[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2687},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reading-william-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante":3,"authors":39,"doc-william-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante":1671,"transcription-cols-william-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante":1712,"translation-cols-william-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante":1995},{"id":4,"title":5,"author":6,"body":7,"description":13,"document":18,"extension":19,"key":20,"meta":21,"navigation":26,"page_end":27,"page_start":28,"path":29,"pdf_page_end":30,"pdf_page_start":31,"section":32,"seo":33,"stem":34,"title_en":35,"translator":36,"year":37,"__hash__":38},"readingsMeta\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante.md","De Valido Mendicante","william-saint-amour",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":14},"minimark",[10],[11,12,13],"p",{},"A scholastic quæstio by William of Saint-Amour debating whether alms ought to be given to the able-bodied mendicant — that is, to one who is poor but capable of supporting himself by work. After arrays of scriptural and patristic arguments on both sides, William concludes that able-bodied beggars are not to be supported, since Scripture and the Fathers everywhere enjoin labor on those who can work; alms are owed only to the genuinely poor — the disabled, the aged, pilgrims, scholars, and others unable to earn their bread. The tract closes with a brief sub-question on whether preachers may beg, answered in the negative lest they fall into avarice, flattery, or simony.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":17},"",2,[],"saint-amour-opera-omnia-1632","md","william-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante",{"start_text":22,"end_text":23,"start_text_transcription":24,"end_text_transcription":25},"Quæritur vtrum debeamus dare eleemosynam Valido Mendicanti, si sit pauper","maxime cum non tantum a malo, sed ab omni specie mali abstinendum sit","Quæritur Verum debeamus dare eleemofynam Valido Mendicanti, ſi ſit pauper","maximè cum non tantum à malo, sed ab omni specie mali abstinendum fit",true,"87","80","\u002Freadings\u002Fmeta\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante",181,174,"Quæstio: De Valido Mendicante",{"title":5,"description":13},"readings\u002Fmeta\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante","On the Able-Bodied Mendicant",null,1256,"vyTjFbyvxbVchaCDZpRuESIX4gH4in6S3JZzMN397rs",[40,79,121,158,185,203,223,261,291,327,354,397,442,493,515,539,569,596,630,664,690,721,748,777,804,844,875,901,922,943,977,1003,1024,1059,1079,1109,1130,1151,1172,1205,1234,1264,1294,1319,1349,1368,1404,1429,1454,1482,1511,1538,1568,1597,1617,1642],{"id":41,"title":42,"body":43,"born":67,"description":68,"died":69,"extension":19,"image":70,"key":71,"meta":72,"name":51,"name_en":73,"navigation":26,"path":74,"seo":75,"stem":76,"wikipedia":77,"__hash__":78},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great.md","Albert The Great",{"type":8,"value":44,"toc":65},[45],[11,46,47,48,52,53,56,57,60,61,64],{},"Albert the Great (",[49,50,51],"em",{},"Albertus Magnus",", c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the ",[49,54,55],{},"Doctor Universalis",". He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive ",[49,58,59],{},"Commentary on the Sentences"," of Peter Lombard, a ",[49,62,63],{},"Summa Theologiae",", and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":66},[],1200,"Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus, c. 1200–1280) was a German Dominican friar, philosopher, bishop of Regensburg, and one of the most learned figures of the thirteenth century, known as the Doctor Universalis. He was among the first medieval scholars to integrate the newly translated Aristotelian corpus into Christian thought, producing extensive paraphrases and commentaries on nearly all of Aristotle's works, as well as a massive Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, a Summa Theologiae, and treatises on natural philosophy, botany, and mineralogy. He taught at Paris and Cologne — where Thomas Aquinas was his most famous student — and shaped the Dominican intellectual tradition for generations. He was canonized in 1931 and declared a Doctor of the Church.",1280,"\u002Fa\u002Falbert-the-great.jpg","albert-the-great",{},"Albert the Great","\u002Fauthors\u002Falbert-the-great",{"description":68},"authors\u002Falbert-the-great","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlbertus_Magnus","KeG3-K8ed5BbkReWwTlEdMp5xn7sJf20hUvLX6pvBrw",{"id":80,"title":81,"body":82,"born":109,"description":110,"died":111,"extension":19,"image":112,"key":113,"meta":114,"name":89,"name_en":115,"navigation":26,"path":116,"seo":117,"stem":118,"wikipedia":119,"__hash__":120},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales.md","Alexander Of Hales",{"type":8,"value":83,"toc":107},[84],[11,85,86,87,90,91,94,95,98,99,102,103,106],{},"Alexander of Hales (",[49,88,89],{},"Alexander Halensis",", c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the ",[49,92,93],{},"Doctor Irrefragabilis"," (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's ",[49,96,97],{},"Sentences"," as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the ",[49,100,101],{},"Summa Theologica"," (the ",[49,104,105],{},"Summa Halensis",") — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":108},[],1185,"Alexander of Hales (Alexander Halensis, c. 1185–1245) was an English Franciscan theologian and master of the University of Paris, known as the Doctor Irrefragabilis (\"Irrefragable Doctor\"). After entering the Order of Friars Minor around 1236 as an established master, he transferred his chair in theology to the Franciscans, making him the first Franciscan regent master at Paris. He is credited with being the first scholastic to use Peter Lombard's Sentences as a textbook for systematic theology, and his lectures and disputations form the nucleus of the Summa Theologica (the Summa Halensis) — a massive synthesis assembled, after his death, by his Franciscan students and collaborators. The work exerted profound influence on Bonaventure and the early Franciscan school.",1245,"\u002Fa\u002Falexander-of-hales.jpg","alexander-of-hales",{},"Alexander of Hales","\u002Fauthors\u002Falexander-of-hales",{"description":110},"authors\u002Falexander-of-hales","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAlexander_of_Hales","x-I-vMA6IXKaIjl_dQlCh-PClxCTJu2z1hip_74UfzA",{"id":122,"title":123,"body":124,"born":145,"description":146,"died":147,"extension":19,"image":148,"key":149,"meta":150,"name":151,"name_en":152,"navigation":26,"path":153,"seo":154,"stem":155,"wikipedia":156,"__hash__":157},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan.md","Ambrose Of Milan",{"type":8,"value":125,"toc":143},[126],[11,127,128,129,132,133,132,136,132,139,142],{},"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (",[49,130,131],{},"De fide",", ",[49,134,135],{},"De Spiritu Sancto",[49,137,138],{},"De mysteriis",[49,140,141],{},"De officiis ministrorum","), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":144},[],339,"Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) was bishop of Milan from 374 until his death and is counted among the four traditional Latin Doctors of the Church. Born at Trier into a Roman senatorial family, he was serving as governor of Aemilia-Liguria when the people of Milan acclaimed him bishop while he was still only a catechumen; he was baptized, ordained, and consecrated within a single week. As bishop he confronted Arian factions at court, defended ecclesiastical independence against the emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius — most famously imposing public penance on Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica — and instructed and baptized Augustine of Hippo. His exegetical works (commentaries on Luke, the Psalms, Genesis, and the patriarchs), dogmatic treatises (De fide, De Spiritu Sancto, De mysteriis, De officiis ministrorum), Latin hymns, and pastoral letters shaped Latin theology, liturgy, and political thought throughout the Middle Ages.",397,"\u002Fa\u002Fambrose-of-milan.jpg","ambrose-of-milan",{},"Ambrosius Mediolanensis","Ambrose of Milan","\u002Fauthors\u002Fambrose-of-milan",{"description":146},"authors\u002Fambrose-of-milan","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAmbrose","1gIrF-hUENGnRPASStdOtIUKvnVnSMAFcm-L50Sep-Q",{"id":159,"title":160,"body":161,"born":172,"description":173,"died":174,"extension":19,"image":175,"key":176,"meta":177,"name":178,"name_en":179,"navigation":26,"path":180,"seo":181,"stem":182,"wikipedia":183,"__hash__":184},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.md","Angelus De Clavasio",{"type":8,"value":162,"toc":170},[163],[11,164,165,166,169],{},"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his ",[49,167,168],{},"Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae",", an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":171},[],1411,"Angelus de Clavasio (Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, c. 1411–1495) was an Italian Observant Franciscan friar, moral theologian, and papal legate. Born at Chivasso in Piedmont, he studied at Bologna, earning doctorates in canon and civil law and in theology, before entering the Observant Franciscans, among whom he repeatedly served as vicar general. He was best known for his Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae, an alphabetically arranged confessor's manual that became one of the most widely printed handbooks of moral and canonical casuistry of the late fifteenth century — so prominent that Luther consigned it to the flames alongside the canon law in 1520. He was beatified in 1753.",1495,"\u002Fa\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio.jpg","angelus-de-clavasio",{},"Angelus de Clavasio","Angelo Carletti di Chivasso","\u002Fauthors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio",{"description":173},"authors\u002Fangelus-de-clavasio","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAngelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso","EByOyDoS6BVw15dZTgofSW93myBxBv17eL4x_V_ggd8",{"id":186,"title":187,"body":188,"born":36,"description":192,"died":36,"extension":19,"image":195,"key":196,"meta":197,"name":198,"name_en":187,"navigation":26,"path":199,"seo":200,"stem":201,"wikipedia":36,"__hash__":202},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous.md","Anonymous",{"type":8,"value":189,"toc":193},[190],[11,191,192],{},"Author unknown.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":194},[],"\u002Fa\u002Fanonymous.jpg","anonymous",{},"Anonymus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fanonymous",{"description":192},"authors\u002Fanonymous","Nox472aTg2LHPXTza2yaMPmf170xP_nUx-nN0Fzl3Eg",{"id":204,"title":205,"body":206,"born":213,"description":210,"died":214,"extension":19,"image":215,"key":216,"meta":217,"name":205,"name_en":205,"navigation":26,"path":218,"seo":219,"stem":220,"wikipedia":221,"__hash__":222},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney.md","Anthony Tuckney",{"type":8,"value":207,"toc":211},[208],[11,209,210],{},"Anthony Tuckney (1599–1670) was an English Puritan theologian and Cambridge divine. He served successively as Master of Emmanuel College (1645–1653) and Master of St John's College (1653–1660), and held the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge. A prominent member of the Westminster Assembly, he played a significant role in drafting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms. He is remembered particularly for his correspondence with Benjamin Whichcote, in which he defended Reformed orthodoxy against the latitude of the Cambridge Platonists. His forty sermons, preached over the course of his ministry and published posthumously by his son Jonathan in 1676, represent the breadth of his practical and doctrinal preaching.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":212},[],1599,1670,"\u002Fa\u002Fanthony-tuckney.jpg","anthony-tuckney",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fanthony-tuckney",{"description":210},"authors\u002Fanthony-tuckney","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAnthony_Tuckney","y7g6LfIYXk643kHnxOw7p-1bu0zSkewj_TW_8gIKq4E",{"id":224,"title":225,"body":226,"born":249,"description":250,"died":251,"extension":19,"image":252,"key":253,"meta":254,"name":255,"name_en":225,"navigation":26,"path":256,"seo":257,"stem":258,"wikipedia":259,"__hash__":260},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat.md","Aphrahat",{"type":8,"value":227,"toc":247},[228],[11,229,230,231,234,235,238,239,242,243,246],{},"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (",[49,232,233],{},"Sapiens Persa","), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three ",[49,236,237],{},"Demonstrations"," (",[49,240,241],{},"tahwyātā","), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (",[49,244,245],{},"De Acino","), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":248},[],280,"Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345), called the Persian Sage (Sapiens Persa), was a fourth-century Syriac Christian writer who lived under the Sasanian Empire, almost certainly as a celibate ascetic and possibly as a bishop or head of the monastery of Mar Mattai near Mosul. He is the earliest substantial witness to Syriac Christian thought, writing entirely outside the Greco-Roman world and apparently in no significant contact with the Greek theological tradition. Between 337 and 345 he composed twenty-three Demonstrations (tahwyātā), the first twenty-two arranged as an alphabetical acrostic on the Syriac alphabet and treating the Christian life — faith, love, fasting, prayer, war, monasticism, penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors, the dispute with the Jews, the messiah, the foods, virginity, almsgiving, persecution, and death — and the twenty-third, on the grape (De Acino), serving as a recapitulation of salvation history. His expositions are notable for their extensive scriptural argumentation, their preservation of pre-Nicene exegesis, and their detailed engagement with Jewish interlocutors during the persecution of Shapur II.",345,"\u002Fa\u002Faphrahat.jpg","aphrahat",{},"Aphraates Sapiens Persa","\u002Fauthors\u002Faphrahat",{"description":250},"authors\u002Faphrahat","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAphrahat","KdGPaJEL1jlFYg88XCFtoUinuyVnVCQAirupPAaAkK0",{"id":262,"title":263,"body":264,"born":36,"description":279,"died":280,"extension":19,"image":281,"key":282,"meta":283,"name":284,"name_en":285,"navigation":26,"path":286,"seo":287,"stem":288,"wikipedia":289,"__hash__":290},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.md","Astesanus Of Asti",{"type":8,"value":265,"toc":277},[266],[11,267,268,269,272,273,276],{},"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the ",[49,270,271],{},"Summa de casibus conscientiae"," (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections ",[49,274,275],{},"De significatione verborum"," singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":278},[],"Astesanus of Asti (died c. 1330) was a Franciscan friar from Asti in Piedmont and a canon lawyer. His major work, the Summa de casibus conscientiae (c. 1317), became one of the most widely circulated confessors' manuals of the later Middle Ages, surviving in numerous manuscripts and early printed editions. Drawing on both civil and canon law, it was valued as a practical reference for cases of conscience, with its sections De significatione verborum singled out for their treatment of legal terminology. He dedicated the work to Cardinal Giovanni Caetani Orsini.",1330,"\u002Fa\u002Fastesanus-of-asti.jpg","astesanus-of-asti",{},"Astesanus de Ast","Astesanus of Asti","\u002Fauthors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti",{"description":279},"authors\u002Fastesanus-of-asti","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAstesanus_of_Asti","pb0UlvnzVGelYoG26swO5fjP84E_LiMXYUvYAeiLDJc",{"id":292,"title":293,"body":294,"born":314,"description":315,"died":316,"extension":19,"image":317,"key":318,"meta":319,"name":320,"name_en":321,"navigation":26,"path":322,"seo":323,"stem":324,"wikipedia":325,"__hash__":326},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine.md","Augustine",{"type":8,"value":295,"toc":312},[296],[11,297,298,299,302,303,132,305,132,308,311],{},"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his ",[49,300,301],{},"Confessions",". As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the ",[49,304,301],{},[49,306,307],{},"The City of God",[49,309,310],{},"On the Trinity",", and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":313},[],354,"Augustine of Hippo (354–430) was a bishop, theologian, and philosopher from Roman North Africa, widely considered one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity and Western philosophy. Born in Thagaste (modern Algeria) and educated in rhetoric at Carthage, he converted to Christianity in 386 after years of intellectual searching, an experience recounted in his Confessions. As bishop of Hippo Regius from 396 until his death, he wrote prolifically on theology, scripture, ethics, and church discipline; his major works — including the Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity, and numerous treatises and letters — shaped Latin theology throughout the medieval and Reformation periods.",430,"\u002Fa\u002Faugustine.jpg","augustine",{},"Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis","Augustine of Hippo","\u002Fauthors\u002Faugustine",{"description":315},"authors\u002Faugustine","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAugustine_of_Hippo","UwwfGL6TpYZHQEoysAC2TegpfrYOWkZUQQ_TwMcDkw8",{"id":328,"title":329,"body":330,"born":341,"description":342,"died":343,"extension":19,"image":344,"key":345,"meta":346,"name":347,"name_en":348,"navigation":26,"path":349,"seo":350,"stem":351,"wikipedia":352,"__hash__":353},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.md","Basil Of Caesarea",{"type":8,"value":331,"toc":339},[332],[11,333,334,335,338],{},"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (",[49,336,337],{},"Asketikon",") shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":340},[],329,"Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379), also known as Basil the Great, was bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until his death and is counted among the four Greek Doctors of the Church. Educated in Athens alongside Gregory of Nazianzus, he became one of the foremost theologians of the Nicene party in the Arian controversy, defending the full divinity of both the Son and the Holy Spirit. His voluminous correspondence — over three hundred letters survive — documents the political and theological struggles of the post-Nicene church and his efforts to unite Eastern bishops around Nicene orthodoxy. He is also the founder of the cenobitic monastic tradition in the Greek East, whose rules (Asketikon) shaped Byzantine monasticism, and a major liturgical figure whose name is attached to one of the principal Eastern eucharistic anaphoras.",379,"\u002Fa\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea.jpg","basil-of-caesarea",{},"Basilius Caesariensis","Basil of Caesarea","\u002Fauthors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea",{"description":342},"authors\u002Fbasil-of-caesarea","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasil_of_Caesarea","GK-H2kZEeXbotlZxLZFcxETjr7_0-_FsSXchk7Xf-Eg",{"id":355,"title":356,"body":357,"born":386,"description":387,"died":388,"extension":19,"image":389,"key":390,"meta":391,"name":364,"name_en":356,"navigation":26,"path":392,"seo":393,"stem":394,"wikipedia":395,"__hash__":396},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure.md","Bonaventure",{"type":8,"value":358,"toc":384},[359],[11,360,361,362,365,366,369,370,372,373,132,376,379,380,383],{},"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (",[49,363,364],{},"Bonaventura",", c. 1217–1274), known as the ",[49,367,368],{},"Doctor Seraphicus",", was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[49,371,97],{}," — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (",[49,374,375],{},"Itinerarium mentis in Deum",[49,377,378],{},"Breviloquium",", the ",[49,381,382],{},"Legenda Maior"," of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":385},[],1217,"Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Bonaventura, c. 1217–1274), known as the Doctor Seraphicus, was an Italian Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and cardinal. A student of Alexander of Hales at the University of Paris, he became regent master in theology there alongside his contemporary Thomas Aquinas. Elected Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor in 1257, he guided the Franciscans through a period of internal crisis and is often called the order's \"second founder.