is the highest of the Bishops and the Ordinary of every individual—sends, for the aforesaid causes and as he shall judge expedient, through various Churches or Provinces, to preach or to exercise some other governance of souls. Extra, De Hereticis, cap. Cum ex iniuncto.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F146",{"description":2516},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F146","3JAnUJonanAbkTy228FD0vph_owHju3A665nQ10Ju2k",{"id":2523,"title":1825,"body":2524,"description":2578,"extension":37,"meta":2579,"navigation":44,"page":1825,"path":2580,"pdf_page":1883,"reading":38,"seo":2581,"sortable_pagination_id":1883,"stem":2582,"__hash__":2583},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F147.md",{"type":8,"value":2525,"toc":2576},[2526,2541],[11,2527,2528,2529,2532,2533,2536,2537,2540],{},"be, and able to teach others as well. Gloss: ",[15,2530,2531],{},"For the office of preaching is to be entrusted to those who are fit for that office."," See how the Apostle, by what he says — ",[15,2534,2535],{},"who are fit"," — teaches Timothy that those whom he is about to send to preach he should first take care to examine. Likewise in 1 Timothy 2 [i.e. 3] the Apostle commands that bishops, presbyters, and deacons, who are canonically chosen for the governance of the Church, be first tested before the ministry of God’s word and of other spiritual things is entrusted to them, saying: ",[15,2538,2539],{},"And let these also first be proved, and so let them minister, having no crime."," Much more, then, must those be tested who, with no prior canonical election, offer themselves, or — over the objections of others — thrust themselves into preaching and into every governance of souls.",[11,2542,2543,2544,2547,2548,2551,2552,2555,2556,2559,2560,2563,2564,2567,2568,2571,2572,2575],{},"§. Blessed Paul too, chosen by the Lord himself after the Lord’s Ascension — according to what is said of Paul in Acts 9, ",[15,2545,2546],{},"He is a vessel of election to me, etc."," — although in the Law he had been instructed at the feet of Gamaliel, as we read in Acts 22, nevertheless, before he was sent to preach, was taught by the Lord in his rapture, when ",[15,2549,2550],{},"he heard secret words, which it is not granted to man to utter,"," 2 Corinthians 12. And though so taught, he was not at once made a universal Apostle (",[15,2553,2554],{},"for he is shown to have come to the faith in the year of the Lord’s Passion and Resurrection","), but, after being tested and proved through many years, in the thirteenth year after his conversion he received the universal Apostolate of the Gentiles, as Beda’s Gloss on the opening of the Epistle ",[15,2557,2558],{},"to the Romans"," says. Likewise in Acts 13, on the words ",[15,2561,2562],{},"Separate me Saul and Barnabas, etc.",", the Gloss says: ",[15,2565,2566],{},"In the thirteenth year after the Lord’s Passion, according to the order of history, Saul appears to have received the Apostolate together with Barnabas, and the name Paul; and in the fourteenth year, according to the agreement of James, Cephas, and John, he set out for the teaching of the Gentiles; with which the Ecclesiastical History agrees."," Since, then, according to the Apostle, all to whom the office of preaching is committed must be tested by the one committing it before their commissioning; since also our Saviour, who cannot err, sent to the governance of souls only definite persons, chosen by himself, known and proved by his own experience; and did this solely for the instruction of his subsequent Ministers, as has been said above — ",[15,2569,2570],{},"since his every action is our instruction",", as the Gloss says on Hebrews 5, ",[15,2573,2574],{},"Who in the days of his flesh offered up prayers and supplications to him that was able to save him from death:"," — it is not",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2577},[],"be, and able to teach others as well. Gloss: For the office of preaching is to be entrusted to those who are fit for that office. See how the Apostle, by what he says — who are fit — teaches Timothy that those whom he is about to send to preach he should first take care to examine. Likewise in 1 Timothy 2 [i.e. 3] the Apostle commands that bishops, presbyters, and deacons, who are canonically chosen for the governance of the Church, be first tested before the ministry of God’s word and of other spiritual things is entrusted to them, saying: And let these also first be proved, and so let them minister, having no crime. Much more, then, must those be tested who, with no prior canonical election, offer themselves, or — over the objections of others — thrust themselves into preaching and into every governance of souls.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F147",{"description":2578},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F147","XEzDzGReUcG3sr81RCmPJx2BwOtZFUM84sfrkUis2u8",{"id":2585,"title":1889,"body":2586,"description":2631,"extension":37,"meta":2632,"navigation":44,"page":1889,"path":2633,"pdf_page":1932,"reading":38,"seo":2634,"sortable_pagination_id":1932,"stem":2635,"__hash__":2636},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F148.md",{"type":8,"value":2587,"toc":2629},[2588,2594,2619],[11,2589,2590,2591,2593],{},"likely that the supreme Pontiff, the Apostolic Lord, successor and Vicar of Christ, and general Minister — and on that account bound, as has been shown, to imitate him — would wish or intend to send to that governance an unlimited and undefined body of persons, not canonically chosen by himself or by the Church, neither known to him nor proved, as general ",[15,2592,21],{},", that is, possessing a general and free power of that same governance throughout the universal Church.",[11,2595,2596,2597,2563,2600,2603,2604,2607,2608,2611,2612,2615,2616,1776],{},"§. Likewise it is certain that none of the Apostles, except Paul, was the general Preacher of the whole world of the Gentiles; rather, they were each assigned individually to individual Provinces. Hence on Romans 1, on the words ",[15,2598,2599],{},"Separated unto the Gospel of God",[15,2601,2602],{},"Paul the Apostle was appointed Preacher to the Gentiles of the whole world; while the others were made Legates and Preachers to individual Provinces."," Likewise blessed Gregorius, though he was supreme Pontiff, nevertheless forbids himself to be called universal Pontiff; ",[15,2605,2606],{},"because that is taken away from others which