\" His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences — composed in the late 1250s — remains the most influential medieval Franciscan systematic theology, and his shorter works (Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Breviloquium, the Legenda Maior of Francis) shaped Franciscan spirituality. Created Cardinal Bishop of Albano in 1273, he died at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); he was canonized in 1482 and named a Doctor of the Church in 1588.",1274,"\u002Fa\u002Fbonaventure.jpg","bonaventure",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fbonaventure",{"description":387},"authors\u002Fbonaventure","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBonaventure","-NAcDTzRz7gQ_tXcRuzXIPrWdwTVElumdfCjIMHQQY8",{"id":398,"title":399,"body":400,"born":430,"description":431,"died":432,"extension":19,"image":433,"key":434,"meta":435,"name":436,"name_en":436,"navigation":26,"path":437,"seo":438,"stem":439,"wikipedia":440,"__hash__":441},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante.md","Dante",{"type":8,"value":401,"toc":428},[402],[11,403,404,405,408,409,412,413,416,417,420,421,424,425,427],{},"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the ",[49,406,407],{},"Vita Nuova",", the philosophical ",[49,410,411],{},"Convivio",", the Latin treatises ",[49,414,415],{},"De vulgari eloquentia"," and ",[49,418,419],{},"Monarchia",", and above all the ",[49,422,423],{},"Commedia",", completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The ",[49,426,423],{}," established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":429},[],1265,"Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) was a Florentine poet, political thinker, and moral philosopher, widely regarded as the greatest writer of the Italian Middle Ages and one of the foundational figures of European literature. Born into a minor noble family in Florence, he served in civic offices of the Florentine republic until his exile in 1302 after the victory of the Black Guelphs, after which he never returned to his city. His literary output includes the Vita Nuova, the philosophical Convivio, the Latin treatises De vulgari eloquentia and Monarchia, and above all the Commedia, completed shortly before his death in Ravenna. The Commedia established the Tuscan vernacular as a literary language and exerted a shaping influence on theology, political thought, and poetic form in the centuries that followed.",1321,"\u002Fa\u002Fdante.jpg","dante",{},"Dante Alighieri","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdante",{"description":431},"authors\u002Fdante","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDante_Alighieri","sbmVqfGjvyhf1vKynlzR-GfT8XHadkPtC-RAIV4jiHU",{"id":443,"title":444,"body":445,"born":430,"description":482,"died":483,"extension":19,"image":484,"key":485,"meta":486,"name":452,"name_en":487,"navigation":26,"path":488,"seo":489,"stem":490,"wikipedia":491,"__hash__":492},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus.md","Duns Scotus",{"type":8,"value":446,"toc":480},[447],[11,448,449,450,453,454,457,458,460,461,464,465,468,469,472,473,475,476,479],{},"John Duns Scotus (",[49,451,452],{},"Joannes Duns Scotus",", c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the ",[49,455,456],{},"Doctor Subtilis",", was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's ",[49,459,97],{}," at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the ",[49,462,463],{},"Lectura"," (Oxford), the ",[49,466,467],{},"Ordinatio"," (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the ",[49,470,471],{},"Reportationes"," (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the ",[49,474,467],{}," unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by ",[49,477,478],{},"haecceitas",", the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":481},[],"John Duns Scotus (Joannes Duns Scotus, c. 1265\u002F66–1308), known as the Doctor Subtilis, was a Scottish Franciscan theologian and philosopher whose work shaped late-medieval scholasticism. After joining the Order of Friars Minor and studying at Oxford and Paris, he lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at both universities; his successive lecture courses survive as the Lectura (Oxford), the Ordinatio (the revised \"Oxford work\" he was preparing for publication at his death), and the Reportationes (Paris). He died at Cologne in 1308 at around forty-three years old, leaving the Ordinatio unfinished. His sharply argued positions on the univocity of being, formal distinction, individuation by haecceitas, the will's primacy, and the Immaculate Conception founded the Scotist school — which alongside Thomism became one of the two great currents of late-medieval Catholic theology. He was beatified in 1993.",1308,"\u002Fa\u002Fduns-scotus.jpg","duns-scotus",{},"John Duns Scotus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fduns-scotus",{"description":482},"authors\u002Fduns-scotus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDuns_Scotus","F1GUXpC6XZn4GcnRDL1atx7vfvbaZ9P04pBzzbPvqMU",{"id":494,"title":495,"body":496,"born":503,"description":500,"died":504,"extension":19,"image":505,"key":506,"meta":507,"name":508,"name_en":509,"navigation":26,"path":510,"seo":511,"stem":512,"wikipedia":513,"__hash__":514},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus.md","Durandus",{"type":8,"value":497,"toc":501},[498],[11,499,500],{},"Durand of Saint-Pourçain (Durandus de Sancto Porciano) was a French Dominican theologian and philosopher, born around 1275 in the Auvergne region of France. He studied and taught in Paris and became one of the most original scholastic thinkers of the early fourteenth century, known for diverging from the Thomistic positions dominant in his order on questions of cognition, individuation, and the soul's powers. He served as Bishop of Limoux (1317), Le Puy-en-Velay (1318), and Meaux (1326) until his death in 1334. His commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which went through multiple redactions, remains his most influential work and was widely read and disputed throughout the later medieval period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":502},[],1275,1334,"\u002Fa\u002Fdurandus.jpg","durandus",{},"Durandus de Sancto Porciano","Durand of Saint-Pourçain","\u002Fauthors\u002Fdurandus",{"description":500},"authors\u002Fdurandus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDurand_of_Saint-Pourçain","PlfMwhAZ5xeWk89Tpdw4kGaHana1SQfC-_Glh0P3QjA",{"id":516,"title":517,"body":518,"born":529,"description":530,"died":174,"extension":19,"image":531,"key":532,"meta":533,"name":517,"name_en":517,"navigation":26,"path":534,"seo":535,"stem":536,"wikipedia":537,"__hash__":538},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel.md","Gabriel Biel",{"type":8,"value":519,"toc":527},[520],[11,521,522,523,526],{},"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the ",[49,524,525],{},"Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum",", is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":528},[],1425,"Gabriel Biel (c. 1425–1495) was a German Catholic theologian and one of the last major representatives of late scholasticism, often called \"the last of the scholastics.\" Born in Speyer, he studied at Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne before becoming a cathedral preacher in Mainz and later joining the Brethren of the Common Life. In 1484 he was appointed to the newly founded University of Tübingen, where he taught theology until shortly before his death. His principal work, the Collectorium circa quattuor libros Sententiarum, is a vast synthesis of nominalist theology drawing especially on William of Ockham, and exercised a profound influence on Martin Luther and other reformers.","\u002Fa\u002Fgabriel-biel.jpg","gabriel-biel",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgabriel-biel",{"description":530},"authors\u002Fgabriel-biel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGabriel_Biel","OrjDn-z-wcBjM-VgytH4dda_0i04ofXuVOLUzS026iA",{"id":540,"title":541,"body":542,"born":557,"description":558,"died":559,"extension":19,"image":560,"key":561,"meta":562,"name":563,"name_en":541,"navigation":26,"path":564,"seo":565,"stem":566,"wikipedia":567,"__hash__":568},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote.md","Geert Groote",{"type":8,"value":543,"toc":555},[544],[11,545,546,547,550,551,554],{},"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the ",[49,548,549],{},"devotio moderna",", the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's ",[49,552,553],{},"Imitatio Christi"," and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":556},[],1340,"Geert Groote (Gerardus Magnus, 1340–1384) was a Dutch preacher, deacon, and reformer of Deventer who, after a worldly youth and university studies at Paris, underwent a religious conversion around 1374 and devoted the rest of his life to the renewal of Christian piety in the IJssel region. Licensed to preach throughout the diocese of Utrecht, he attacked clerical abuses — including simony, concubinage, and the buying of admission to beguine houses — and gathered a community of women in his family home that became the seed of the Sisters of the Common Life; his followers among his student Florens Radewijns and others founded the Brethren of the Common Life shortly after his death. Groote is regarded as the father of the devotio moderna, the late-medieval movement of inward piety and lay spirituality that shaped Thomas à Kempis's Imitatio Christi and the Windesheim Congregation of Augustinian Canons. He died of plague at Deventer while caring for the sick.",1384,"\u002Fa\u002Fgeert-groote.jpg","geert-groote",{},"Gerardus Magnus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeert-groote",{"description":558},"authors\u002Fgeert-groote","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGeert_Groote","b-IV2ZEjuQFpxUQPP4dTddW4vbK0F-XyzqOmF9QcnwE",{"id":570,"title":571,"body":572,"born":36,"description":586,"died":36,"extension":19,"image":587,"key":588,"meta":589,"name":590,"name_en":591,"navigation":26,"path":592,"seo":593,"stem":594,"wikipedia":36,"__hash__":595},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.md","Geoffrey Poitiers",{"type":8,"value":573,"toc":584},[574],[11,575,576,577,580,581,583],{},"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His ",[49,578,579],{},"Summa"," (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's ",[49,582,97],{},". Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":585},[],"Geoffrey of Poitiers (Gaufridus Pictaviensis, fl. early 13th century) was a master of theology at the University of Paris, active in the circle of Peter the Chanter and a student of Stephen Langton. His Summa (composed ca. 1213–1215) is one of the earliest systematic Parisian summas to draw extensively on Langton's lectures, treating God, creation, the fall, the incarnation, the sacraments, and Christian ethics in the order of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Though widely cited by later scholastics and surviving in several manuscripts, the Summa was never printed and remains largely unedited; only excerpts have appeared in modern scholarship.","\u002Fa\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers.jpg","geoffrey-poitiers",{},"Gaufridus Pictaviensis","Geoffrey of Poitiers","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers",{"description":586},"authors\u002Fgeoffrey-poitiers","M1gipf-7_elXipk3xo8cXGv9CjEbz4sZGWDfKlji8oY",{"id":597,"title":598,"body":599,"born":617,"description":618,"died":619,"extension":19,"image":620,"key":621,"meta":622,"name":623,"name_en":624,"navigation":26,"path":625,"seo":626,"stem":627,"wikipedia":628,"__hash__":629},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh.md","Gerhoh",{"type":8,"value":600,"toc":615},[601],[11,602,603,604,379,607,610,611,614],{},"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the ",[49,605,606],{},"Liber de edificio Dei",[49,608,609],{},"De investigatione Antichristi",", and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH ",[49,612,613],{},"Libelli de Lite",", reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":616},[],1093,"Gerhoch of Reichersberg (1093–1169) was a German Augustinian canon, reformer, and prolific polemical theologian who served as provost of the monastery of Reichersberg in Bavaria from 1132 until his death. A committed adherent of the Gregorian Reform, he wrote extensively against simony, lay investiture, and the perceived corruption of the imperial church, while also engaging in doctrinal controversies with the schools of Paris over the nature of Christ and the sacraments. His major works include the Liber de edificio Dei, the De investigatione Antichristi, and extensive commentaries on the Psalms, which weave together ecclesiological polemic and spiritual exegesis. His writings occupy the bulk of the third volume of the MGH Libelli de Lite, reflecting his central importance in twelfth-century debates over ecclesiastical reform.",1169,"\u002Fa\u002Fgerhoh.jpg","gerhoh",{},"Gerhohus Reichersbergensis","Gerhoch of Reichersberg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgerhoh",{"description":618},"authors\u002Fgerhoh","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGerhoch_of_Reichersberg","owlQGz1y97IRaUe9U9_BPGDUg6xyBJgJizZrIgbyukU",{"id":631,"title":632,"body":633,"born":652,"description":653,"died":654,"extension":19,"image":655,"key":656,"meta":657,"name":658,"name_en":632,"navigation":26,"path":659,"seo":660,"stem":661,"wikipedia":662,"__hash__":663},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian.md","Gratian",{"type":8,"value":634,"toc":650},[635],[11,636,637,638,641,642,645,646,649],{},"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the ",[49,639,640],{},"Concordia Discordantium Canonum"," (later called the ",[49,643,644],{},"Decretum",") around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the ",[49,647,648],{},"Corpus Iuris Canonici"," and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":651},[],1080,"Gratian was a twelfth-century monk and jurist, probably active at the Camaldolese monastery of Saints Felix and Nabor in Bologna, where he compiled the Concordia Discordantium Canonum (later called the Decretum) around 1140. The work reconciled contradictory statements from patristic writings, papal decretals, and conciliar canons using the scholastic method, creating the first systematic synthesis of canon law. It became the foundational text of the Corpus Iuris Canonici and remained the basis of Catholic canonical studies until the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Gratian's biography is largely unknown; his dates, origin, and even his status as a historical individual have been subjects of scholarly debate.",1160,"\u002Fa\u002Fgratian.jpg","gratian",{},"Gratianus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgratian",{"description":653},"authors\u002Fgratian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGratian_(jurist)","SSCmUYlulbEAixUBTz5ESN6o8Vj5bvX5YVHwRZXruz4",{"id":665,"title":666,"body":667,"born":678,"description":679,"died":680,"extension":19,"image":681,"key":682,"meta":683,"name":684,"name_en":666,"navigation":26,"path":685,"seo":686,"stem":687,"wikipedia":688,"__hash__":689},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i.md","Gregory I",{"type":8,"value":668,"toc":676},[669],[11,670,671,672,675],{},"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the ",[49,673,674],{},"Registrum Epistolarum",", reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":677},[],540,"Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, served as bishop of Rome from 590 until his death in 604, becoming one of the most influential popes of late antiquity and the early medieval period. Born into a Roman senatorial family around 540, he converted his family estate into a monastery before being drawn into papal diplomacy and ultimately elected pope. His voluminous correspondence, preserved in the Registrum Epistolarum, reveals the broad scope of his administrative, pastoral, and theological concerns, from the organization of church property and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the suppression of simony and the care of the Roman poor. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church and patron saint of musicians and teachers.",604,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-i.jpg","gregory-i",{},"Gregorius I","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-i",{"description":679},"authors\u002Fgregory-i","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_I","PNy6WpypnR3LN2CkbAkkJWVxspk2W5IQZYuwUw3BkHA",{"id":691,"title":692,"body":693,"born":708,"description":709,"died":710,"extension":19,"image":711,"key":712,"meta":713,"name":714,"name_en":715,"navigation":26,"path":716,"seo":717,"stem":718,"wikipedia":719,"__hash__":720},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii.md","Gregory Vii",{"type":8,"value":694,"toc":706},[695],[11,696,697,698,701,702,705],{},"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The ",[49,699,700],{},"Dictatus papae",", preserved in his ",[49,703,704],{},"Registrum"," at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":707},[],1015,"Gregory VII (born Hildebrand of Sovana, c. 1015–1085) served as bishop of Rome from 1073 until his death in exile at Salerno, and gave his name to the Gregorian Reform — the eleventh-century movement to free the church from lay investiture, clerical marriage, and the buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices. Before his pontificate he had served successive reforming popes as archdeacon and chief advisor at the Roman court, helping to shape the papal-election decree of 1059 and the Patarine alliance at Milan. His Lent synods of 1074 and 1075 promulgated the foundational legislation against simony and Nicolaitism, and his confrontation with Henry IV over the appointment of bishops produced the Investiture Controversy and the famous penance at Canossa (1077). The Dictatus papae, preserved in his Registrum at II, 55a, sets out twenty-seven terse propositions on papal supremacy, including the deposition of simoniac bishops.",1085,"\u002Fa\u002Fgregory-vii.jpg","gregory-vii",{},"Gregorius VII","Gregory VII","\u002Fauthors\u002Fgregory-vii",{"description":709},"authors\u002Fgregory-vii","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPope_Gregory_VII","OL3qGklLU3Hp0GdQQ3tcs__qxpq22fbOK5IMHnFTofU",{"id":722,"title":723,"body":724,"born":735,"description":736,"died":737,"extension":19,"image":738,"key":739,"meta":740,"name":741,"name_en":742,"navigation":26,"path":743,"seo":744,"stem":745,"wikipedia":746,"__hash__":747},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.md","Guido Of Arezzo",{"type":8,"value":725,"toc":733},[726],[11,727,728,729,732],{},"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise ",[49,730,731],{},"Micrologus"," (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":734},[],991,"Guido of Arezzo (ca. 991–1033) was a Benedictine monk and music theorist, best known for developing the modern system of musical notation and solmization (the basis of solfège). Born in Arezzo, he entered the monastery of Pomposa near Ferrara, where he wrote his influential treatise Micrologus (ca. 1026). His letter to Archbishop Heribert of Milan against simony, written in the early eleventh century, is one of the earliest systematic reform-era arguments against the purchase of holy orders, drawing on Gregory the Great and Augustine to argue that simoniacal ordination communicates no valid grace and that complicity in simony amounts to heresy.",1033,"\u002Fa\u002Fguido-of-arezzo.jpg","guido-of-arezzo",{},"Guido Aretinus","Guido of Arezzo","\u002Fauthors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo",{"description":736},"authors\u002Fguido-of-arezzo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGuido_of_Arezzo","ZtJ1KG_md2cqr8J7k2RxitM9-B4_TLpvAFP8NGjnV0M",{"id":749,"title":750,"body":751,"born":766,"description":767,"died":768,"extension":19,"image":769,"key":770,"meta":771,"name":750,"name_en":750,"navigation":26,"path":772,"seo":773,"stem":774,"wikipedia":775,"__hash__":776},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton.md","Henry Burton",{"type":8,"value":752,"toc":764},[753],[11,754,755,756,759,760,763],{},"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include ",[49,757,758],{},"A Censure of Simony"," (1624) and ",[49,761,762],{},"For God and the King"," (1636).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":765},[],1578,"Henry Burton (1578–1648) was an English Puritan clergyman and controversialist, best known as one of three men — alongside William Prynne and John Bastwick — pilloried and mutilated by the Star Chamber in 1637 for publishing anti-episcopal writings. He served as Clerk of the Closet to Princes Henry and Charles, and from 1625 was Rector of St. Matthew Friday Street, London. Released by Parliament in 1640, he continued to write and preach as an Independent. His works include A Censure of Simony (1624) and For God and the King (1636).",1648,"\u002Fa\u002Fhenry-burton.jpg","henry-burton",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fhenry-burton",{"description":767},"authors\u002Fhenry-burton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_Burton_(minister)","J7YefkwcWTWT2o-OVmIMAZVHVkbYSMjjWi6TwVIvZrI",{"id":778,"title":779,"body":780,"born":791,"description":792,"died":793,"extension":19,"image":794,"key":795,"meta":796,"name":797,"name_en":798,"navigation":26,"path":799,"seo":800,"stem":801,"wikipedia":802,"__hash__":803},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.md","Hermann Von Der Hardt",{"type":8,"value":781,"toc":789},[782],[11,783,784,785,788],{},"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume ",[49,786,787],{},"Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium"," (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":790},[],1660,"Hermann von der Hardt (1660–1746) was a German Lutheran theologian, church historian, and orientalist who served as professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt from 1690 and as librarian to Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. A pupil of the Pietist August Hermann Francke, he combined wide philological learning with an appetite for documentary history. His best-known work is the six-volume Magnum Oecumenicum Constantiense Concilium (1697–1700), a vast collection of sources on the Council of Constance assembled from manuscripts across German and imperial libraries, which remained a standard reference for conciliar studies well into the modern era. His later allegorical readings of the Old Testament attracted controversy and cost him his theological chair, though he retained his oriental professorship until his death.",1746,"\u002Fa\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt.jpg","hermann-von-der-hardt",{},"Hermannus von der Hardt","Hermann von der Hardt","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt",{"description":792},"authors\u002Fhermann-von-der-hardt","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHermann_von_der_Hardt","25nQXDXfKO2Cvdn860zLsK9onhUzVQZeh37-WkOtcbY",{"id":805,"title":806,"body":807,"born":67,"description":832,"died":833,"extension":19,"image":834,"key":835,"meta":836,"name":837,"name_en":838,"navigation":26,"path":839,"seo":840,"stem":841,"wikipedia":842,"__hash__":843},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis.md","Hostiensis",{"type":8,"value":808,"toc":830},[809],[11,810,811,812,814,815,818,819,821,822,825,826,829],{},"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the ",[49,813,579],{}," on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the ",[49,816,817],{},"Summa aurea",") and the ",[49,820,463],{}," (or ",[49,823,824],{},"Commentaria",") on the same Decretals — synthesised the ",[49,827,828],{},"ius commune"," of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":831},[],"Henricus de Segusio (Henry of Susa, c. 1200–1271), known as Hostiensis from his late cardinal-bishopric of Ostia, was the leading canonist of the thirteenth century. After studying and teaching Roman and canon law at Bologna and Paris, he served as archdeacon of Paris, bishop of Sisteron, archbishop of Embrun, and finally Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1262). His two great commentaries — the Summa on the titles of the Decretals of Gregory IX (later called the Summa aurea) and the Lectura (or Commentaria) on the same Decretals — synthesised the ius commune of Roman and canon law and remained authoritative throughout the later Middle Ages. Hostiensis articulated influential doctrines on papal plenitude of power, the relationship between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the rights of non-Christians.",1271,"\u002Fa\u002Fhostiensis.jpg","hostiensis",{},"Henricus de Segusio","Henry of Susa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhostiensis",{"description":832},"authors\u002Fhostiensis","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHenry_of_Segusio","AZRemXkrY1X3x1OPTRCbdVVAh5VYEAIJmSyIz9W8Mdo",{"id":845,"title":846,"body":847,"born":36,"description":865,"died":36,"extension":19,"image":866,"key":867,"meta":868,"name":869,"name_en":870,"navigation":26,"path":871,"seo":872,"stem":873,"wikipedia":36,"__hash__":874},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.md","Huguccio Pisa",{"type":8,"value":848,"toc":863},[849],[11,850,851,852,855,856,858,859,862],{},"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His ",[49,853,854],{},"Summa Decretorum",", composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's ",[49,857,644],{},", synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the ",[49,860,861],{},"Derivationes",", a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":864},[],"Huguccio of Pisa (Hugutio Pisanus, ca. 1140–1210) was an Italian canonist and grammarian who taught canon law at Bologna before being elected bishop of Ferrara in 1190. His Summa Decretorum, composed ca. 1188–1190, is the longest and most influential of the twelfth-century commentaries on Gratian's Decretum, synthesizing the work of earlier decretists and shaping every subsequent generation of canonical scholarship; his pupil Lothar of Segni later became Pope Innocent III. Huguccio also produced the Derivationes, a vast etymological lexicon that circulated widely through the later Middle Ages.","\u002Fa\u002Fhuguccio-pisa.jpg","huguccio-pisa",{},"Hugutio Pisanus","Huguccio of Pisa","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa",{"description":865},"authors\u002Fhuguccio-pisa","-l6F-0Wwkzvyd7fn3tFsnNOLNR5XfRbRJvUY0QVbfHc",{"id":876,"title":877,"body":878,"born":708,"description":889,"died":890,"extension":19,"image":891,"key":892,"meta":893,"name":894,"name_en":895,"navigation":26,"path":896,"seo":897,"stem":898,"wikipedia":899,"__hash__":900},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.md","Humbert Of Silva Candida",{"type":8,"value":879,"toc":887},[880],[11,881,882,883,886],{},"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his ",[49,884,885],{},"Libri tres adversus simoniacos"," (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":888},[],"Humbert of Silva Candida (ca. 1015–1061) was a Benedictine monk from Lorraine who became one of the foremost intellectual architects of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform. Appointed cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida by Pope Leo IX around 1050, he served as the papacy's most forceful polemicist against simony and lay investiture, arguing in his Libri tres adversus simoniacos (ca. 1058) that the simoniacal ordination of clergy was heretical and void — a position more radical than most of his contemporaries. He also played a central role in the 1054 schism between Rome and Constantinople, personally delivering the bull of excommunication against Patriarch Michael Cerularius. His writings exercised a lasting influence on the theory of papal authority and the separation of clerical and lay power.",1061,"\u002Fa\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida.jpg","humbert-of-silva-candida",{},"Humbertus Silvae Candidae Episcopus","Humbert of Silva Candida","\u002Fauthors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida",{"description":889},"authors\u002Fhumbert-of-silva-candida","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHumbert_of_Silva_Candida","q49szzzYNpsPT0zYY4OOn53Xr_XQ0p426LoARFGzaBo",{"id":902,"title":903,"body":904,"born":911,"description":908,"died":912,"extension":19,"image":913,"key":914,"meta":915,"name":916,"name_en":903,"navigation":26,"path":917,"seo":918,"stem":919,"wikipedia":920,"__hash__":921},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus.md","Jan Hus",{"type":8,"value":905,"toc":909},[906],[11,907,908],{},"Jan Hus (Latin: Iohannes Hus) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, and reformer who served as rector of Charles University in Prague. Influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe, Hus became a leading critic of ecclesiastical corruption, simony, and the sale of indulgences. His preaching in Czech at the Bethlehem Chapel drew a wide popular following. Hus was excommunicated in 1411 and summoned to the Council of Constance under a promise of safe conduct, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. His execution provoked the Hussite Wars and made him a central figure in Czech national and religious identity.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":910},[],1372,1415,"\u002Fa\u002Fjan-hus.jpg","jan-hus",{},"Iohannes Hus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjan-hus",{"description":908},"authors\u002Fjan-hus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJan_Hus","yk5mixE_fGnwy2M5-Sa1ytE-eKxnVFStiI_8oYM_2F8",{"id":923,"title":924,"body":925,"born":932,"description":929,"died":933,"extension":19,"image":934,"key":935,"meta":936,"name":937,"name_en":924,"navigation":26,"path":938,"seo":939,"stem":940,"wikipedia":941,"__hash__":942},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson.md","Jean Gerson",{"type":8,"value":926,"toc":930},[927],[11,928,929],{},"Jean Gerson (Latin: Iohannes Gersonius) was a French theologian, mystic, and ecclesiastical reformer who served as Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395 until his death. A leading conciliarist, he played a decisive role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418) in ending the Western Schism and in the trials of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. Gerson wrote prolifically on pastoral theology, mystical contemplation, ecclesiastical governance, and the reform of the Church, and he was widely read throughout the late medieval and early modern periods. His works on simony, clerical discipline, and the limits of papal authority made him one of the most influential churchmen of the fifteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":931},[],1363,1429,"\u002Fa\u002Fjean-gerson.jpg","jean-gerson",{},"Iohannes Gersonius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjean-gerson",{"description":929},"authors\u002Fjean-gerson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJean_Gerson","1qLpaWi5xuESDj7yHa77u7YQ6sIdXYA64b2MO0t0UOE",{"id":944,"title":945,"body":946,"born":967,"description":968,"died":111,"extension":19,"image":195,"key":969,"meta":970,"name":971,"name_en":945,"navigation":26,"path":972,"seo":973,"stem":974,"wikipedia":975,"__hash__":976},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus.md","Johannes Teutonicus",{"type":8,"value":947,"toc":965},[948],[11,949,950,951,954,955,957,958,961,962,964],{},"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the ",[49,952,953],{},"Apparatus"," on Gratian's ",[49,956,644],{}," around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the ",[49,959,960],{},"glossa ordinaria"," of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the ",[49,963,648],{}," through the early modern period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":966},[],1170,"Johannes Teutonicus (Johann Zemeke), a German canonist trained at Bologna, compiled the Apparatus on Gratian's Decretum around 1216 — the great running gloss that drew together the work of the earlier decretists and became the glossa ordinaria of the Decretum. He served as provost of the Halberstadt cathedral chapter and later as bishop-elect, and was active at the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), on whose canons he also wrote an apparatus. His gloss on the Decretum, revised by Bartholomaeus Brixiensis around 1245, dominated the teaching of canon law for the rest of the Middle Ages and was incorporated into every standard printed edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici through the early modern period.","johannes-teutonicus",{},"Iohannes Teutonicus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus",{"description":968},"authors\u002Fjohannes-teutonicus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke","n9f7LhQvYfyjCjh0CE815mQowiZgk0xjVitXcpKp2Fc",{"id":978,"title":979,"body":980,"born":991,"description":992,"died":993,"extension":19,"image":994,"key":995,"meta":996,"name":997,"name_en":979,"navigation":26,"path":998,"seo":999,"stem":1000,"wikipedia":1001,"__hash__":1002},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin.md","John Calvin",{"type":8,"value":981,"toc":989},[982],[11,983,984,985,988],{},"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the ",[49,986,987],{},"Institutio Christianae Religionis"," in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":990},[],1509,"John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and reformer who became the leading figure of Reformed Protestantism from his base in Geneva. Trained as a humanist lawyer, he converted to Reformed Christianity around 1533 and produced the Institutio Christianae Religionis in successive Latin editions from 1536 to 1559, which became the most systematic theological synthesis of the Reformation. As pastor and teacher in Geneva from 1541, he shaped Reformed church polity, doctrines of predestination and the sacraments, and biblical preaching across Europe and the wider Protestant world.",1564,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-calvin.jpg","john-calvin",{},"Ioannes Calvinus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-calvin",{"description":992},"authors\u002Fjohn-calvin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Calvin","UmIep-VOsOdzaECdzik1bDNLxANy8OLW_LKP8_-XVPw",{"id":1004,"title":1005,"body":1006,"born":1013,"description":1010,"died":1014,"extension":19,"image":1015,"key":1016,"meta":1017,"name":1018,"name_en":1005,"navigation":26,"path":1019,"seo":1020,"stem":1021,"wikipedia":1022,"__hash__":1023},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major.md","John Major",{"type":8,"value":1007,"toc":1011},[1008],[11,1009,1010],{},"John Major (Latin: Johannes Maioris) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who taught at the universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. He was one of the last major figures of late scholasticism and a significant influence on the development of early modern philosophy and political thought. His students included John Knox and George Buchanan. Major's commentaries on Peter Lombard's Sentences were widely read and represent an important contribution to nominalist theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1012},[],1467,1550,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-major.jpg","john-major",{},"Johannes Maioris","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-major",{"description":1010},"authors\u002Fjohn-major","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Major_(philosopher)","ka_udS7JURKljTp6SO5RNBSKTRQCl7SzBu8WolFXHZs",{"id":1025,"title":1026,"body":1027,"born":1046,"description":1047,"died":1048,"extension":19,"image":1049,"key":1050,"meta":1051,"name":1052,"name_en":1053,"navigation":26,"path":1054,"seo":1055,"stem":1056,"wikipedia":1057,"__hash__":1058},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.md","John Of Freiburg",{"type":8,"value":1028,"toc":1044},[1029],[11,1030,1031,1032,1035,1036,1039,1040,1043],{},"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his ",[49,1033,1034],{},"Summa confessorum"," (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's ",[49,1037,1038],{},"Summa de casibus"," with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the ",[49,1041,1042],{},"Libellus quaestionum casualium"," and other pastoral aids.