is bestowed on one beyond what reason requires",", as is read in dist. 99 can. ",[15,2609,2610],{},"Ecce in præfatione",". It is not likely, therefore, that the Lord Pope, Vicar and imitator of Christ, has granted to an unlimited and undefined body of persons, neither canonically chosen by himself or by another Prelate, nor proved by experience, the general Apostolate or Pontificate of the whole world, or even a general ",[15,2613,2614],{},"Opitulatio"," or Legation; that is, by granting them in general the aforesaid free power; lest by this they should appear greater or more discerning than the Apostles, or than all the Bishops; and lest that should appear to be taken away from all the Prelates of the Church which would be bestowed on those unlimited and undefined persons beyond what reason requires; and so the name of Bishop would be cheapened, and the state of the Church disturbed. For, as Pope Damasus says, ",[15,2617,2618],{},"if the name of the Pontiffs is cheapened, the whole state of the Church is thrown into confusion",[11,2620,2621,2622,2563,2625,2628],{},"§. Likewise in the Gospel of Matthew chapter 10, both the definite number and the definite names of the Apostles chosen by the Lord are expressed for this reason: that, apart from these, those who were to be False ones — as undefined and not chosen by the Lord — might be excluded. Hence on Matthew 10, on the words ",[15,2623,2624],{},"The names of the twelve Apostles are these",[15,2626,2627],{},"The catalogue of the Apostles is set down here so that, apart from these, those who were to be False ones might be excluded."," For the Apostles foresaw that many Pseudo-Apostles, and many false Teachers, would arise in the Church of God, and Preachers under the name of Christ",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2630},[],"likely that the supreme Pontiff, the Apostolic Lord, successor and Vicar of Christ, and general Minister — and on that account bound, as has been shown, to imitate him — would wish or intend to send to that governance an unlimited and undefined body of persons, not canonically chosen by himself or by the Church, neither known to him nor proved, as general Opitulationes, that is, possessing a general and free power of that same governance throughout the universal Church.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F148",{"description":2631},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F148","_uhjQ5up8hrtWPyuHe4BHRxoLlf6zi3DbDPL1_1vFxA",{"id":2638,"title":1938,"body":2639,"description":2688,"extension":37,"meta":2689,"navigation":44,"page":1938,"path":2690,"pdf_page":1983,"reading":38,"seo":2691,"sortable_pagination_id":1983,"stem":2692,"__hash__":2693},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F149.md",{"type":8,"value":2640,"toc":2686},[2641,2660],[11,2642,2643,2644,2647,2648,2651,2652,2655,2656,2659],{},"of Christ, would nevertheless do the will of the Devil; on account of which they forbade any preachers to be admitted, except themselves and their lawful successors, or those who held testimony from them. Hence in Book 4 of the ",[15,2645,2646],{},"History of Saint Clement the Pope",", at the end, drawn from a sermon of Blessed Peter the Apostle in the city of Tripoli, it is read thus: ",[15,2649,2650],{},"Lest the true religion of the one and true God be restored, the Devil—after the Lord said to him,"," THOU SHALT WORSHIP THE LORD THY GOD, AND HIM ONLY SHALT THOU SERVE—",[15,2653,2654],{},"terrified and fearful, hastens continually to send into this world Pseudo-Prophets and Pseudo-Apostles and false teachers, who would speak indeed in the name of Christ, yet would do the will of the demon; on account of which, watch the more cautiously that you give credence to none of the teachers, except one who shall have brought sure testimony from James the Brother of the Lord at Jerusalem, or from whomever shall be [in office] after him; for unless someone has gone up there and been approved there as a fit and faithful teacher to preach the Word of Christ—unless, I say, he brings testimony from thence—he is by no means to be received. But neither prophet nor apostle in this time is to be expected by you, save us; for there is one True Prophet, whose words we, the twelve Apostles, preach."," It appears, then, that besides the Bishops, who succeeded the Apostles, and besides the Presbyters, who succeeded the seventy-two Disciples, as has been shown above in the same distinction §. ",[15,2657,2658],{},"Quoniam igitur",", other uncertain preachers—not chosen by the Church or by the Prelates of the Church, or concerning whose election or canonical mission nothing is established—are to be deemed Pseudo [-Preachers].",[11,2661,2662,2663,2666,2667,2670,2671,2674,2675,2670,2678,2681,2682,2685],{},"§. Likewise, it is not the intention of the supreme Pontiff to diminish, or to constrain, or to infringe, or to impede the honor, power, jurisdiction, and offices of his Brothers and Fellow-Bishops, according to that saying of Gregorius: ",[15,2664,2665],{},"Nor do I reckon that to be my honor in which I know my Brothers to lose their honor; for my honor is the honor of the universal Church; my honor is the accustomed Strength of my Brothers; then am I honored, when to each one the honor due him is not denied",", dist. 99 can. ",[15,2668,2669],{},"Ecce in praefatione",". Likewise Gregorius: ",[15,2672,2673],{},"Far be it from me to infringe the statutes of the Elders concerning my Fellow-Priests in any Church whatsoever; for I do myself injury if I disturb the rights of my Brothers",", 25 q. 2 cap. ",[15,2676,2677],{},"Quod vero dicitis",[15,2679,2680],{},"If his own jurisdiction is not preserved to each one, what else is brought about, except that through us—through whom the Ecclesiastical order ought to have been kept unimpaired—it is thrown into confusion?"," 11 q. 1 cap. ",[15,2683,2684],{},"Pervenit",". It is established, moreover, that the power",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2687},[],"of Christ, would nevertheless do the will of the Devil; on account of which they forbade any preachers to be admitted, except themselves and their lawful successors, or those who held testimony from them. Hence in Book 4 of the History of Saint Clement the Pope, at the end, drawn from a sermon of Blessed Peter the Apostle in the city of Tripoli, it is read thus: Lest the true religion of the one and true God be restored, the Devil—after the Lord said to him, THOU SHALT WORSHIP THE LORD THY GOD, AND HIM ONLY SHALT THOU SERVE—terrified and fearful, hastens continually to send into this world Pseudo-Prophets and Pseudo-Apostles and false teachers, who would speak indeed in the name of Christ, yet would do the will of the demon; on account of which, watch the more cautiously that you give credence to none of the teachers, except one who shall have brought sure testimony from James the Brother of the Lord at Jerusalem, or from whomever shall be [in office] after him; for unless someone has gone up there and been approved there as a fit and faithful teacher to preach the Word of Christ—unless, I say, he brings testimony from thence—he is by no means to be received. But neither prophet nor apostle in this time is to be expected by you, save us; for there is one True Prophet, whose words we, the twelve Apostles, preach. It appears, then, that besides the Bishops, who succeeded the Apostles, and besides the Presbyters, who succeeded the seventy-two Disciples, as has been shown above in the same distinction §. Quoniam igitur, other uncertain preachers—not chosen by the Church or by the Prelates of the Church, or concerning whose election or canonical mission nothing is established—are to be deemed Pseudo [-Preachers].",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F149",{"description":2688},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F149","LNCD--mmJhuMayn19y6tT5hBG6RncJIQuJ1RvsgQNHs",{"id":2695,"title":1989,"body":2696,"description":2809,"extension":37,"meta":2810,"navigation":44,"page":1989,"path":2811,"pdf_page":2110,"reading":38,"seo":2812,"sortable_pagination_id":2110,"stem":2813,"__hash__":2814},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F150.md",{"type":8,"value":2697,"toc":2807},[2698,2734,2744],[11,2699,2700,2701,2704,2705,2708,2709,2712,2713,2716,2717,2014,2720,2723,2724,2014,2727,2730,2731],{},"and office of the Bishops is to test, or examine, unknown preachers; for on this account the Bishop of Ephesus is commended in Revelation 2 by the Lord, who says to him, ",[15,2702,2703],{},"I know","—that is, I approve—",[15,2706,2707],{},"thy works, and thy labor, etc."," And below: ",[15,2710,2711],{},"And thou hast tried them who say they are Apostles and are not, and hast found them liars."," Such an examination is enjoined in 1 John 4, where it is said, ",[15,2714,2715],{},"Dearly beloved",", BELIEVE NOT ",[15,2718,2719],{},"every spirit",[15,2721,2722],{},"That is, every one speaking spiritually",", BUT TRY ",[15,2725,2726],{},"the spirits, whether they are of God",[15,2728,2729],{},"That is, whether they be spiritual according to God, and whether they rely on charity."," As if to say: Test whether they serve not cupidity, not ambition, not any other perverse intention. And he subjoins the cause of this testing, or examination, saying: ",[15,2732,2733],{},"Because many Pseudo-Prophets have gone out into the world, etc.",[11,2735,2736,2737,2739,2740,2743],{},"§. Likewise, it is the power and office of the Bishops to resist Pseudo-Preachers. Hence on 1 Timothy 1, ",[15,2738,2034],{},", the Glos. says: ",[15,2741,2742],{},"The Apostle, having left Timothy in Asia as Bishop, writes to him concerning the Episcopal office; namely, how he should resist the Pseudo-Apostles."," Behold, that the office and power of the Bishops is to examine preachers, and to resist Pseudo-Preachers.",[11,2745,2746,2747,2750,2751,2754,2755,2758,2759,2761,2762,149,2764,1744,2766,2768,2769,2772,2773,2776,2777,2779,2780,2783,2784,2783,2787,2783,2790,2783,2793,2795,2796,2799,2800,2739,2803,2806],{},"§. Likewise, in this consists the honor, jurisdiction, and power of the Bishops, and the right, distinction, and peace of the Churches: that in one Diocese there be but one Bishop; in one Archdeaconry, but one Archdeacon; in one Parish, but one Parish Rector; for, as Hieronymus says, ",[15,2748,2749],{},"Each Church has its own Bishops, its own Archdeacons","—supply: in one Archdeaconry—",[15,2752,2753],{},"its own Archbishops; and every Ecclesiastical order makes use of its own Rectors","—as if to say, ",[15,2756,2757],{},"not of those of others",". 7 q. 1 cap. ",[15,2760,2056],{},". For one Church ought not to have several heads, like a monster, ",[15,2763,2444],{},[15,2765,2060],{},[15,2767,2063],{},"; otherwise the Church ",[15,2770,2771],{},"would not be a wife, but a harlot",", 21 q. 2 cap. ",[15,2774,2775],{},"Sicut in una",". Therefore another Bishop ought not, in the Diocese of one Bishop, to preach publicly or to perform other public offices or to govern the people, unless he has been invited by the Diocesan or by his Presbyters. 7 q. 1 cap. ",[15,2778,2075],{},"; 9 q. 2 cap. ",[15,2781,2782],{},"Nullus primas","; cap. ",[15,2785,2786],{},"Nullum Episcoporum",[15,2788,2789],{},"Nullus Episcopus",[15,2791,2792],{},"Episcopum",[15,2794,2091],{},"; and cap. ",[15,2797,2798],{},"Non invitati",". And on Deuteronomy 23, upon that text, ",[15,2801,2802],{},"Going into thy neighbor’s vineyard, etc.",[15,2804,2805],{},"In the Church of another Bishop, one Bishop may correct or admonish certain persons; but it is not permitted to him to govern the whole people, or to handle great matters","; because [he who is]",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2808},[],"and office of the Bishops is to test, or examine, unknown preachers; for on this account the Bishop of Ephesus is commended in Revelation 2 by the Lord, who says to him, I know—that is, I approve—thy works, and thy labor, etc. And below: And thou hast tried them who say they are Apostles and are not, and hast found them liars. Such an examination is enjoined in 1 John 4, where it is said, Dearly beloved, BELIEVE NOT every spirit, Glos. That is, every one speaking spiritually, BUT TRY the spirits, whether they are of God, Glos. That is, whether they be spiritual according to God, and whether they rely on charity. As if to say: Test whether they serve not cupidity, not ambition, not any other perverse intention. And he subjoins the cause of this testing, or examination, saying: Because many Pseudo-Prophets have gone out into the world, etc.