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1045},[],1250,"John of Freiburg (Johannes de Friburgo, c. 1250–1314) was a German Dominican friar and canonist who served as lector at the Dominican convent in Freiburg im Breisgau. He is best known for his Summa confessorum (completed c. 1297–98), a comprehensive manual for confessors that reorganized and updated Raymond of Penyafort's Summa de casibus with material from Hostiensis, Goffredus of Trani, William of Rennes, and the moral theology of Thomas Aquinas. The work became the standard confessor's handbook of the later Middle Ages, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and shaping pastoral practice for over two centuries. John also compiled the Libellus quaestionum casualium and other pastoral aids.",1314,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg.jpg","john-of-freiburg",{},"Johannes de Friburgo","John of Freiburg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg",{"description":1047},"authors\u002Fjohn-of-freiburg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_of_Freiburg","U0XlHdpaYmK-eI-L3oOp2ybOfJ94UBhgxSZNN0Uv8is",{"id":1060,"title":1061,"body":1062,"born":1069,"description":1066,"died":559,"extension":19,"image":1070,"key":1071,"meta":1072,"name":1073,"name_en":1061,"navigation":26,"path":1074,"seo":1075,"stem":1076,"wikipedia":1077,"__hash__":1078},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.md","John Wycliffe",{"type":8,"value":1063,"toc":1067},[1064],[11,1065,1066],{},"John Wycliffe (Latin: Johannes Wycliffe) was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and reformer at the University of Oxford. He is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation for his criticisms of papal authority, clerical wealth, and the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, known as Lollards, carried his ideas into popular religious movements. Wycliffe's prolific Latin writings include treatises on dominion, the Church, simony, and the Eucharist, and he sponsored the first complete English translation of the Bible. His works were condemned at the Council of Constance in 1415, and his remains were exhumed and burned in 1428.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1068},[],1328,"\u002Fa\u002Fjohn-wycliffe.jpg","john-wycliffe",{},"Johannes Wycliffe","\u002Fauthors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe",{"description":1066},"authors\u002Fjohn-wycliffe","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FJohn_Wycliffe","rbfl-SbgUCCNsInBBLJZ4ZglelExOKRnJShzVQef2CA",{"id":1080,"title":1081,"body":1082,"born":1097,"description":1098,"died":1099,"extension":19,"image":1100,"key":1101,"meta":1102,"name":1103,"name_en":1081,"navigation":26,"path":1104,"seo":1105,"stem":1106,"wikipedia":1107,"__hash__":1108},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther.md","Martin Luther",{"type":8,"value":1083,"toc":1095},[1084],[11,1085,1086,1087,1090,1091,1094],{},"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His ",[49,1088,1089],{},"Ninety-Five Theses"," (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (",[49,1092,1093],{},"Kritische Gesamtausgabe",") — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1096},[],1483,"Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German theologian, Augustinian friar, and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg, whose challenge to Catholic Church doctrine and practice ignited the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses (1517) sparked a controversy over indulgences that expanded into a comprehensive critique of papal authority, sacramental theology, and clerical corruption. Luther's translation of the Bible into German and his voluminous writings — collected in the 73-volume Weimar Edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe) — shaped both Protestant theology and the German literary language. Among his most extensive works are the Lectures on Genesis, delivered between 1535 to 1545, which occupy ten volumes of the Weimar Edition.",1546,"\u002Fa\u002Fmartin-luther.jpg","martin-luther",{},"Martinus Luther","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmartin-luther",{"description":1098},"authors\u002Fmartin-luther","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMartin_Luther","JdcaFt-EYQ46_9ZTNHzYE1eQcht12XoDrYJTWeCAH9I",{"id":1110,"title":1111,"body":1112,"born":1119,"description":1116,"died":1120,"extension":19,"image":195,"key":1121,"meta":1122,"name":1123,"name_en":1124,"navigation":26,"path":1125,"seo":1126,"stem":1127,"wikipedia":1128,"__hash__":1129},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague.md","Maurice Of Prague",{"type":8,"value":1113,"toc":1117},[1114],[11,1115,1116],{},"Maurice of Prague (Mauritius Rvačka, c. 1360–1434) was a Bohemian theologian, master and chancellor of the University of Prague, and a leading opponent of Jan Hus within the Bohemian church. Trained at Prague and Paris, he represented the Czech nation at the Council of Pisa (1409) and played a prominent role at the Council of Constance (1414–1418), where he served as an assessor and delivered a solemn oration calling for the reform of the ecclesiastical estate along the lines of the primitive Church. A staunch defender of Catholic orthodoxy against Wycliffite and Hussite doctrine, he later participated in disputations at the Council of Basel.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1118},[],1360,1434,"maurice-of-prague",{},"Mauritius de Praga","Maurice of Prague","\u002Fauthors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague",{"description":1116},"authors\u002Fmaurice-of-prague","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMaur%C3%ADcius_Rva%C4%8Dka","oB-qo-O2IfdcBeJyF4JU1rl65UFT5saeWFeE1q7PFy4",{"id":1131,"title":1132,"body":1133,"born":503,"description":1137,"died":1140,"extension":19,"image":1141,"key":1142,"meta":1143,"name":1144,"name_en":1145,"navigation":26,"path":1146,"seo":1147,"stem":1148,"wikipedia":1149,"__hash__":1150},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus.md","Paludanus",{"type":8,"value":1134,"toc":1138},[1135],[11,1136,1137],{},"Peter of Palude (c. 1275–1342) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher. He studied and taught at Paris, where he became a prominent defender of Thomism, engaging closely with the thought of Aquinas against competing scholastic schools. In 1329 Pope John XXII appointed him Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, a largely honorific title he held while remaining active in European theological affairs. His commentaries on all four books of Peter Lombard's Sentences are his principal surviving works, notable for their thoroughgoing Thomism and detailed treatment of sacramental and moral theology.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1139},[],1342,"\u002Fa\u002Fpaludanus.jpg","paludanus",{},"Petrus de Palude","Peter of Palude","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpaludanus",{"description":1137},"authors\u002Fpaludanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_of_Palude","6mi9OP5Zi1hpb-yLj7fPnStsYMLLWlhAAYlHFkZ390M",{"id":1152,"title":1153,"body":1154,"born":1161,"description":1158,"died":1162,"extension":19,"image":1163,"key":1164,"meta":1165,"name":1166,"name_en":1153,"navigation":26,"path":1167,"seo":1168,"stem":1169,"wikipedia":1170,"__hash__":1171},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus.md","Panormitanus",{"type":8,"value":1155,"toc":1159},[1156],[11,1157,1158],{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis (known as Panormitanus or Abbas Panormitanus) was a Sicilian Benedictine canonist, born in Catania. He studied under Francesco Zabarella at Padua and Bologna, and became the foremost canon lawyer of his age, earning the scholastic epithet \"lucerna juris\" (lamp of the law). In 1425 he was made abbot of the monastery of San Maria di Maniace near Messina, and in 1434 King Alfonso V of Aragon nominated him Archbishop of Palermo, from which office he took the name Panormitanus. His massive commentaries on the Decretals of Gregory IX became the standard reference work in canon law for over a century and were among the most frequently printed legal texts of the incunabula period.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1160},[],1386,1445,"\u002Fa\u002Fpanormitanus.jpg","panormitanus",{},"Nicolaus de Tudeschis","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpanormitanus",{"description":1158},"authors\u002Fpanormitanus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPanormitanus","jdOpAO5hmWoelQ5u-1YwFIANFIUGw4W4JWAh09e26VQ",{"id":1173,"title":1174,"body":1175,"born":67,"description":1194,"died":833,"extension":19,"image":1195,"key":1196,"meta":1197,"name":1198,"name_en":1199,"navigation":26,"path":1200,"seo":1201,"stem":1202,"wikipedia":1203,"__hash__":1204},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus.md","Peraldus",{"type":8,"value":1176,"toc":1192},[1177],[11,1178,1179,1180,1183,1184,1187,1188,1191],{},"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the ",[49,1181,1182],{},"Summa de Virtutibus"," and the ",[49,1185,1186],{},"Summa de Vitiis",", were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the ",[49,1189,1190],{},"Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis",". These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1193},[],"William Peraldus (Latin: Guillelmus Peraldus, French: Guillaume Peyraut) was a French Dominican friar and theologian. He served as prior of the Dominican convent in Lyon and was one of the most widely read moral theologians of the later Middle Ages. His two great works, the Summa de Virtutibus and the Summa de Vitiis, were composed in the 1230s–1250s and circulated together as the Summa de Virtutibus et Vitiis. These practical handbooks for preachers and confessors offered systematic treatments of the virtues and vices, drawing on Scripture, the Church Fathers, and Aristotle. They were among the most copied and printed texts of the medieval period, surviving in hundreds of manuscripts and numerous incunabula editions.","\u002Fa\u002Fperaldus.jpg","peraldus",{},"Guillelmus Peraldus","William Peraldus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fperaldus",{"description":1194},"authors\u002Fperaldus","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Peraldus","ww4n6-j-wXZEhAFsoGTJVIdhOIcTvX2QQMHoukDo4KE",{"id":1206,"title":1207,"body":1208,"born":69,"description":1223,"died":1224,"extension":19,"image":1225,"key":1226,"meta":1227,"name":1228,"name_en":1207,"navigation":26,"path":1229,"seo":1230,"stem":1231,"wikipedia":1232,"__hash__":1233},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol.md","Peter Auriol",{"type":8,"value":1209,"toc":1221},[1210],[11,1211,1212,1213,1216,1217,1220],{},"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose ",[49,1214,1215],{},"Scriptum super Sententias",", lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on ",[49,1218,1219],{},"esse apparens"," (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1222},[],"Peter Auriol (ca. 1280–1322) was a French Franciscan theologian whose Scriptum super Sententias, lectured at Paris c. 1316–1318, stands as one of the most sophisticated early fourteenth-century commentaries on Peter Lombard. A keen critic of Duns Scotus, Auriol developed a distinctive theory of cognition centered on esse apparens (the apparent being of the object in the mind) and contributed original positions on universals, predestination, and future contingents. He served as Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence from 1321 and was created cardinal shortly before his death. His influence on later scholastics including Gregory of Rimini and the fourteenth-century debates on divine foreknowledge was considerable.",1322,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-auriol.jpg","peter-auriol",{},"Petrus Aureolus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-auriol",{"description":1223},"authors\u002Fpeter-auriol","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Auriol","0lyQteoA7OKgHby-rtD-TSo4Darok4wV9ER984pcl6o",{"id":1235,"title":1236,"body":1237,"born":1252,"description":1253,"died":1254,"extension":19,"image":1255,"key":1256,"meta":1257,"name":1258,"name_en":1236,"navigation":26,"path":1259,"seo":1260,"stem":1261,"wikipedia":1262,"__hash__":1263},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor.md","Peter Cantor",{"type":8,"value":1238,"toc":1250},[1239],[11,1240,1241,1242,1245,1246,1249],{},"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the ",[49,1243,1244],{},"Verbum Abbreviatum",", is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the ",[49,1247,1248],{},"Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis",", a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1251},[],1130,"Peter Cantor (Petrus Cantor, ca. 1130–1197) was a Parisian theologian and precentor of Notre-Dame Cathedral, one of the most prominent moral theologians of the late twelfth century. His major work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, is an expansive compendium on Christian morality, pastoral practice, and ecclesiastical abuses, drawing on Scripture, the Fathers, and canon law. He also produced the Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis, a systematic treatment of the sacraments and moral cases. A fierce critic of simony, clerical avarice, and corruption, Peter was a formative influence on the Paris schools and on the generation of theologians who shaped the Fourth Lateran Council (1215).",1197,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-cantor.jpg","peter-cantor",{},"Petrus Cantor","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-cantor",{"description":1253},"authors\u002Fpeter-cantor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_the_Chanter","EWbKpkS1Y-ZheeVr01rFMy9rPzzc9k_Mfw7uQzN2XjQ",{"id":1265,"title":1266,"body":1267,"born":1282,"description":1283,"died":1284,"extension":19,"image":1285,"key":1286,"meta":1287,"name":1288,"name_en":1266,"navigation":26,"path":1289,"seo":1290,"stem":1291,"wikipedia":1292,"__hash__":1293},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian.md","Peter Damian",{"type":8,"value":1268,"toc":1280},[1269],[11,1270,1271,1272,1275,1276,1279],{},"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His ",[49,1273,1274],{},"Liber Gomorrhianus"," attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his ",[49,1277,1278],{},"Liber Gratissimus"," (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1281},[],1007,"Peter Damian (1007–1072) was an Italian Benedictine monk, reforming abbot of Fonte Avellana, and cardinal-bishop of Ostia. One of the most influential figures of the eleventh-century Gregorian Reform, he combined rigorous asceticism with prolific polemical and pastoral writing, directing his efforts against clerical concubinage, simony, and the corruption of the institutional church. His Liber Gomorrhianus attacked sexual immorality among the clergy, while his Liber Gratissimus (1052) addressed the thorny canonical question of whether ordinations performed by simoniacal bishops were valid — arguing, against Humbert of Silva Candida, that they were, so that the ordained recipients could retain their orders without reordination. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1828.",1072,"\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-damian.jpg","peter-damian",{},"Petrus Damiani","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-damian",{"description":1283},"authors\u002Fpeter-damian","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Damian","6OX9GmA8YfnANF4cX6dghoYJM-koeRZg3PL60eB2Ow8",{"id":1295,"title":1296,"body":1297,"born":1308,"description":1309,"died":654,"extension":19,"image":1310,"key":1311,"meta":1312,"name":1313,"name_en":1296,"navigation":26,"path":1314,"seo":1315,"stem":1316,"wikipedia":1317,"__hash__":1318},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard.md","Peter Lombard",{"type":8,"value":1298,"toc":1306},[1299],[11,1300,1301,1302,1305],{},"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the ",[49,1303,1304],{},"Sententiarum libri quatuor"," (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1307},[],1096,"Peter Lombard (ca. 1096–1160) was a scholastic theologian and Bishop of Paris, best known as the author of the Sententiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of the Sentences), a systematic compilation of patristic and early medieval theological opinion organized around the doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. Composed around 1150, the Sentences became the standard theological textbook of the medieval university, and every major scholastic theologian — including Aquinas, Bonaventure, Scotus, and Ockham — was required to lecture on it. Lombard studied in Bologna and Paris, taught at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame, and was appointed Bishop of Paris in 1159, a position he held until his death the following year.","\u002Fa\u002Fpeter-lombard.jpg","peter-lombard",{},"Petrus Lombardus","\u002Fauthors\u002Fpeter-lombard",{"description":1309},"authors\u002Fpeter-lombard","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPeter_Lombard","DVO46IgN_P9CQOWszGQ46FPORWtjg1hBNgFnuyPY-Rg",{"id":1320,"title":1321,"body":1322,"born":1337,"description":1338,"died":1339,"extension":19,"image":1340,"key":1341,"meta":1342,"name":1343,"name_en":1343,"navigation":26,"path":1344,"seo":1345,"stem":1346,"wikipedia":1347,"__hash__":1348},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias.md","Prierias",{"type":8,"value":1323,"toc":1335},[1324],[11,1325,1326,1327,1330,1331,1334],{},"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his ",[49,1328,1329],{},"Dialogus de potestate papae"," (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the ",[49,1332,1333],{},"Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur",", an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1336},[],1456,"Silvestro Mazzolini (Silvester Prierias, 1456–1527) was an Italian Dominican theologian and inquisitor from Prierio in Piedmont. He taught Thomist philosophy and theology at Bologna and Padua, was named Master of the Sacred Palace by Leo X in 1515, and served as the papal censor of theological writings in Rome. He is remembered both as the first Catholic theologian to write publicly against Martin Luther — his Dialogus de potestate papae (1518) opened the controversy — and as the author of the Summa summarum quae Silvestrina nuncupatur, an alphabetical confessor's manual that became one of the most widely consulted moral-theological works of the sixteenth century.",1527,"\u002Fa\u002Fprierias.jpg","prierias",{},"Silvester Prierias","\u002Fauthors\u002Fprierias",{"description":1338},"authors\u002Fprierias","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilvestro_Mazzolini_da_Prierio","cbO2BxFogbGlPhJyjQ4NKoCvNtQ61fLE-ggiMZ4yJsc",{"id":1350,"title":1351,"body":1352,"born":1359,"description":1356,"died":1360,"extension":19,"image":1361,"key":1362,"meta":1363,"name":1351,"name_en":1351,"navigation":26,"path":1364,"seo":1365,"stem":1366,"wikipedia":36,"__hash__":1367},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth.md","Ralph Cudworth",{"type":8,"value":1353,"toc":1357},[1354],[11,1355,1356],{},"Ralph Cudworth (c. 1563–1624) was a Puritan divine and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. At the request of William Perkins's executors, he supplied the supplement on the sixth chapter of Galatians to complete Perkins's unfinished commentary, published in 1607. He is the father of the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1358},[],1563,1624,"\u002Fa\u002Fralph-cudworth.jpg","ralph-cudworth",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fralph-cudworth",{"description":1356},"authors\u002Fralph-cudworth","-lo5-DFEgxrdUltBEo82CBGfLUIS29kvHn252mvT08k",{"id":1369,"title":1370,"body":1371,"born":1392,"description":1393,"died":503,"extension":19,"image":1394,"key":1395,"meta":1396,"name":1397,"name_en":1398,"navigation":26,"path":1399,"seo":1400,"stem":1401,"wikipedia":1402,"__hash__":1403},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.md","Raymond Of Penyafort",{"type":8,"value":1372,"toc":1390},[1373],[11,1374,1375,1376,238,1379,1382,1383,1385,1386,1389],{},"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the ",[49,1377,1378],{},"Decretales Gregorii IX",[49,1380,1381],{},"Liber Extra",") at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's ",[49,1384,644],{},". Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the ",[49,1387,1388],{},"Summa contra Gentiles",". He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1391},[],1175,"Raymond of Penyafort (c. 1175–1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar, canon lawyer, and papal penitentiary who compiled the Decretales Gregorii IX (Liber Extra) at the commission of Pope Gregory IX, completing it in 1234. The compilation systematized five books of papal decretals into the authoritative canon law collection that governed the medieval Western church alongside Gratian's Decretum. Raymond also served as Master General of the Dominican Order (1238–1240) and is credited with encouraging Thomas Aquinas to write the Summa contra Gentiles. He was canonized in 1601 and is the patron saint of canon lawyers.","\u002Fa\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort.jpg","raymond-of-penyafort",{},"Raimundus de Penyafort","Raymond of Penyafort","\u002Fauthors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort",{"description":1393},"authors\u002Fraymond-of-penyafort","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRaymond_of_Penyafort","R-rIwFuvzQwLxUV3eCA6KpvIZyMTykel2A6upxW9z2k",{"id":1405,"title":1406,"body":1407,"born":1417,"description":1418,"died":483,"extension":19,"image":1419,"key":1420,"meta":1421,"name":1422,"name_en":1423,"navigation":26,"path":1424,"seo":1425,"stem":1426,"wikipedia":1427,"__hash__":1428},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton.md","Richard Of Middleton",{"type":8,"value":1408,"toc":1415},[1409],[11,1410,1411,1412,1414],{},"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[49,1413,97],{},", edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1416},[],1249,"Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla, c. 1249–c. 1308) was a Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, probably of Norman French origin. He studied and taught at Paris, where he served as regent master at the Franciscan studium (1284–1287) and later as minister provincial of France. His commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences, edited 1285–1295, is his principal surviving work, notable for its careful synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and Franciscan theology. He also produced three sets of quodlibetal disputations and numerous disputed questions.","\u002Fa\u002Frichard-of-middleton.jpg","richard-of-middleton",{},"Ricardus de Mediavilla","Richard of Middleton","\u002Fauthors\u002Frichard-of-middleton",{"description":1418},"authors\u002Frichard-of-middleton","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRichard_of_Middleton","h_Crd4s6QXBE2yw8RAd_pzr-CiKNB7Marf5V2a-gKj4",{"id":1430,"title":1431,"body":1432,"born":654,"description":1442,"died":1443,"extension":19,"image":1444,"key":1445,"meta":1446,"name":1447,"name_en":1448,"navigation":26,"path":1449,"seo":1450,"stem":1451,"wikipedia":1452,"__hash__":1453},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson.md","Robert De Courson",{"type":8,"value":1433,"toc":1440},[1434],[11,1435,1436,1437,1439],{},"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His ",[49,1438,579],{}," (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1441},[],"Robert of Courson (Robertus de Corcun, ca. 1160\u002F70–1218) was an English-born theologian who studied under Peter the Chanter at the University of Paris, where he later became a master of theology. His Summa (c. 1208–1214) is a massive compendium of moral theology treating simony, usury, oaths, vows, and ecclesiastical discipline, drawing on canon law, Scripture, and the Parisian schools. Appointed cardinal legate by Pope Innocent III in 1212, he conducted sweeping reform councils across France and played a formative role in preparing the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). He died at the Crusaders' camp at Damietta in 1218.",1218,"\u002Fa\u002Frobert-de-courson.jpg","robert-de-courson",{},"Robertus de Corcun","Robert of Courson","\u002Fauthors\u002Frobert-de-courson",{"description":1442},"authors\u002Frobert-de-courson","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRobert_of_Courson","6j5cntUAhDpVUIQqun317Eipdd12tbbpP3GzQx74kIc",{"id":1455,"title":1456,"body":1457,"born":1471,"description":1472,"died":388,"extension":19,"image":1473,"key":1474,"meta":1475,"name":1476,"name_en":1456,"navigation":26,"path":1477,"seo":1478,"stem":1479,"wikipedia":1480,"__hash__":1481},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas.md","Thomas Aquinas",{"type":8,"value":1458,"toc":1469},[1459],[11,1460,1461,1462,1465,1466,1468],{},"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the ",[49,1463,1464],{},"Doctor Angelicus",". His ",[49,1467,63],{}," is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1470},[],1225,"Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian, known as the Doctor Angelicus. His Summa Theologiae is the foremost systematic work of medieval scholastic theology, integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Catholic doctrine across questions of God, creation, ethics, and law. He was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1568 and remains the preeminent authority in Thomistic philosophy.","\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-aquinas.jpg","thomas-aquinas",{},"Thomas de Aquino","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-aquinas",{"description":1472},"authors\u002Fthomas-aquinas","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_Aquinas","Ta_-VRJSVFWJGAcbyknBoWAysB1vm3CNw_sGSmr0EPk",{"id":1483,"title":1484,"body":1485,"born":503,"description":1499,"died":1500,"extension":19,"image":1501,"key":1502,"meta":1503,"name":1504,"name_en":1505,"navigation":26,"path":1506,"seo":1507,"stem":1508,"wikipedia":1509,"__hash__":1510},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.md","Thomas Of Strasbourg",{"type":8,"value":1486,"toc":1497},[1487],[11,1488,1489,1490,1493,1494,1496],{},"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the ",[49,1491,1492],{},"Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum"," (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's ",[49,1495,97],{}," that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1498},[],"Thomas of Strasbourg (Thomas de Argentina, c. 1275–1357) was an Augustinian Hermit theologian and philosopher who served as Prior General of his order from 1345 until his death. He studied and taught at Paris, Oxford, and other major schools, becoming one of the most prominent Augustinian scholastics of the fourteenth century. His principal work, the Commentaria in quatuor libros Sententiarum (composed c. 1335–1337), is a substantial commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that engages extensively with Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. He is sometimes considered a representative of an Augustinian school standing between the via antiqua and via moderna.",1357,"\u002Fa\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg.jpg","thomas-of-strasbourg",{},"Thomas de Argentina","Thomas of Strasbourg","\u002Fauthors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg",{"description":1499},"authors\u002Fthomas-of-strasbourg","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FThomas_of_Strasbourg","U-1OqtnBtHW16RxkaGBW2r92BpjZpGkB3dF8bXg9RKI",{"id":1512,"title":1513,"body":1514,"born":1525,"description":1526,"died":1527,"extension":19,"image":1528,"key":1529,"meta":1530,"name":1531,"name_en":1532,"navigation":26,"path":1533,"seo":1534,"stem":1535,"wikipedia":1536,"__hash__":1537},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin.md","Turretin",{"type":8,"value":1515,"toc":1523},[1516],[11,1517,1518,1519,1522],{},"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the ",[49,1520,1521],{},"Institutio Theologiae Elencticae"," (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1524},[],1623,"Francis Turretin (1623–1687) was a Genevan Reformed theologian of Italian Protestant descent, pastor at the Italian congregation in Geneva and professor of theology at the Genevan Academy. His principal work, the Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (3 vols., 1679–1685), became the standard dogmatics text of high Reformed orthodoxy, shaping confessional Calvinist theology well into the nineteenth century, particularly in Scotland and America through Princeton Seminary. He was a fierce defender of Reformed doctrine against Arminianism, Socinianism, and Roman Catholicism, and a key figure in the formation of the Helvetic Consensus Formula (1675).",1687,"\u002Fa\u002Fturretin.jpg","turretin",{},"Franciscus Turrettinus","Francis Turretin","\u002Fauthors\u002Fturretin",{"description":1526},"authors\u002Fturretin","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrancis_Turretin","bcG5TKgAyUhUq-seebVeLrFRkn2ctTtvTofxTx8X9F0",{"id":1539,"title":1540,"body":1541,"born":1556,"description":1557,"died":1558,"extension":19,"image":1559,"key":1560,"meta":1561,"name":1562,"name_en":1540,"navigation":26,"path":1563,"seo":1564,"stem":1565,"wikipedia":1566,"__hash__":1567},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames.md","William Ames",{"type":8,"value":1542,"toc":1554},[1543],[11,1544,1545,1546,1549,1550,1553],{},"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the ",[49,1547,1548],{},"Medulla Theologica"," (1627) and ",[49,1551,1552],{},"De Conscientia"," (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1555},[],1576,"William Ames (1576–1633) was an English Puritan theologian and philosopher who became one of the most influential Reformed thinkers of the seventeenth century. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge under William Perkins, he was driven from England for his nonconformity and eventually appointed professor of theology at the University of Franeker in Friesland (1622–1633). His two major works, the Medulla Theologica (1627) and De Conscientia (1630), provided compact systematic treatments of Reformed doctrine and casuistry that were widely used as textbooks in both European and New England universities. His emphasis on practical, experiential piety shaped the Puritan tradition on both sides of the Atlantic.",1633,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-ames.jpg","william-ames",{},"Gulielmus Amesius","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-ames",{"description":1557},"authors\u002Fwilliam-ames","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Ames_(theologian)","kZ4qYmoTjsYe3NBsqq48kVOKLf6AAuZDM699kwiU3GM",{"id":1569,"title":1570,"body":1571,"born":1584,"description":1585,"died":1586,"extension":19,"image":1587,"key":1588,"meta":1589,"name":1590,"name_en":1591,"navigation":26,"path":1592,"seo":1593,"stem":1594,"wikipedia":1595,"__hash__":1596},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.md","William Of Auxerre",{"type":8,"value":1572,"toc":1582},[1573],[11,1574,1575,1576,1578,1579,1581],{},"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His ",[49,1577,817],{},", composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's ",[49,1580,97],{}," and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1583},[],1150,"William of Auxerre (Guillelmus Altissiodorensis, c. 1150–1231) was a French scholastic theologian and master at the University of Paris in the first decades of the thirteenth century, and archdeacon of Beauvais. His Summa aurea, composed in the 1220s, is one of the earliest systematic theological summae and an important transitional work between Peter Lombard's Sentences and the great Dominican and Franciscan summae of the mid-thirteenth century; it was widely read and influenced Alexander of Hales, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. He was among the first scholastics to make extensive theological use of the newly available Aristotelian corpus. In 1231 he was appointed by Gregory IX to the commission charged with examining and expurgating Aristotle's natural philosophy, but died in Rome that same year before the work could begin.",1231,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre.jpg","william-of-auxerre",{},"Guillelmus Altissiodorensis","William of Auxerre","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre",{"description":1585},"authors\u002Fwilliam-of-auxerre","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Auxerre","wmXZY_IhRgDuN7QR12erpxv12PbsSvbs40Q8MLYfgrE",{"id":1598,"title":1599,"body":1600,"born":1607,"description":1604,"died":1608,"extension":19,"image":1609,"key":1610,"meta":1611,"name":1599,"name_en":1599,"navigation":26,"path":1612,"seo":1613,"stem":1614,"wikipedia":1615,"__hash__":1616},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins.md","William Perkins",{"type":8,"value":1601,"toc":1605},[1602],[11,1603,1604],{},"William Perkins (1558–1602) was an influential English Puritan theologian and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. One of the leading Reformed theologians of his generation, he was renowned for his plain preaching style and prolific writings on predestination, casuistry, and practical divinity. His commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, covering the first five chapters, was published posthumously in 1607 alongside a supplement on the sixth chapter supplied by Ralph Cudworth. His works were widely read across Protestant Europe and exerted a formative influence on early Puritanism in England and New England.