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F150",{"description":2809},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F150","HBmNmVw9vD4yniMs_8DXzrQqVUQ2Mlx7kPMtglnvkRA",{"id":2816,"title":2116,"body":2817,"description":2875,"extension":37,"meta":2876,"navigation":44,"page":2116,"path":2877,"pdf_page":2177,"reading":38,"seo":2878,"sortable_pagination_id":2177,"stem":2879,"__hash__":2880},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F151.md",{"type":8,"value":2818,"toc":2873},[2819,2851,2870],[11,2820,2821,2824,2825,2827,2828,2831,2832,2835,2836,2838,2839,2842,2843,149,2845,2847,2848,2850],{},[15,2822,2823],{},"ought not to put his sickle into another man’s harvest as he passes by."," C. 6, q. 3, ch. ",[15,2826,2127],{}," and it is taken from Deuteronomy ch. 23. Likewise C. 7, q. 1, ch. 27: ",[15,2829,2830],{},"It has been resolved that no bishop should usurp the people belonging to another, nor should any of the bishops trespass upon his colleague in his diocese."," Likewise Leo Papa: ",[15,2833,2834],{},"Let each one be content with his own bounds, and not seek to be enlarged beyond the measure of his own right."," C. 7, q. 1, ch. ",[15,2837,2139],{}," Whence if anyone not sent by the Lord Pope usurps to himself the office of bishop in another’s diocese against the will of the diocesan, he incurs excommunication ",[15,2840,2841],{},"ipso facto",", and even the secular arm ought to be invoked against him if necessary. ",[15,2844,2444],{},[15,2846,2143],{},", ch. ",[15,2849,2063],{},", at the end. If therefore a bishop cannot do this in another’s diocese, much less can he who by the Church’s ordination presides over no jurisdiction or ecclesiastical authority.",[11,2852,2853,2854,2857,2858,2860,2861,2864,2865,2867,2868],{},"§. Since therefore, as has been said, it is the power of bishops to examine preachers and to resist them if they are found to be false; and it pertains to their jurisdiction and honor that there be one bishop for one diocese and one rector for one church; and since no one not sent by the Lord Pope ought to exercise ecclesiastical offices in their dioceses without their being consulted or against their will; and since it is not the Lord Pope’s intention to diminish, alter, or impede the power, honor, or jurisdiction of these same bishops, as has been shown above; it is moreover plain that, if the aforesaid infinite and indeterminate persons could—without a special mandate or legation from the Lord Pope—publicly exercise ecclesiastical offices in any diocese and in any church, without the bishops being consulted or against their will, in such wise that the bishops could not by reason of their prelacy forbid them, or even examine them, nor resist them, even if they were found to be false; it remains that by this the prelacy—that is, the power, honor, and jurisdiction—of the bishops would be diminished, indeed broken and disturbed. It remains also as a consequence that from this the order of the universal Church would be thrown into confusion; for ",[15,2855,2856],{},"the universal body could in no way subsist, unless the order of prelacy and subjection preserved it,"," as is read in D. 89, can. ",[15,2859,2156],{}," And once the order of prelacy is disturbed, the peace of the Church would also be disturbed; ",[15,2862,2863],{},"since the order and grade of prelacy was devised for the concord of the universal Church,"," as is read in D. 93, can. ",[15,2866,2164],{},", at the verse ",[15,2869,2168],{},[11,2871,2872],{},"§. Since therefore it is not the intention of the Supreme Pontiff, the recto[r...",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2874},[],"ought not to put his sickle into another man’s harvest as he passes by. C. 6, q. 3, ch. Scriptum est; and it is taken from Deuteronomy ch. 23. Likewise C. 7, q. 1, ch. 27: It has been resolved that no bishop should usurp the people belonging to another, nor should any of the bishops trespass upon his colleague in his diocese. Likewise Leo Papa: Let each one be content with his own bounds, and not seek to be enlarged beyond the measure of his own right. C. 7, q. 1, ch. Si quis Episcopus mediocritate ciuitatis suæ. Whence if anyone not sent by the Lord Pope usurps to himself the office of bishop in another’s diocese against the will of the diocesan, he incurs excommunication ipso facto, and even the secular arm ought to be invoked against him if necessary. Extra, De Officio Ordinariorum, ch. Quoniam in plerisque, at the end. If therefore a bishop cannot do this in another’s diocese, much less can he who by the Church’s ordination presides over no jurisdiction or ecclesiastical authority.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F151",{"description":2875},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F151","FHwf_3nJsRBPblnt5U1dA6StL_GmAy_VprkP0lA2ptE",{"id":2882,"title":2183,"body":2883,"description":2938,"extension":37,"meta":2939,"navigation":44,"page":2183,"path":2940,"pdf_page":2238,"reading":38,"seo":2941,"sortable_pagination_id":2238,"stem":2942,"__hash__":2943},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F152.md",{"type":8,"value":2884,"toc":2936},[2885,2897,2933],[11,2886,2887,2888,2890,2891,149,2893,2847,2895,1776],{},"...r] of the universal Church, to throw into confusion the order of the universal Church or to disturb the peace of the Church—these two being preserved by the order of prelacy and subjection—but rather it is his intention to build up the Church and preserve order; it remains that, according to the intention of the Supreme Pontiff, as it seems, the aforesaid infinite and indeterminate persons cannot, through the aforesaid universal Church, be called universal helpers [",[15,2889,21],{},"] of the universal Church, so as freely to exercise publicly ecclesiastical offices in the universal Church, without the ecclesiastical prelates being consulted or against their will; but rather they ought to seek the authorization of the bishops; unless they otherwise canonically show their mission, or the legation committed to them by the Lord Pope, just as is said in the Decretal: that if the Lord Pope has granted to certain Regulars that they may, when their churches have become vacant, convert them to their own uses, nevertheless when those churches have become vacant they cannot enter them by the authority of that grant; but they are necessarily required to seek the authorization of the bishops nonetheless; because by such a general indulgence the Lord Pope does not intend to derogate from the rights of the bishops, unless this too be expressed in his grant. ",[15,2892,2444],{},[15,2894,2191],{},[15,2896,2194],{},[11,2898,2899,2900,2903,2904,2907,2908,2911,2912,2915,2916,2919,2920,2907,2923,2926,2927,2929,2930],{},"§. Likewise, as Augustinus shows in the book ",[15,2901,2902],{},"De Opere Monachorum",", from ch. 3 through