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1606},[],1558,1602,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-perkins.jpg","william-perkins",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-perkins",{"description":1604},"authors\u002Fwilliam-perkins","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Perkins_(theologian)","I1rI4ArD5Jj47NnguTtIRvsfIJKUHb7VY5RYsAJpmZA",{"id":1618,"title":1619,"body":1620,"born":67,"description":1631,"died":1632,"extension":19,"image":1633,"key":6,"meta":1634,"name":1635,"name_en":1636,"navigation":26,"path":1637,"seo":1638,"stem":1639,"wikipedia":1640,"__hash__":1641},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.md","William Saint Amour",{"type":8,"value":1621,"toc":1629},[1622],[11,1623,1624,1625,1628],{},"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise ",[49,1626,1627],{},"De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum"," (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1630},[],"William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272) was a French theologian and doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris, where he was a prominent secular master and member of the Sorbonne. He became the leading voice of the secular clergy in their conflict with the Franciscan and Dominican friars over the right to preach, hear confessions, and hold university chairs. His treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times, 1256), which identified the mendicant orders with the false prophets foretold in Scripture, was condemned by Pope Alexander IV, who expelled William from France. He was permitted to return after Alexander's death and died in his native Saint-Amour in Franche-Comté. His collected works were published posthumously in 1632 at Constance by editors sympathetic to the Gallican and secular clerical tradition.",1272,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour.jpg",{},"Guillelmus de Sancto Amore","William of Saint-Amour","\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour",{"description":1631},"authors\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_of_Saint-Amour","TWtM0SUJV8ZLxn0UpKC3RFMBgoPMsG8-kYHCvWeMnxE",{"id":1643,"title":1644,"body":1645,"born":1660,"description":1661,"died":1662,"extension":19,"image":1663,"key":1664,"meta":1665,"name":1644,"name_en":1644,"navigation":26,"path":1666,"seo":1667,"stem":1668,"wikipedia":1669,"__hash__":1670},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.md","William Tyndale",{"type":8,"value":1646,"toc":1658},[1647],[11,1648,1649,1650,1653,1654,1657],{},"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including ",[49,1651,1652],{},"The Obedience of a Christian Man"," (1528) and ",[49,1655,1656],{},"The Parable of the Wicked Mammon"," (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1659},[],1494,"William Tyndale (c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar and reformer who became the principal translator of the Bible into English in the Reformation era. Working in exile on the Continent, he produced the first printed English New Testament (1526) directly from the Greek, along with portions of the Old Testament from the Hebrew, shaping the language of all later English Bibles. He also wrote influential polemical and doctrinal works, including The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528) and The Parable of the Wicked Mammon (1528). Betrayed and arrested near Brussels, he was tried for heresy and executed by strangling and burning at Vilvoorde in 1536; his dying prayer, \"Lord, open the King of England's eyes,\" was answered within a few years by the licensing of the English Bible.",1536,"\u002Fa\u002Fwilliam-tyndale.jpg","william-tyndale",{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale",{"description":1661},"authors\u002Fwilliam-tyndale","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWilliam_Tyndale","wx_IpWauRMmkBNcER1vlDyRcvLoCF412nkGP8j0VB88",{"id":1672,"title":1673,"authors":1674,"body":1675,"cover":1689,"description":1690,"document":1691,"editors":36,"extension":19,"filesize":1692,"key":18,"language":1693,"meta":1694,"navigation":26,"ocr_model":1695,"pages":680,"pagination_starts":1696,"path":1704,"seo":1705,"stem":1706,"title_en":1707,"typeface":1708,"url":1709,"year":1710,"__hash__":1711},"documentsMeta\u002Fdocuments\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632.md","Magistri Guillielmi de Sancto Amore Opera Omnia quae Reperiri Potuerunt",[6],{"type":8,"value":1676,"toc":1687},[1677],[11,1678,1679,1680,1682,1683,1686],{},"This volume collects the known works of William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272), doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris and member of the Sorbonne. Published pseudonymously in Constance in 1632 under the imprint \"Ad Insigne Bonae Fidei Apud Alithophilos,\" the edition was assembled by Joannes Alithophilus to defend the hierarchical structure of the Church against the mendicant orders. It opens with an extensive prefatory history of William's controversies and relevant papal documents, followed by William's preface to the Psalms, his major treatise ",[49,1681,1627],{}," (On the Dangers of the Last Times), his ",[49,1684,1685],{},"Collectiones Catholicae et Canonicae Scripturae ad instructionem et praeparationem Simplicium Christi Fidelium contra pericula imminentia Ecclesiae Generali per Hypocritas et Pseudo-Praedicatores",", a table of signs for detecting false preachers, and a sermon for the feast of Saints James and Philip.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1688},[],"\u002Fd\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632\u002Fcover.jpg","This volume collects the known works of William of Saint-Amour (c. 1200–1272), doctor of the Faculty of Theology of Paris and member of the Sorbonne. Published pseudonymously in Constance in 1632 under the imprint \"Ad Insigne Bonae Fidei Apud Alithophilos,\" the edition was assembled by Joannes Alithophilus to defend the hierarchical structure of the Church against the mendicant orders. It opens with an extensive prefatory history of William's controversies and relevant papal documents, followed by William's preface to the Psalms, his major treatise De Periculis Novissimorum Temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Times), his Collectiones Catholicae et Canonicae Scripturae ad instructionem et praeparationem Simplicium Christi Fidelium contra pericula imminentia Ecclesiae Generali per Hypocritas et Pseudo-Praedicatores, a table of signs for detecting false preachers, and a sermon for the feast of Saints James and Philip.","\u002Fd\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632.pdf","119.5MB","la",{},"10.5281\u002Fzenodo.11113737",[1697,1702],{"pdf_page":1698,"printed_page":1699,"numeral_type":1700,"pagination":1701},15,1,"arabic","page",{"pdf_page":1703,"printed_page":1699,"numeral_type":1700,"pagination":1701},95,"\u002Fdocuments\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632",{"title":1673,"description":1690},"documents\u002Fsaint-amour-opera-omnia-1632","Complete Works of William of Saint-Amour","roman","https:\u002F\u002Fnumelyo.bm-lyon.fr\u002Ff_view\u002FBML:BML_00GOO0100137001100702138",1632,"3mpUEmG5wQbrCiF6e8SdKwwg0OKOvYR2iHdA1gk03f8",[1713,1750,1796,1833,1867,1901,1938,1969],{"id":1714,"title":1715,"body":1716,"description":1724,"extension":19,"meta":1745,"navigation":26,"page":28,"path":1746,"pdf_page":31,"reading":20,"seo":1747,"sortable_pagination_id":31,"stem":1748,"__hash__":1749},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F80.md","De Valido Mendicante. Quæstio.",{"type":8,"value":1717,"toc":1743},[1718,1722,1725,1728,1731,1734,1737,1740],[1719,1720,1715],"h1",{"id":1721},"de-valido-mendicante-quæstio",[11,1723,1724],{},"Quæritur vtrum debeamus dare eleemosynam Valido Mendicanti, si sit pauper.",[11,1726,1727],{},"QUOD SIC. Iob. 31. Si negaui, quod volebant, pauperibus; Ergo cuilibet pauperi mendicanti danda est eleemosyna.",[11,1729,1730],{},"Item Prouerb. 21. Qui obturat aurem suam ad clamorem pauperibus, et ipse clamabit, et non exaudietur; Ergo danda est eleemosyna cuilibet pauperi mendicanti.",[11,1732,1733],{},"Item Eccl. 29. Propter mandatum assume pauperem, et propter inopiam eius non dimittas vacuum; Ergo cuilibet pauperi mendicanti danda est eleemosyna.",[11,1735,1736],{},"Item Matth. 25. Quod vni ex minimis meis fecistis, mihi fecistis; Ergo nulli propter Christum neganda est eleemosyna.",[11,1738,1739],{},"Item Rom. 12. Necessitatibus sanctorum communicantes; Ergo bonum est eleemosynam largiri, et est opus charitatis.",[11,1741,1742],{},"Item 1. Corinth. 12. Si quid patitur vnum membrum, compatiuntur omnia membra, nisi sint putrida; Ergo cuilibet pauperi mendicanti",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1744},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F80",{"title":1715,"description":1724},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F80","jNLixOOaQhR8U-nVP7dXmLrmEHwBvWnqeA7iSNJaj2M",{"id":1751,"title":1752,"body":1753,"description":1757,"extension":19,"meta":1790,"navigation":26,"page":1752,"path":1791,"pdf_page":1792,"reading":20,"seo":1793,"sortable_pagination_id":1792,"stem":1794,"__hash__":1795},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F81.md","81",{"type":8,"value":1754,"toc":1788},[1755,1758,1761,1764,1767,1770,1773,1776,1779,1782,1785],[11,1756,1757],{},"mendicanti danda est eleemosyna ex commiseratione.",[11,1759,1760],{},"Item Heb. 13. Beneficentiæ et communionis nolite obliuisci, talibus enim hostijs promeretur Deus; Ergo danda est eleemosyna cuilibet pauperi mendicanti.",[11,1762,1763],{},"Item 1. Ioan. 3. Qui habuerit substantiam huius mundi, et viderit fratrem suum necessitatem habere, et clauserit viscera sua ab eo, quomodo charitas Dei manet in eo? Ergo danda est eleemosyna cuilibet pauperi mendicanti.",[11,1765,1766],{},"Item Matth. 5. Qui petit a te, da ei; et Lucæ 6. Omni petenti te, tribue; Ergo cuilibet pauperi mendicanti danda est eleemosyna.",[11,1768,1769],{},"Item 2. Corinth. 8. Vestra abundantia, scilicet corporalis, inopiam illorum suppleat, vt et illorum abundantia, scilicet meritorum illorum, qui diuinis vacant, vestræ inopiæ, scilicet spiritualis, sit supplementum, vt fiat æqualitas. Glos. Qui enim viuunt in hoc sæculo, non habent merita ad vitam æternam sufficientia, nisi iuuentur per pauperes Christi, quorum est regnum cælorum, quos amicos sibi, et debitores fecerunt; Ergo nulli neganda est eleemosyna.",[11,1771,1772],{},"Item 1. Timoth. 6. Diuitibus huius sæculi præcipe facile tribuere; Ergo nulli neganda est eleemosyna.",[11,1774,1775],{},"Item Act. 2. Possessiones et substantias vendebant, et diuidebant illa omnibus, prout cuique opus erat; Ergo pro necessitate cuiuslibet danda est eleemosyna.",[11,1777,1778],{},"Item Rom. 15. Nunc igitur proficiscar in Ierusalem ministrare Sanctis. Glos. Hi totos se dederant diuinis obsequijs, nihil mundana curantes, et exemplum bonæ conuersationis dabant fidelibus. Et infra, Nam si spiritualium eorum participes facti sunt Gentiles, debent in carnalibus ministrare eis; Glos. Id est, Iudæis qui miserunt eos Prædicatores. Si debent, ergo non possunt negare.",[11,1780,1781],{},"Item, quod prædicanti pauperi maxime sit dandum, patet Galat. 6. Communicet autem is, qui catechizatur verbo, ei, qui se catechizat, in omnibus bonis. Glos. Omnia bona faciat ei communia, statutum enim præceptum est, vt Prædicatori verbi Dei præbeat necessaria ille, cui prædicatur.",[11,1783,1784],{},"Item in eodem, Maxime autem ad domesticos fidei. Glos. Omnibus impendenda est misericordia, in quo præponendi sunt iusti, qui sunt ex fide.",[11,1786,1787],{},"Item Lucæ 6. Benefacite ijs, qui oderunt vos; Ergo a minori",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1789},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F81",175,{"description":1757},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F81","jIKxS12-hbgzRJhGgOuKd2rBmA-MzYN0Kwkmbihsbow",{"id":1797,"title":1798,"body":1799,"description":1803,"extension":19,"meta":1827,"navigation":26,"page":1798,"path":1828,"pdf_page":1829,"reading":20,"seo":1830,"sortable_pagination_id":1829,"stem":1831,"__hash__":1832},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F82.md","82",{"type":8,"value":1800,"toc":1825},[1801,1804,1807,1810,1813,1816,1819,1822],[11,1802,1803],{},"ad maius, benefaciendum est, et eleemosynæ dandæ Prædicatoribus pauperibus.",[11,1805,1806],{},"Item Chrysost. super Epistolam ad Hebr. Si pro nutrimento postulat quis, non in his examines. Si Abraham fuisset scrutator pauperum, numquam Angelos hospitio recepisset, sed cum reliquis, et hos repulisset. Dist. 42. Can. Quiescamus; Ergo nulli neganda est eleemosyna.",[11,1808,1809],{},"Item 1. q. 2. cap. Quam pio, dicit Bonifacius. Nusquam legimus Domini Discipulos, vel eorum ministerio conuersos, quempiam ad Dei cultum aliquo muneris interuentu prouocasse; nisi forte de pauperum alimento quis inconcinne proponat, quorum nulli, cuiuscumque professionis esset, victualia negabantur; Ergo, etiam valido mendicanti, non est deneganda eleemosyna.",[11,1811,1812],{},"Item 11. q. 3. cap. Quoniam multos, dicit Greg. Si quis excommunicatis, non in sustentationem superbiæ, sed humilitatis causa, dare aliquid voluerit, non prohibemus; Ergo etiam licitum erit, dare valido mendicanti.",[11,1814,1815],{},"Item Hieron. Ad Paulinum Monachum, vbi habet. Quem senseris, aut semper, aut crebro de minimis loquentem (excepta eleemosyna, quæ indifferenter omnibus dari potest) institorem potius habeto, quam Monachum; Ergo eleemosyna potest indifferenter omnibus dari; Ergo etiam valido.",[11,1817,1818],{},"Item Aug. In lib. Psalmorum (refertur autem 23. q. 4. cap. Duo ista) vbi dicit. Duo ista nomina cum dicimus, HOMO, PECCATOR, non vtique frustra dicuntur; quia PECCATOR corripe; quia HOMO, miserere; et ita non est contemnenda eleemosyna, quæ quibusque pauperibus vice humanitatis impenditur.",[11,1820,1821],{},"CONTRA Lucæ 16. Cum facis prandium, aut cænam, noli vocare amicos tuos, neque fratres, neque cognatos, neque vicinos diuites, ne forte et ipsi reinuitent te, et fiat tibi retributio; sed cum facis conuiuium, voca pauperes debiles, claudos, cæcos, et beatus eris; quia non habent retribuere tibi; Ergo cum a paupere valido, vel familiari potentum, aliquid possis expectare in præsenti, non ei facienda est eleemosyna.",[11,1823,1824],{},"Item Ambr. De Officiis (habetur autem Dist. 86. Can. Consideranda) vbi dicit. Consideranda est in largiendo ætas atque debilitas, nonnumquam verecundia, quæ ingenuos prodit natales, vt senibus plus largiaris, qui sibi iam victum nequeunt quærere; et simi-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1826},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F82",176,{"description":1803},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F82","bKeqcy8TD2G8hj-mcGUt433M3pob3HzBs38C0laQCoI",{"id":1834,"title":1835,"body":1836,"description":1840,"extension":19,"meta":1861,"navigation":26,"page":1835,"path":1862,"pdf_page":1863,"reading":20,"seo":1864,"sortable_pagination_id":1863,"stem":1865,"__hash__":1866},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F83.md","83",{"type":8,"value":1837,"toc":1859},[1838,1841,1844,1847,1850,1853,1856],[11,1839,1840],{},"liter et debilitas corporis promptius est iuuanda; tum si quis ex diuitiis cecidit in egestatem; et maxime, si non vitio suo, sed aut latrociniis, aut proscriptione, aut calumniis, quæ habebat, amisit; Ergo talibus tantum dandum est.",[11,1842,1843],{},"Item Aug. Ad Vincentium Donatistam. VTILIVS esurienti panis tollitur, si de cibo securus iustitiam negligat, quam eidem panis frangitur, vt iniustitiæ seductus acquiescat; Sed qui non vult operari corporaliter ad victum quærendum, cum possit operari; vel qui potest aliunde victum habere sine peccato; si petat victum, iniuste agit, quia contra doctrinam Apostoli, vt probabo. Ergo tali debet panis subtrahi; Ergo non dari.",[11,1845,1846],{},"Probatur Minor. 2. Thes. 3. Si quis non vult operari, nec manducet: Glos. Vult Apostolus seruos Dei corporaliter operari, vnde viuant, ne compellantur egestate necessaria petere: Ergo si petit, iniuste agit, contra Apostolum.",[11,1848,1849],{},"Item tales mandat Apostolus euitari ibid. Si quis verbo nostro non obedierit, scilicet de acquirendo victum laborando corporaliter, si non habet aliud, vnde viuat, per epistolam hunc notate; Glos. vt possim eum corripere; ET NE commisceamini cum illo, vt confundatur; Glos. vt erubescat abiectus ab omnibus, et sic se subijciat præceptis Apostoli, scilicet, de operando corporaliter victum; Ergo talis iniuste agit.",[11,1851,1852],{},"Item 1. Thess. 4. Operemini manibus vestris, vt nullius aliquid desideretis. Glos. Operandum est, non otiandum, vt non desideretis rem alterius, nedum rogetis; Ergo qui sic petit, facit contra Apostolum; Ergo iniuste agit.",[11,1854,1855],{},"Item 1. Thess. 4. Rogamus vos, fratres, vt operam detis, vt quieti sitis, Glos. a curiositate; ET VT vestrum negotium agatis; Glos. dimissis alienis; quod vobis vtile est in emendatione vitæ; ET OPEREMINI manibus vestris; Glos. quod adiuuat quietos esse; illud enim malum ex otio venit; Ergo qui hæc non facit, contra doctrinam Apostoli petit; Ergo iniuste agit; Ergo ei subtrahendus est panis; Ergo non dandus.",[11,1857,1858],{},"Item Luc. 12. Vendite quæ possidetis, et date eleemosynam; Glos. Vendite possessiones, vt omnibus vestris semel pro Domino spretis, postea labore manuum vestrarum operemini, vnde viuatis, et eleemosynas faciatis; Ergo post venditionem omnium non est mendicandum, sed operandum; Ergo qui hoc non facit, contra doctrinam Ecclesiæ facit; Ergo iniuste agit.