ch. 12, it is certain that the power of taking sustenance from the Gospel is consequent upon the power of preaching; whence it cannot be taken away from the preacher, because the power of preaching and the power of living from the Gospel cannot be separated from one another. And this from the Lord’s precept in Deuteronomy 25, ",[15,2905,2906],{},"Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn."," Gloss: ",[15,2909,2910],{},"That is, you shall not forbid the preacher to take what is necessary."," And in 1 Corinthians 9, upon the same word, ",[15,2913,2914],{},"Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn,"," the Gloss says, ",[15,2917,2918],{},"That is, you shall not forbid the preacher to live by his preaching."," For as is said in 1 Corinthians 9, ",[15,2921,2922],{},"The Lord ordained that they who preach the Gospel should live by the Gospel.",[15,2924,2925],{},"That they may be the more unencumbered to preach the word of God."," And therefore Augustinus says in the book ",[15,2928,2902],{},", chs. 10, 11, 12, that ",[15,2931,2932],{},"to preachers who have been sent, sustenance is owed from the Gospel by the Lord’s right, that is, by divine right.",[11,2934,2935],{},"§. Nevertheless, sustenance ought to be taken in different ways, namely according to the different missions. For if they have been sent by an ordinary mission, as are bishops and others having the care of souls, they can take their sustenance, as the stipends of their warfare",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":2937},[],"...r] of the universal Church, to throw into confusion the order of the universal Church or to disturb the peace of the Church—these two being preserved by the order of prelacy and subjection—but rather it is his intention to build up the Church and preserve order; it remains that, according to the intention of the Supreme Pontiff, as it seems, the aforesaid infinite and indeterminate persons cannot, through the aforesaid universal Church, be called universal helpers [Opitulationes] of the universal Church, so as freely to exercise publicly ecclesiastical offices in the universal Church, without the ecclesiastical prelates being consulted or against their will; but rather they ought to seek the authorization of the bishops; unless they otherwise canonically show their mission, or the legation committed to them by the Lord Pope, just as is said in the Decretal: that if the Lord Pope has granted to certain Regulars that they may, when their churches have become vacant, convert them to their own uses, nevertheless when those churches have become vacant they cannot enter them by the authority of that grant; but they are necessarily required to seek the authorization of the bishops nonetheless; because by such a general indulgence the Lord Pope does not intend to derogate from the rights of the bishops, unless this too be expressed in his grant. Extra, De priuilegijs, ch. Pastoralis.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F152",{"description":2938},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F152","JmezV39v5hB78usr3iWRdFjV7LnuQTgpajFZnYZZ6iQ",{"id":2945,"title":2244,"body":2946,"description":3008,"extension":37,"meta":3009,"navigation":44,"page":2244,"path":3010,"pdf_page":2287,"reading":38,"seo":3011,"sortable_pagination_id":2287,"stem":3012,"__hash__":3013},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F153.md",{"type":8,"value":2947,"toc":3006},[2948,3000],[11,2949,2950,2951,2953,2954,2483,2957,2960,2961,2963,2964,2563,2967,2970,2971,149,2973,2847,2976,2979,2980,149,2982,2847,2985,2988,2989,2992,2993,2996,2997,2999],{},"owed to them by their congregations, to whom they preach, as from their own provincials—provided, however, that they can be taken without scandal, as Augustinus says in the book ",[15,2952,2902],{},", ch. 5. Likewise, 2 Timothy 2: ",[15,2955,2956],{},"The husbandman that laboureth must be first partaker of the fruits",[15,2958,2959],{},"That is, the necessities of life from his hearers."," For scandal must be avoided in this matter, 10. q. 3. ch. ",[15,2962,2301],{},". Whence on Luke 9, on the words ",[15,2965,2966],{},"Take nothing for your journey",[15,2968,2969],{},"The necessities of life are owed to preachers by those to whom they preach, when they can be taken without scandal."," But if they have been sent by a delegated mission, then a distinction is to be made: they have either been sent by the Supreme Pontiff, or by lower prelates. If by the Supreme Pontiff, then they can take their expenses from those for whose governance they are sent, as legates of the one sending them. ",[15,2972,2444],{},[15,2974,2975],{},"De Censibus, Exactionibus, et Procurationibus",[15,2977,2978],{},"Cum instantia",". But if such delegated preachers have been sent by bishops or by other lesser prelates—who, because of the burden of governing their subjects, have stipends fixed for them by those subjects—then those sending them must furnish necessities to those they send, or assign them prebends from which they may be competently sustained in the office committed to them. ",[15,2981,2444],{},[15,2983,2984],{},"De Officio Iudicis Ordinarii",[15,2986,2987],{},"Inter cætera",". And this on the model of an imperial legate assigned to a province, who must live not from the property of the provincials but from the property of the imperial treasury, because the emperor receives fixed tributes from the provincials, as is read in the ",[15,2990,2991],{},"Authentica"," ",[15,2994,2995],{},"Vt nulli iudicum",", §. ",[15,2998,2309],{},", Collation 9—which is not the case with the Supreme Pontiff. Therefore the subjects of bishops are not bound to provide procurations to extraordinary preachers sent by the bishops, unless perhaps the bishops themselves were to make them their vicars not only for preaching, but also for visiting, and for exacting and receiving the procurations owed to themselves in their stead.",[11,3001,3002,3003],{},"§. But if it be said that bishops can compel parish priests to procure for all preachers sent by them, this appears to be contrary to law, since thereby the priests would be burdened and scandalized. For it is established that bishops, even when they visit their dioceses, cannot burden or scandalize the priests subject to them in exacting their own procurations. Whence in the Council of Chalon it is read: ",[15,3004,3005],{},"If at any time something is to be received by the bishops, in carrying out their ministry, from the