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1860},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F83",177,{"description":1840},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F83","5ROwzpjZT76ZEgCHAxevfko1lKFIQlvUIHQlDNaCUHg",{"id":1868,"title":1869,"body":1870,"description":1874,"extension":19,"meta":1895,"navigation":26,"page":1869,"path":1896,"pdf_page":1897,"reading":20,"seo":1898,"sortable_pagination_id":1897,"stem":1899,"__hash__":1900},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F84.md","84",{"type":8,"value":1871,"toc":1893},[1872,1875,1878,1881,1884,1887,1890],[11,1873,1874],{},"Item Eph. 1. Laboret vnusquisque manibus suis, non praua opera lucri, sed operando quod bonum est; vt habeat, non tantum vnde viuat, sed etiam vnde tribuat necessitatem patienti; Ergo laborandum est, non mendicandum.",[11,1876,1877],{},"Item Hieron. Ad Rusticum Monachum. SI APOSTOLI habentes potestatem de Euangelio viuere, manibus suis laborabant, ne quem grauarent, et alijs tribuebant refrigeria, quorum pro spiritalibus debebant metere carnalia; cur tu in vsus tuos cessura non præpares? vel fiscellam texe iunco, vel canistrum lentis plecte viminibus; sarriatur humus, areolæ æquo limite diuidantur, in quibus, cum olerum iacta fuerint semina, vel plantæ per ordinem positæ, aqua ducantur irrigua. Et post pauca. Texantur et lina capiendis piscibus, scribantur libri, vt et manus operetur cibum, et animus lectione saturetur; in desideriis est omnis otiosus. De consecr. dist. 5. cap. Numquam; Ergo omnis Regularis debet operari, maxime si non habet aliud vnde viuat; Ergo si non facit, iniuste facit.",[11,1879,1880],{},"Item Beatus Benedictus In regula, cap. De opere manuum quotidiano. OTIOSITAS inimica est animæ, et ideo certis horis occupari debent Fratres in opere manuum, certis etiam horis in lectione diuina; Ergo Regularis operari debet; Ergo si non facit, iniuste agit.",[11,1882,1883],{},"Item in eodem. Tunc verè Monachi sunt, si de opere manuum suarum viuant, sicut patres nostri, et Apostoli; Ergo si hoc non faciunt, non sunt veri Monachi; Ergo non debet eis dari.",[11,1885,1886],{},"Item ex Conc. 4. Carthag. can. 51. Clericus quantumlibet verbo Dei eruditus, artificiolo victum quærat, vt habetur dist. 91. cap. Clericus; Ergo si non facit, iniuste agit.",[11,1888,1889],{},"Item in eodem. Omnes Clerici, qui ad operandum validi sunt, et artificiola, et literas discant; Ergo si non faciunt, iniuste agunt; Ergo non est eis dandum.",[11,1891,1892],{},"Item Ioan. 11. Dicit eis Simon Petrus, vado piscari. Gloss. Post redditum viuum Christum, post acceptum eius insufflationis spiritum, post verba eius, SICVT MISIT ME PATER, ET EGO MITTO VOS; subito sunt Apostoli quod fuerant, scilicet, piscatores, non hominum, sed piscium. Sed sciendum est non prohibitos fuisse sua arte licita victum quærere, Apostolatus integritate seruata, cum vnde viuerent, non haberent; Ergo illi, qui non sunt Apostoli, multò fortius debent laborare manibus, vnde viuant; Ergo qui non facit, in-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1894},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F84",178,{"description":1874},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F84","UCm-X4X7giDFSBtuKKESuisj41Hbqs0fHrq7uw0ltCQ",{"id":1902,"title":1903,"body":1904,"description":1908,"extension":19,"meta":1932,"navigation":26,"page":1903,"path":1933,"pdf_page":1934,"reading":20,"seo":1935,"sortable_pagination_id":1934,"stem":1936,"__hash__":1937},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F85.md","85",{"type":8,"value":1905,"toc":1930},[1906,1909,1912,1915,1918,1921,1924,1927],[11,1907,1908],{},"iuste agit; Ergo non est ei dandum.",[11,1910,1911],{},"Item Aug. Ad Vincentium Donatistam. 23. q. 4. cap. Nimium. SÆPE mali persecuti sunt bonos, et boni malos; Illi nocendo per iniustitiam, isti consulendo per disciplinam. Et post pauca. Occiderunt impij Prophetas, occiderunt impios et Prophetæ; flagellauerunt Iudæi Christum, flagellauit Iudæos et Christus; Et post pauca. In his omnibus quid attenditur, nisi quis eorum pro Veritate? quis pro iniquitate? quis nocendi causa? quis emendandi? Ergo illis, qui faciunt contra doctrinam Apostoli, panis est subtrahendus, vt corrigantur; quia qui hoc facit, prosequitur malos.",[11,1913,1914],{},"Item, quod Prædicatores nihil possint petere, proba. 1. Thess. 2. Neque aliquando fuimus in occasione auaritiæ; Gloss. Non dico in auaritia; sed neque feci, neque dixi in quo esset occasio auaritiæ; Sed in petendo pecuniam, vel sumptus, est occasio auaritiæ; Ergo petere est contra doctrinam Apostoli; Ergo non est dandum eis petentibus.",[11,1916,1917],{},"Item, Prædicator non debet esse in sermone adulationis. 1. Thess. 2. Neque aliquando fuimus in sermone adulationis; Gloss. Propter quod alij placent hominibus; Sed qui continue, vel frequenter petit victum, necesse est vt aduletur: 2. Thess. 3. Vt nosmetipsos formam daremus vobis ad imitandum nos. Gloss. Qui frequenter ad alienam mensam conuenit otio deditus, aduletur necesse est pascenti se; cum tamen Religio Christiana ad libertatem homines aduocet; Ergo qui Prædicator est, non debet frequenter petere victum; Ergo si petit, non est dandum.",[11,1919,1920],{},"Item 2. Corinth. 12. Non quæro vestra, sed vos; Glossa, Non diuitias in auro et argento, sed saluare vos; Ergo Prædicatores nihil debent petere.",[11,1922,1923],{},"Item Philip. vlt. Non quæro datum, sed fructum; Ergo et veri Apostoli nihil petere debent.",[11,1925,1926],{},"Item. Qui pro aliquo spirituali recipit pastum, siue ante, siue post, Simoniam committit. 1. q. 3. cap. Si quis præbendas; Ergo pro prædicatione, etiam post prædicationem, non licet recipere pastum illi, qui non debetur, idest, qui non est Apostolus; Accipere enim est quandocumque arripere, 1. q. 1. cap. Eos, qui per pecunias; Ergo si petit, non est dandum.",[11,1928,1929],{},"Item Giezi seruus Elisæi dicitur commisisse crimen Simoniæ, eo quod petiit aliquid a Naaman Syro, cui Domi-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1931},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F85",179,{"description":1908},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F85","NIO9BOzT_grA_Zux1pvJ039Kx_EXlYpTNyvDnchahqs",{"id":1939,"title":1940,"body":1941,"description":1945,"extension":19,"meta":1963,"navigation":26,"page":1940,"path":1964,"pdf_page":1965,"reading":20,"seo":1966,"sortable_pagination_id":1965,"stem":1967,"__hash__":1968},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F86.md","86",{"type":8,"value":1942,"toc":1960},[1943,1946,1949,1952,1955],[11,1944,1945],{},"nus eius Elisæus dederat gratiam sanitatis 4. Regum 6. Et hoc dicit Greg. Nazianz. 1. q. 1. cap. Qui studet, vbi ait, Giezi sanitatis gratiam Naaman Syro vendidit, eandem gratiam sanitatis, Elisæo vindicante, leprosus factus amisit; Ergo si Frater illius, qui prædicauit, etiam post prædicationem petit ab illis, quibus prædicauit, Simoniam committit; Ergo non est ei dandum.",[11,1947,1948],{},"Item secundum Ius humanum, Mendicans validus, si seruilis est conditionis, efficitur seruus prodentis; si liber est, efficitur eius Colonus perpetuus. Cod. De mendicantibus validis, Lege vnica; Ergo cum certum sit graue esse delictum, quod est seuerius vindicatum, 24. q. 1. ca. Non afferamus stateras dolosas; relinquitur, quod mendicans validus grauiter delinquit; Ergo qui scienter se ponit in tali statu, videtur quod non sit in statu saluandorum.",[11,1950,1951],{},"RESPONDEO sine præiudicio. AD PRIMVM distingue, Eorum, qui petunt eleemosynam, ALII noti, ALII ignoti; ALII petunt, quasi ex debito; vt Prædicatores & Prælati: Alii pro sustentatione vitæ. Si ex debito petit, & quasi ratione officij, si constat de eius officio, siue potestate, recipiendus est; si est incognitus, examinandus est, an sit ita, vt dicit Chrysost. super Epistolam ad Heb. & habetur dist. 42. can. Quiescamus. Si petis pro nutrimento tantum, tunc dandum est indistinctè, nisi de cibo securus iustitiam negligat, vt dicit Aug. 5. q. 5. cap. Non omnis. tunc enim non est ei dandum, nisi iam fame moriatur; dist. 86. can. 21. Pasce fame morientem, quos enim pascendo seruare poteras, si non paueris, occidisti; Sed qui mendicat, cum possit viuere de labore corporis, iustitiam negligit, quia facit contra doctrinam Apostoli, & excommunicari debet, vt dictum est suprà; Ergo tali non est dandum.",[11,1953,1954],{},"OMNES ergo illas authoritates, quæ dicunt dandum esse omni petenti pauperi, sic intellige. Verum est, vel rem petitam, vel melius, scilicet, correctionem, si iniustè petit; & hoc dicit Glos. Matt. 5. Qui petit à te, da ei, etsi non quod petis, sed melius, cum iniustè petentem correxeris. Sed constat, quod iniustè petit, & contra præceptum Apostoli, qui potest aliunde habere sine peccato, vt probatum est suprà; Ergo non est ei dandum, sed potius est corrigendus.",[1956,1957,1959],"h2",{"id":1958},"de-pauperibvs-peregrinis-scholaribus-debilibus","DE PAUPERIBVS peregrinis, Scholaribus, & debilibus,",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1961},[1962],{"id":1958,"depth":16,"text":1959},{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F86",180,{"description":1945},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F86","_3wgTuqNfNlLEO72ms5OB8hh1nWmYF1TdlxDO7QG8uA",{"id":1970,"title":27,"body":1971,"description":1975,"extension":19,"meta":1990,"navigation":26,"page":27,"path":1991,"pdf_page":30,"reading":20,"seo":1992,"sortable_pagination_id":30,"stem":1993,"__hash__":1994},"readingsTranscription\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F87.md",{"type":8,"value":1972,"toc":1988},[1973,1976,1979,1982,1985],[11,1974,1975],{},"quia casualiter mendicant, nec ordinauerunt vitam suam ad mendicandum, non est id dicendum.",[11,1977,1978],{},"QUOD OBIICITVR de illis pauperibus, qui erant in Ierusalem, quibus fiebant collectæ; Respondemus. Non dicitur ibi quod ipsi peterent, et de illis intelligendum est, vel qui Discipuli erant, vel Prælati, et miserunt suos Prædicatores ad Gentiles. Vel de illis, qui vltra id quod poterant habere de labore, inopiam et penuriam habebant. 2. Thessal. 3. Vos autem, fratres, nolite deficere beneficientes, Glos. pauperibus; quia etsi operantur, possunt tamen nonnullis indigere; non enim in reprehensionem venit, qui humanus est in largiendo; sed hic, qui cum possit laborem ferre, otiose vult vitam agere. Vel omnes illi forsan prædicabant, et non poterant habere sumptus a contribulibus suis, quibus prædicabant; immo magis persequebantur illos; sicut Paulus prædicando Corinthiis ab aliis Ecclesiis accipiebat propter auaritiam Corinthiorum. 2. Cor. 11. Alias Ecclesias spoliaui accipiens stipendium ad ministerium vestrum; Glos. Vt vobis possem prædicare, et non accepi ab aliquo vestrum, etiam cum egerem.",[11,1980,1981],{},"AD ILLVD communicet is, qui catechizatur, ei qui se catechizat; dicendum est verum esse, quando Catechizans potestatem Apostolicam habet.",[11,1983,1984],{},"AD ILLVD Excommunicato danda est eleemosyna; verum est, in extrema necessitate.",[11,1986,1987],{},"QVOD QVÆRITVR de Prædicatoribus, vtrum possint petere, credo quod non, ne videatur esse occasio auaritiæ. 1. Thessal. 2. et ne videatur esse questus. 2. Corinth. 4. Neque adulterantes verbum Dei; Glos. pro questu prædicantes; vel ne compellantur adulari, vt dictum est; vel etiam detrahere, Rom. vlt. Huiusmodi Christo Domino non seruiunt, sed suo ventri; Glos. Alijs adulantur, alijs detrahunt, vt possint ventrem suum implere; vel ne videantur committere Simoniam, si obtentu prædicationis recipiant; præcipue illi, qui non sunt Apostoli, nec vices eorum gerunt; maxime cum non tantum a malo, sed ab omni specie mali abstinendum sit. 1. Thessal. 5.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":1989},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F87",{"description":1975},"readings\u002Ftranscription\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F87","OSWy-5vgFe-KeJMtX1r-I7MWJ5UoGV8PTWS5oVB0Rps",[1996,2057,2159,2254,2357,2462,2557,2627],{"id":1997,"title":1998,"body":1999,"description":2006,"extension":19,"meta":2052,"navigation":26,"page":28,"path":2053,"pdf_page":31,"reading":20,"seo":2054,"sortable_pagination_id":31,"stem":2055,"__hash__":2056},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F80.md","On the Able-Bodied Mendicant. A Question.",{"type":8,"value":2000,"toc":2050},[2001,2004,2007,2017,2023,2029,2036,2043],[1719,2002,1998],{"id":2003},"on-the-able-bodied-mendicant-a-question",[11,2005,2006],{},"It is asked whether we ought to give alms to an able-bodied mendicant, if he is poor.",[11,2008,2009,2012,2013,2016],{},[49,2010,2011],{},"That it is so:"," Job 31: ",[49,2014,2015],{},"If I have denied the poor what they desired;"," therefore alms must be given to any poor mendicant.",[11,2018,2019,2020,2016],{},"Likewise Proverbs 21: ",[49,2021,2022],{},"He who stops his ear against the cry of the poor shall also himself cry, and shall not be heard;",[11,2024,2025,2026,2016],{},"Likewise Ecclesiasticus 29: ",[49,2027,2028],{},"On account of the commandment, take up the poor man, and on account of his neediness do not send him away empty;",[11,2030,2031,2032,2035],{},"Likewise Matthew 25: ",[49,2033,2034],{},"What you have done to one of the least of mine, you have done to me;"," therefore alms must not be denied to anyone for Christ’s sake.",[11,2037,2038,2039,2042],{},"Likewise Romans 12: ",[49,2040,2041],{},"Communicating with the necessities of the saints;"," therefore it is good to bestow alms generously, and it is a work of charity.",[11,2044,2045,2046,2049],{},"Likewise 1 Corinthians 12: ",[49,2047,2048],{},"If one member suffers, all the members suffer with it,"," unless they be putrid; therefore to any poor mendicant",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2051},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F80",{"title":1998,"description":2006},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F80","Kq6CRNq9DvO3BnjHPU2qPY1LZT5Z7PAVhXKzP5A9KiA",{"id":2058,"title":1752,"body":2059,"description":2063,"extension":19,"meta":2154,"navigation":26,"page":1752,"path":2155,"pdf_page":1792,"reading":20,"seo":2156,"sortable_pagination_id":1792,"stem":2157,"__hash__":2158},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F81.md",{"type":8,"value":2060,"toc":2152},[2061,2064,2070,2077,2087,2106,2113,2120,2131,2138,2145],[11,2062,2063],{},"alms must be given out of compassion.",[11,2065,2066,2067,2016],{},"Likewise Hebrews 13: ",[49,2068,2069],{},"Do not forget beneficence and fellowship, for by such sacrifices God is won over;",[11,2071,2072,2073,2076],{},"Likewise 1 John 3: ",[49,2074,2075],{},"He who has the substance of this world, and shall see his brother in need, and shall shut up his bowels from him, how does the charity of God abide in him?"," Therefore alms must be given to any poor mendicant.",[11,2078,2079,2080,2083,2084,2016],{},"Likewise Matthew 5: ",[49,2081,2082],{},"Give to him who asks of you;"," and Luke 6: ",[49,2085,2086],{},"Give to everyone who asks of you;",[11,2088,2089,2090,2093,2094,2097,2098,2101,2102,2105],{},"Likewise 2 Corinthians 8: ",[49,2091,2092],{},"Let your abundance,"," namely bodily, ",[49,2095,2096],{},"supply their want, that their abundance,"," namely of their merits, who devote themselves to divine things, ",[49,2099,2100],{},"may be the supplement of your want,"," namely spiritual, ",[49,2103,2104],{},"that there may be equality."," Gloss: For those who live in this age do not have merits sufficient for eternal life, unless they are aided by the poor of Christ, whose is the kingdom of heaven, whom they have made friends and debtors to themselves; therefore alms must not be denied to anyone.",[11,2107,2108,2109,2112],{},"Likewise 1 Timothy 6: ",[49,2110,2111],{},"Charge the rich of this world to give easily;"," therefore alms must not be denied to anyone.",[11,2114,2115,2116,2119],{},"Likewise Acts 2: ",[49,2117,2118],{},"They sold their possessions and goods, and divided them to all, according as everyone had need;"," therefore alms must be given according to the necessity of anyone.",[11,2121,2122,2123,2126,2127,2130],{},"Likewise Romans 15: ",[49,2124,2125],{},"Now therefore I shall go to Jerusalem to minister to the Saints."," Gloss: These had given themselves wholly to divine services, caring nothing for worldly things, and were giving an example of good conduct to the faithful. And below: ",[49,2128,2129],{},"For if the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, they ought to minister to them in carnal things;"," Gloss: That is, to the Jews who sent them as Preachers. If they ought to, therefore they cannot refuse.",[11,2132,2133,2134,2137],{},"Likewise, that alms must especially be given to a poor preacher, is plain from Galatians 6: ",[49,2135,2136],{},"Let him who is catechized in the word communicate to him who catechizes him, in all good things."," Gloss: Let him make all good things common with him, for it is an established precept that the one to whom preaching is given should furnish necessities to the Preacher of the word of God.",[11,2139,2140,2141,2144],{},"Likewise in the same place: ",[49,2142,2143],{},"But especially to those of the household of the faith."," Gloss: Mercy must be shown to all, in which the just are to be preferred, who are of the faith.",[11,2146,2147,2148,2151],{},"Likewise Luke 6: ",[49,2149,2150],{},"Do good to those who hate you;"," therefore from the lesser",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2153},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F81",{"description":2063},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F81","GDQX41aR-9LIXd54glmBatbGUvLkAmIXYrBQuKNcVJw",{"id":2160,"title":1798,"body":2161,"description":2165,"extension":19,"meta":2249,"navigation":26,"page":1798,"path":2250,"pdf_page":1829,"reading":20,"seo":2251,"sortable_pagination_id":1829,"stem":2252,"__hash__":2253},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F82.md",{"type":8,"value":2162,"toc":2247},[2163,2166,2177,2188,2198,2209,2220,2234],[11,2164,2165],{},"from the lesser to the greater, good is to be done, and alms are to be given to poor preachers.",[11,2167,2168,2169,2172,2173,2176],{},"Likewise, Chrysostomus on the Epistle to the Hebrews: ",[49,2170,2171],{},"”If anyone asks for sustenance, do not examine him on these matters. If Abraham had been a scrutinizer of the poor, he would never have received the angels as guests, but along with the rest would have driven these away also.”"," ",[49,2174,2175],{},"Dist. 42, Can. Quiescamus","; therefore alms are to be denied to no one.",[11,2178,2179,2180,2183,2184,2187],{},"Likewise, ",[49,2181,2182],{},"1 q. 2 cap. Quam pio",", Bonifacius says: ",[49,2185,2186],{},"”We nowhere read that the Lord’s disciples, or those converted through their ministry, prompted anyone to the worship of God by the intervention of any gift; unless perhaps someone awkwardly raises the matter of the food given to the poor, to none of whom, of whatever profession, were victuals denied.”"," Therefore even to the able-bodied mendicant alms are not to be denied.",[11,2189,2179,2190,2193,2194,2197],{},[49,2191,2192],{},"11 q. 3 cap. Quoniam multos",", Gregorius says: ",[49,2195,2196],{},"”If anyone wishes to give something to the excommunicated, not in support of their pride, but for the sake of humility, we do not forbid it.”"," Therefore it will also be lawful to give to the able-bodied mendicant.",[11,2199,2200,2201,2204,2205,2208],{},"Likewise, Hieronymus, ",[49,2202,2203],{},"Ad