brethren or from their subjects, this must be most carefully",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":3007},[],"owed to them by their congregations, to whom they preach, as from their own provincials—provided, however, that they can be taken without scandal, as Augustinus says in the book De Opere Monachorum, ch. 5. Likewise, 2 Timothy 2: The husbandman that laboureth must be first partaker of the fruits; Gloss: That is, the necessities of life from his hearers. For scandal must be avoided in this matter, 10. q. 3. ch. Cauendum. Whence on Luke 9, on the words Take nothing for your journey, the Gloss says: The necessities of life are owed to preachers by those to whom they preach, when they can be taken without scandal. But if they have been sent by a delegated mission, then a distinction is to be made: they have either been sent by the Supreme Pontiff, or by lower prelates. If by the Supreme Pontiff, then they can take their expenses from those for whose governance they are sent, as legates of the one sending them. Extra, De Censibus, Exactionibus, et Procurationibus, ch. Cum instantia. But if such delegated preachers have been sent by bishops or by other lesser prelates—who, because of the burden of governing their subjects, have stipends fixed for them by those subjects—then those sending them must furnish necessities to those they send, or assign them prebends from which they may be competently sustained in the office committed to them. Extra, De Officio Iudicis Ordinarii, ch. Inter cætera. And this on the model of an imperial legate assigned to a province, who must live not from the property of the provincials but from the property of the imperial treasury, because the emperor receives fixed tributes from the provincials, as is read in the Authentica Vt nulli iudicum, §. Nulli, Collation 9—which is not the case with the Supreme Pontiff. Therefore the subjects of bishops are not bound to provide procurations to extraordinary preachers sent by the bishops, unless perhaps the bishops themselves were to make them their vicars not only for preaching, but also for visiting, and for exacting and receiving the procurations owed to themselves in their stead.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F153",{"description":3008},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F153","MxZfZ4SR7OEBVKky4EszE1jGws1cSdzAL-8J3I4IDmA",{"id":3015,"title":2293,"body":3016,"description":3058,"extension":37,"meta":3059,"navigation":44,"page":2293,"path":3060,"pdf_page":2341,"reading":38,"seo":3061,"sortable_pagination_id":2341,"stem":3062,"__hash__":3063},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F154.md",{"type":8,"value":3017,"toc":3056},[3018,3039],[11,3019,3020,3023,3024,3026,3027,3030,3031,3033,3034,3036,3037,1776],{},[15,3021,3022],{},"observed, lest they scandalize or burden anyone."," 10. q. 3. ch. ",[15,3025,2301],{},". Much less, therefore, ought they to burden the priests subject to them in procuring those sent by them—especially since they can demand nothing from their subjects beyond the statutes of the Fathers. Whence in the Council of Pope Leo it is read: ",[15,3028,3029],{},"Let it be lawful for no bishop to demand from a subject priest, or from any other cleric, beyond the statutes of the Fathers, or to impose additional levies as corvées",". 16. q. 1. ch. ",[15,3032,2309],{},". Likewise, since according to the doctrine of the Lord and of the Apostle, an apostolic preacher, or one canonically sent, ought to take the necessities of life from his hearers—that is, from those to whom he preaches, as has been shown above in the immediately preceding section—it remains that a parish priest is no more bound to the procuration of such a preacher than is any one of the other hearers of the same; unless perhaps that preacher were sent to supply the deficiency of the priest, as a coadjutor in spiritual matters. Which should not be done except upon judicial inquiry into the cause, or at the priest’s own request. 7. q. 1. ch. ",[15,3035,2313],{},", and ch. ",[15,3038,2316],{},[11,3040,3041,3042,3044,3045,3048,3049,3052,3053,3055],{},"§. It is therefore evident from the foregoing that, with respect to those who are canonically sent to preach the Gospel, the power of living from the Gospel cannot be removed or taken away from them; but they must take their expenses in different ways, according to their different missions. It is also evident that all preachers sent by the Lord Pope must live from the Gospel, and expenses must be supplied to them by those to whom they are sent, and this by the Lord’s right, that is, by divine precept. But it is not lawful to dispense or ordain against the Lord’s precept or his ordinance. 25. q. 1. ch. ",[15,3043,2322],{},". Nor can the preacher renounce this power, since it was not introduced in his favor, but in favor of the Gospel—namely, that through it he may be the more unhindered in preaching the Gospel, as was shown a little earlier; and that through it he may be able to restore his strength in the labor of the Gospel, as the Gloss says on Luke 10, ",[15,3046,3047],{},"The labourer is worthy of his hire",", and on the same words in 1 Timothy 5, ",[15,3050,3051],{},"The labourer is worthy of his reward",". Yet because the use of this power is not commanded, but only permitted, as Augustinus proves in the book ",[15,3054,2902],{},", ch. 6, therefore the evangelist, if he should see this to be expedient for the Gospel, can refrain from using that power—namely, by soldiering at his own expense, that is, by procuring his own livelihood from his own funds, on the model of the Apostle who so acted, and thus gave forth more abundantly; according to what Augustinus proves",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":3057},[],"observed, lest they scandalize or burden anyone. 10. q. 3. ch. Cauendum. Much less, therefore, ought they to burden the priests subject to them in procuring those sent by them—especially since they can demand nothing from their subjects beyond the statutes of the Fathers. Whence in the Council of Pope Leo it is read: Let it be lawful for no bishop to demand from a subject priest, or from any other cleric, beyond the statutes of the Fathers, or to impose additional levies as corvées. 16. q. 1. ch. Nulli. Likewise, since according to the doctrine of the Lord and of the Apostle, an apostolic preacher, or one canonically sent, ought to take the necessities of life from his hearers—that is, from those to whom he preaches, as has been shown above in the immediately preceding section—it remains that a parish priest is no more bound to the procuration of such a preacher than is any one of the other hearers of the same; unless perhaps that preacher were sent to supply the deficiency of the priest, as a coadjutor in spiritual matters. Which should not be done except upon judicial inquiry into the cause, or at the priest’s own request. 7. q. 1. ch. Scripsit mihi, and ch. Quia Frater.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F154",{"description":3058},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F154","pBw2scHJmI6w6-1z2Xzq8Y1zOKK8HUeUmLYfOkJzSnk",{"id":3065,"title":2347,"body":3066,"description":3104,"extension":37,"meta":3105,"navigation":44,"page":2347,"path":3106,"pdf_page":2363,"reading":38,"seo":3107,"sortable_pagination_id":2363,"stem":3108,"__hash__":3109},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F155.md",{"type":8,"value":3067,"toc":3102},[3068,3075,3092],[11,3069,3070,3071,3074],{},"in the same book, chapter 5, by the authority of the Apostle in 1 Corinthians 9, who says, ",[15,3072,3073],{},"But we have not used this power",", etc.",[11,3076,3077,3078,3081,3082,2992,3085,3088,3089,3091],{},"§. Since therefore every Preacher sent by the Lord Pope has the power of living from the Gospel from his hearers — a power which cannot be taken from him, nor can the Preacher himself renounce it, as has been shown above — it follows that if the aforesaid indefinite and innumerable persons [i.e. the friars], by virtue of the said general license of the Lord Pope, were to have free power of preaching in every Church of Christians, by consequence they would have the power of taking the necessaries of life, or procuration, in every Church of Christians. But it is clear that, on account of their multitude and perhaps frequent arrival, the Churches would be enormously burdened by so many procurations on their behalf. Now it is not likely that the Supreme Pontiff, by the said general license, intends to burden the Church, contrary to that saying of the Apostle in 2 Thessalonians 3: ",[15,3079,3080],{},"Working night and day, that we might not burden any of you",", etc. Especially since this would tend to the hindrance of the Gospel, contrary to that of 1 Corinthians 9: ",[15,3083,3084],{},"But we have not used this power, lest we should give any offense to the Gospel of Christ.",[15,3086,3087],{},"Gloss: Lest perhaps they should hate the Apostle, if he were to take from them."," If the Apostle feared the hatred of his hearers if he were to take from them, how much more ought those to fear who are not equal to the Apostle in power? It is therefore not likely that, by the said general license given to the aforesaid persons, the Lord Pope intends that those persons, as general Helpers [",[15,3090,21],{},"], should have the free faculty of exercising the governance of souls in every Church of Christians, without the Ecclesiastical Prelates being consulted, or even against their will.",[11,3093,3094,3095,3097,3098,3101],{},"§. But against this perhaps the Lover of the chief seats in the synagogues will object, wishing to show by the multitude of such Preachers that the Churches are not burdened, nor any offense given to the Gospel, saying as follows. Although the Apostolic power of living from the Gospel cannot be taken from the Preacher who has been sent, and although the Preacher himself cannot renounce that power, as has been shown above, nevertheless the Preacher can, according to the Apostle, refrain from using that power, in this way: namely, if he asks his hearers for sustenance, not by way of power [",[15,3096,25],{},"] as something owed to him, but by way of indication [",[15,3099,3100],{},"indicative","], that is, by asking for it for God’s sake; and by taking his expenses in this way the hearers are not burdened, because they give only gratuitously, and so no offense",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":3103},[],"in the same book, chapter 5, by the authority of the Apostle in 1 Corinthians 9, who says, But we have not used this power, etc.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F155",{"description":3104},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F155","n-fPv6bPqFaqYj8i3Il4mSkJ_hM9Z0tvUcneB_rebKY",{"id":3111,"title":2369,"body":3112,"description":3158,"extension":37,"meta":3159,"navigation":44,"page":2369,"path":3160,"pdf_page":2385,"reading":38,"seo":3161,"sortable_pagination_id":2385,"stem":3162,"__hash__":3163},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F156.md",{"type":8,"value":3113,"toc":3156},[3114,3121,3149],[11,3115,3116,3117,3120],{},"is given to the Gospel of Christ. But it can more truly be said, as they assert, that a favor is done to the hearers themselves, and that more is bestowed or paid out to them, according to that of Luke 10: ",[15,3118,3119],{},"Whatsoever thou shalt spend over and above, when I return, I will repay thee","; and so [the Preacher] lives in the Gospel, after the manner of the Apostle, who received nothing from his hearers, more mercifully and more laboriously.",[11,3122,3123,3124,3127,3128,3131,3132,3134,3135,3138,3139,3142,3143,3145,3146,3148],{},"§. To which it must be replied that he who says this, under the appearance of humility and piety, deceives wonderfully and speaks falsely. First, because since the Preacher who has been sent is a Shepherd, to take the necessaries from those to whom he preaches is not begging [",[15,3125,3126],{},"mendicitas","] but a power [",[15,3129,3130],{},"potestas","], as Augustinus says in the book ",[15,3133,2902],{},", chapter 14, at the end. And the same is said by the Gloss on that text of 2 Timothy 2, ",[15,3136,3137],{},"The husbandman that laboureth",", etc., where it is said: ",[15,3140,3141],{},"The Apostle reassures the chaste Evangelist, and wishes him to understand that for a Preacher to take expenses from those whom he feeds as a flock, or whom he tends as a cultivator tends a Vineyard, is not begging, but a power."," It is therefore clear that a Preacher canonically sent cannot take expenses from his hearers by way of begging, but rather by way of power, even though he asks for them for God’s sake; and thus he uses the Apostolic power. Secondly, he deceives and speaks falsely, because since the necessaries of life are owed to the Apostolic Preacher — that is, to one canonically sent — by the Lord’s Right, that is, by Divine Right, as Augustinus says in the same book, chapter 11, it is clear that he who asks for them for God’s sake, or for the Lord’s sake, asks for them by way of power [",[15,3144,25],{},"], because he asks for them by that right by which he is able to ask, namely the Lord’s Right; for in no other way can the Preacher ask for them, except perhaps by canonical and human constitutions, in which provision is made only concerning the ordinary Preachers, that is, the Prelates and Legates of the Supreme Pontiff. The Apostolic Preacher, therefore, in asking his hearers for expenses for God’s sake, asks for them by way of power; therefore he does not ask for them by way of begging [",[15,3147,29],{},"], but uses the Apostolic power.",[11,3150,3151,3152,3155],{},"§. Likewise Augustinus in the same book, chapter 8, speaks thus: ",[15,3153,3154],{},"If the Apostle were seeking sustenance and clothing from his spiritual work, that is, that he might receive these things from those whom he was building up in the Gospel, he would not consequently say: But we have not used this power."," From this Authority it is plainly established that the Apostolic Preacher who receives sustenance or clothing from those to whom he preaches uses the power of living from the Gospel. Therefore he receives these things not by way of begging, but by way of power, because by debt he re-",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":3157},[],"is given to the Gospel of Christ. But it can more truly be said, as they assert, that a favor is done to the hearers themselves, and that more is bestowed or paid out to them, according to that of Luke 10: Whatsoever thou shalt spend over and above, when I return, I will repay thee; and so [the Preacher] lives in the Gospel, after the manner of the Apostle, who received nothing from his hearers, more mercifully and more laboriously.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F156",{"description":3158},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F156","8fDv6QKYin-nlruJqGN_94rsLFFEAZzLeGsgDol-6RE",{"id":3165,"title":45,"body":3166,"description":3198,"extension":37,"meta":3199,"navigation":44,"page":45,"path":3200,"pdf_page":48,"reading":38,"seo":3201,"sortable_pagination_id":48,"stem":3202,"__hash__":3203},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F157.md",{"type":8,"value":3167,"toc":3196},[3168],[11,3169,3170,3171,2915,3174,3177,3178,3181,3182,3185,3186,3189,3190,3192,3193,3195],{},"ceives them, that is, by the Lord’s Right, although he asks for them for God’s sake; and yet none the less he receives them only gratis. For in the Preacher’s case it is one and the same thing to ask or receive expenses gratis—namely, for God’s sake alone—and to ask or receive them as a debt, that is, by the Lord’s Right; for they are owed by the debt of charity. Hence on that text of 1 Timothy 5, ",[15,3172,3173],{},"Let the presbyters who rule well be held worthy of double honor,",[15,3175,3176],{},"It is a matter of necessity for the Preacher to accept that whence he lives, and of charity to provide it."," The bread, therefore, owed to Preachers, since it is owed out of charity, is gratuitous, and ought to be called gratuitous. Hence Augustinus in the same book, chapter 7: ",[15,3179,3180],{},"The Apostles, just as the Lord appointed, living from the Gospel, ate gratuitous bread from those to whom they preached gratuitous grace."," Now the Preachers’ bread is called gratuitous, although it is owed out of charity, because it is received without bodily labor, as Augustinus says in the same book, chapter 3, in these words: ",[15,3183,3184],{},"That, working only spiritually","—namely, by preaching—",[15,3187,3188],{},"they may eat bread gratuitous from bodily labor."," See, then, that the Preachers’ bread is gratuitous, and is called gratuitous in the Scriptures, although it is owed by the Lord’s Right. It remains, therefore, that the Preacher who has been sent, when he asks for or receives expenses from his hearers, although he accepts them only for God’s sake, yet does not accept them by way of begging, but by way of power; and in so taking he uses the Apostolic power. Falsely, therefore, do such Preachers speak when they say that they receive expenses from their hearers not by way of power [",[15,3191,25],{},"] but by way of begging [",[15,3194,29],{},"], on the grounds that they ask for them for God’s sake.",{"title":32,"searchDepth":33,"depth":33,"links":3197},[],"ceives them, that is, by the Lord’s Right, although he asks for them for God’s sake; and yet none the less he receives them only gratis. For in the Preacher’s case it is one and the same thing to ask or receive expenses gratis—namely, for God’s sake alone—and to ask or receive them as a debt, that is, by the Lord’s Right; for they are owed by the debt of charity. Hence on that text of 1 Timothy 5, Let the presbyters who rule well be held worthy of double honor, the Gloss says, It is a matter of necessity for the Preacher to accept that whence he lives, and of charity to provide it. The bread, therefore, owed to Preachers, since it is owed out of charity, is gratuitous, and ought to be called gratuitous. Hence Augustinus in the same book, chapter 7: The Apostles, just as the Lord appointed, living from the Gospel, ate gratuitous bread from those to whom they preached gratuitous grace. Now the Preachers’ bread is called gratuitous, although it is owed out of charity, because it is received without bodily labor, as Augustinus says in the same book, chapter 3, in these words: That, working only spiritually—namely, by preaching—they may eat bread gratuitous from bodily labor. See, then, that the Preachers’ bread is gratuitous, and is called gratuitous in the Scriptures, although it is owed by the Lord’s Right. It remains, therefore, that the Preacher who has been sent, when he asks for or receives expenses from his hearers, although he accepts them only for God’s sake, yet does not accept them by way of begging, but by way of power; and in so taking he uses the Apostolic power. Falsely, therefore, do such Preachers speak when they say that they receive expenses from their hearers not by way of power [potestative] but by way of begging [mendicative], on the grounds that they ask for them for God’s sake.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F157",{"description":3198},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-collectiones-d1\u002F157","RYdlTYGR83XTbtg2Rvx4qDk2dkDrQIQOt5R7I4dlsic",1789161138096]