Paulinum Monachum",", where he has: ",[49,2206,2207],{},"”Whomever you perceive to be speaking always, or frequently, about trifles (except for almsgiving, which can be given indifferently to all), regard him rather as a peddler than as a monk.”"," Therefore almsgiving can be given indifferently to all; therefore also to the able-bodied.",[11,2210,2211,2212,2215,2216,2219],{},"Likewise, Augustinus, in his book on the Psalms (referred to in ",[49,2213,2214],{},"23 q. 4 cap. Duo ista","), where he says: ",[49,2217,2218],{},"”When we speak these two names, MAN, SINNER, they are not spoken in vain; because he is a SINNER, rebuke him; because he is a MAN, have mercy on him.”"," And so almsgiving is not to be despised, which is bestowed upon any poor person by way of human kindness.",[11,2221,2222,2225,2226,2229,2230,2233],{},[49,2223,2224],{},"On the contrary:"," Luke 16 [",[49,2227,2228],{},"recte"," Luke 14]: ",[49,2231,2232],{},"”When you make a dinner or a supper, do not call your friends, nor your brothers, nor your kinsmen, nor your rich neighbors, lest perhaps they also invite you in return, and a recompense be made to you; but when you make a feast, call the poor, the weak, the lame, the blind, and you shall be blessed, because they have nothing to repay you.”"," Therefore, when from a poor able-bodied person, or from one belonging to the household of the powerful, you can expect something in the present, alms are not to be given to him.",[11,2235,2236,2237,2240,2241,2215,2244],{},"Likewise, Ambrosius, ",[49,2238,2239],{},"De Officiis"," (it is contained in ",[49,2242,2243],{},"Dist. 86 Can. Consideranda",[49,2245,2246],{},"”In bestowing alms one must consider age and infirmity, and sometimes the modesty which betrays freeborn origin, so that you bestow more on the elderly, who can no longer seek a livelihood for themselves; and like-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2248},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F82",{"description":2165},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F82","N7fJcGQ0QGoFhoWhViufTvcwh1lxBXvTB1xS2EeP0sk",{"id":2255,"title":1835,"body":2256,"description":2351,"extension":19,"meta":2352,"navigation":26,"page":1835,"path":2353,"pdf_page":1863,"reading":20,"seo":2354,"sortable_pagination_id":1863,"stem":2355,"__hash__":2356},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F83.md",{"type":8,"value":2257,"toc":2349},[2258,2264,2275,2286,2308,2318,2339],[11,2259,2260,2263],{},[49,2261,2262],{},"wise weakness of body is more readily to be aided; likewise if anyone has fallen from wealth into poverty; and especially if not by his own fault, but has lost what he had either by robberies, or proscription, or false accusations.”"," Therefore only to such persons should it be given.",[11,2265,2266,2267,2270,2271,2274],{},"Likewise, Augustinus, ",[49,2268,2269],{},"Ad Vincentium Donatistam",": ",[49,2272,2273],{},"”More usefully is bread taken away from the hungry man, if, being secure about his food, he neglects justice, than that bread is broken for him, in order that, seduced, he may acquiesce in injustice.”"," But he who is unwilling to work bodily to seek a livelihood, when he can work; or he who can have a livelihood from elsewhere without sin; if he begs for a livelihood, acts unjustly, because contrary to the doctrine of the Apostle, as I shall prove. Therefore from such a one bread ought to be withdrawn; therefore not given.",[11,2276,2277,2278,2281,2282,2285],{},"The minor premise is proved. 2 Thessalonians 3: ",[49,2279,2280],{},"”If any will not work, neither let him eat.”"," Gloss: ",[49,2283,2284],{},"”The Apostle wishes the servants of God to work bodily, whereby they may live, lest they be compelled by want to beg for necessities.”"," Therefore if such a one begs, he acts unjustly, contrary to the Apostle.",[11,2287,2288,2289,2292,2293,2296,2297,2300,2301,2296,2304,2307],{},"Likewise, the Apostle commands that such persons be avoided in the same place: ",[49,2290,2291],{},"”If any man obey not our word”"," — namely concerning acquiring a livelihood by laboring bodily, if he has nothing else from which he may live — ",[49,2294,2295],{},"”note that man by an epistle”"," — Gloss: ",[49,2298,2299],{},"”that I may be able to rebuke him”"," — ",[49,2302,2303],{},"”AND DO NOT keep company with him, that he may be ashamed”",[49,2305,2306],{},"”that he may blush, being cast off by all, and so subject himself to the precepts of the Apostle, namely concerning working bodily for a livelihood.”"," Therefore such a one acts unjustly.",[11,2309,2310,2311,2281,2314,2317],{},"Likewise, 1 Thessalonians 4: ",[49,2312,2313],{},"”Work with your own hands, that you want nothing of any man’s.”",[49,2315,2316],{},"”One must work, not be idle, so that you do not desire another’s property, much less beg for it.”"," Therefore he who thus begs acts contrary to the Apostle; therefore he acts unjustly.",[11,2319,2310,2320,2296,2323,2300,2326,2296,2329,2300,2332,2296,2335,2338],{},[49,2321,2322],{},"”We beseech you, brethren, that you give heed to be quiet”",[49,2324,2325],{},"”from curiosity”",[49,2327,2328],{},"”AND THAT you do your own business”",[49,2330,2331],{},"”setting aside the affairs of others; which is useful to you for the amendment of life”",[49,2333,2334],{},"”AND WORK with your own hands”",[49,2336,2337],{},"”which helps you to be quiet; for that evil comes from idleness.”"," Therefore he who does not do these things begs contrary to the doctrine of the Apostle; therefore he acts unjustly; therefore bread is to be withdrawn from him; therefore not to be given.",[11,2340,2341,2342,2281,2345,2348],{},"Likewise, Luke 12: ",[49,2343,2344],{},"”Sell what you possess, and give alms.”",[49,2346,2347],{},"”Sell your possessions, so that, all your goods having once been despised for the Lord, afterwards you may work by the labor of your hands, whereby you may live, and may give alms.”"," Therefore after the sale of all things one must not beg, but work; therefore he who does not do this acts contrary to the doctrine of the Church; therefore he acts unjustly.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2350},[],"wise weakness of body is more readily to be aided; likewise if anyone has fallen from wealth into poverty; and especially if not by his own fault, but has lost what he had either by robberies, or proscription, or false accusations.” Therefore only to such persons should it be given.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F83",{"description":2351},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F83","P4zbvveR7kHZf38MdHHA053vhV-1Y92zaZRKVbZ0ku8",{"id":2358,"title":1869,"body":2359,"description":2456,"extension":19,"meta":2457,"navigation":26,"page":1869,"path":2458,"pdf_page":1897,"reading":20,"seo":2459,"sortable_pagination_id":1897,"stem":2460,"__hash__":2461},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F84.md",{"type":8,"value":2360,"toc":2454},[2361,2379,2396,2409,2416,2430,2436],[11,2362,2363,2364,2366,2367,2370,2371,2374,2375,2378],{},"Likewise, Ephesians 1 [",[49,2365,2228],{}," 4]: ",[49,2368,2369],{},"Let each one labor with his own hands",", not in the wicked works of gain, but by doing what is good; ",[49,2372,2373],{},"that he may have",", not only the means by which to live, but also the means ",[49,2376,2377],{},"by which to give to him who suffers need",". Therefore one must labor, not beg.",[11,2380,2200,2381,2270,2384,2387,2388,2391,2392,2395],{},[49,2382,2383],{},"To Rusticus the Monk",[49,2385,2386],{},"If the apostles, having the power to live from the Gospel, nevertheless labored with their own hands so as not to burden anyone, and offered refreshments to others from whom they ought to have reaped carnal things in return for spiritual things, why do you not prepare anything to provide for your own needs? Either weave a little basket of rushes, or plait a hamper of pliant withies; let the soil be hoed, let the little beds be divided by an even boundary, in which, when the seeds of vegetables have been sown, or the plants set in order, water may be led in to irrigate them."," And a little later: ",[49,2389,2390],{},"Let nets also be woven for catching fish, let books be copied out, so that both the hand may earn its food and the mind may be filled with reading; every idle man is full of desires",". ",[49,2393,2394],{},"De consecratione, dist. 5, c. Numquam",". Therefore every member of a religious order ought to labor, especially if he has no other means of living; therefore if he does not, he acts unjustly.",[11,2397,2398,2399,132,2402,2270,2405,2408],{},"Likewise, blessed Benedictus, in the ",[49,2400,2401],{},"Rule",[49,2403,2404],{},"c. De opere manuum quotidiano",[49,2406,2407],{},"Idleness is the enemy of the soul, and therefore at fixed hours the brethren ought to be occupied in manual labor, and at other fixed hours in divine reading",". Therefore a member of a religious order ought to work; therefore if he does not, he acts unjustly.",[11,2410,2411,2412,2415],{},"Likewise, in the same place: ",[49,2413,2414],{},"Then are they truly monks, if they live by the labor of their hands, as did our fathers and the apostles",". Therefore if they do not do this, they are not true monks; therefore nothing ought to be given to them.",[11,2417,2418,2419,2270,2422,2425,2426,2429],{},"Likewise, from the Fourth Council of Carthage, ",[49,2420,2421],{},"can. 51",[49,2423,2424],{},"A cleric, however learned in the word of God, should seek his livelihood by a craft",", as is contained in ",[49,2427,2428],{},"dist. 91, c. Clericus",". Therefore if he does not do so, he acts unjustly.",[11,2431,2411,2432,2435],{},[49,2433,2434],{},"All clerics who are able-bodied for work should learn both crafts and letters",". Therefore if they do not, they act unjustly; therefore nothing ought to be given to them.",[11,2437,2438,2439,2441,2442,2445,2446,2449,2450,2453],{},"Likewise, John 11 [",[49,2440,2228],{}," John 21]: ",[49,2443,2444],{},"Simon Peter says to them, I am going fishing",". Gloss: ",[49,2447,2448],{},"After Christ was restored alive, after they had received the breath of his inspiration, after his words,"," As the Father has sent me, even so I send you, ",[49,2451,2452],{},"the apostles suddenly became what they had been before, namely fishermen — not of men, but of fish. But it must be noted that they were not forbidden to seek their livelihood by their lawful craft, the integrity of their apostolate being preserved, since they had nothing by which to live",". Therefore those who are not apostles ought all the more to labor with their hands by which to live; therefore he who does not, acts un-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2455},[],"Likewise, Ephesians 1 [recte 4]: Let each one labor with his own hands, not in the wicked works of gain, but by doing what is good; that he may have, not only the means by which to live, but also the means by which to give to him who suffers need. Therefore one must labor, not beg.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F84",{"description":2456},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F84","81f_lGQ5bWaf6SeAjp30NQX0C28W-_C46sMORJ1iaP8",{"id":2463,"title":1903,"body":2464,"description":2468,"extension":19,"meta":2552,"navigation":26,"page":1903,"path":2553,"pdf_page":1934,"reading":20,"seo":2554,"sortable_pagination_id":1934,"stem":2555,"__hash__":2556},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F85.md",{"type":8,"value":2465,"toc":2550},[2466,2469,2488,2498,2515,2525,2532,2547],[11,2467,2468],{},"justly; therefore nothing ought to be given to him.",[11,2470,2266,2471,132,2474,2270,2477,2480,2481,2480,2484,2487],{},[49,2472,2473],{},"To Vincentius the Donatist",[49,2475,2476],{},"23 q. 4 c. Nimium",[49,2478,2479],{},"Often the wicked have persecuted the good, and the good the wicked; the former by harming through injustice, the latter by chastising through discipline",". And a little later: ",[49,2482,2483],{},"The wicked killed the prophets, and the prophets killed the wicked; the Jews scourged Christ, and Christ scourged the Jews",[49,2485,2486],{},"In all these things, what is to be considered, except which of them acted for Truth? which for iniquity? which for the sake of harming? which for the sake of correcting?"," Therefore from those who act contrary to the doctrine of the Apostle, bread should be withdrawn, so that they may be corrected; for whoever does this pursues the wicked.",[11,2489,2490,2491,2445,2494,2497],{},"Likewise, prove that preachers cannot ask for anything. 1 Thessalonians 2: ",[49,2492,2493],{},"Nor were we ever an occasion of avarice",[49,2495,2496],{},"I do not say in avarice; but I neither did nor said anything in which there might be an occasion of avarice",". But in asking for money or for provisions, there is an occasion of avarice; therefore to ask is contrary to the doctrine of the Apostle; therefore nothing ought to be given to those who ask.",[11,2499,2500,2501,2445,2504,2507,2508,2445,2511,2514],{},"Likewise, a preacher ought not to be [engaged] in flattering speech. 1 Thessalonians 2: ",[49,2502,2503],{},"Nor were we ever in flattering speech",[49,2505,2506],{},"On account of which others please men",". But he who continually, or frequently, asks for his food, must of necessity flatter: 2 Thessalonians 3: ",[49,2509,2510],{},"That we might give ourselves to you as a pattern for imitating us",[49,2512,2513],{},"He who frequently comes to another’s table, given over to idleness, must of necessity flatter the one who feeds him; whereas the Christian religion summons men to liberty",". Therefore he who is a preacher ought not frequently to ask for his food; therefore if he asks, nothing ought to be given.",[11,2516,2517,2518,2445,2521,2524],{},"Likewise, 2 Corinthians 12: ",[49,2519,2520],{},"I seek not yours, but you",[49,2522,2523],{},"Not riches in gold and silver, but to save you",". Therefore preachers ought to ask for nothing.",[11,2526,2527,2528,2531],{},"Likewise, Philippians, last [chapter]: ",[49,2529,2530],{},"I do not seek the gift, but the fruit",". Therefore even true apostles ought to ask for nothing.",[11,2533,2534,2535,2538,2539,2542,2543,2546],{},"Likewise: He who receives food in return for any spiritual thing, whether before or after, commits simony. ",[49,2536,2537],{},"1 q. 3 c. Si quis praebendas",". Therefore for preaching, even after the preaching, it is not lawful for him to receive food to whom it is not owed — that is, for him who is not an apostle. For ",[49,2540,2541],{},"accipere"," is to seize at any time whatever, ",[49,2544,2545],{},"1 q. 1 c. Eos, qui per pecunias",". Therefore if he asks, nothing ought to be given.",[11,2548,2549],{},"Likewise, Gehazi the servant of Elisha is said to have committed the crime of simony, because he asked for something from Naaman the Syrian, to whom his mas-",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2551},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F85",{"description":2468},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F85","7fRXp6HlwM0dPVwZyHkcrL8QIb36dmPOYxcrn1GWNtY",{"id":2558,"title":1940,"body":2559,"description":2621,"extension":19,"meta":2622,"navigation":26,"page":1940,"path":2623,"pdf_page":1965,"reading":20,"seo":2624,"sortable_pagination_id":1965,"stem":2625,"__hash__":2626},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F86.md",{"type":8,"value":2560,"toc":2618},[2561,2572,2583,2607,2614],[11,2562,2563,2564,2567,2568,2571],{},"his master Elisha had granted the grace of healing (2 Kings 6). And this Gregorius Nazianzenus says at ",[49,2565,2566],{},"1. q. 1. cap. Qui studet",", where he states: ",[49,2569,2570],{},"Gehazi sold the grace of healing to Naaman the Syrian, and the same grace of healing, by Elisha’s avenging, he lost upon being made a leper",". Therefore, if a Friar of the one who preached, even after the preaching, asks something of those to whom he preached, he commits simony; therefore nothing should be given to him.",[11,2573,2574,2575,2578,2579,2582],{},"Likewise, according to human law, the able-bodied mendicant, if he is of servile condition, becomes the slave of the one who exposes him; if he is free, he becomes his perpetual tenant. ",[49,2576,2577],{},"Cod. De mendicantibus validis, Lege vnica",". Therefore, since it is certain that what is the more severely punished is a grave offense (",[49,2580,2581],{},"24. q. 1. ca. Non afferamus stateras dolosas","), it follows that the able-bodied mendicant grievously offends; therefore he who knowingly places himself in such a state seems not to be in the state of those to be saved.",[11,2584,2585,2172,2588,2591,2592,2595,2596,2599,2600,2172,2603,2606],{},[49,2586,2587],{},"I answer without prejudice:",[49,2589,2590],{},"To the first, distinguish:"," Of those who ask alms, some are known, some unknown; some ask as if by right, such as preachers and prelates; others ask for the sustenance of life. If he asks by right and as it were by reason of his office, then if his office or authority is established, he is to be received; if he is unknown, he is to be examined as to whether it is so, as Chrysostomus says on the Epistle to the Hebrews, and as is found in ",[49,2593,2594],{},"dist. 42. can. Quiescamus",". If you ask only for nourishment, then it should be given indiscriminately, unless, being secure in his food, he neglects justice, as Augustinus says at ",[49,2597,2598],{},"5. q. 5. cap. Non omnis"," — for then nothing should be given to him, unless he is already dying of hunger; ",[49,2601,2602],{},"dist. 86. can. 21.",[49,2604,2605],{},"Feed him who is dying of hunger, for if you have not fed him, you have killed those whom by feeding you could have saved."," But he who begs when he can live by the labor of his body neglects justice, because he acts against the doctrine of the Apostle, and ought to be excommunicated, as was said above. Therefore nothing should be given to such a person.",[11,2608,2609,2610,2613],{},"All those authorities, therefore, which say that something should be given to every poor person who asks, understand thus: it is true — either the thing asked for, or something better, namely, correction, if he asks unjustly. And this the Gloss says on Matt. 5: ",[49,2611,2612],{},"Give to him who asks of thee"," — even if not what you ask, yet something better, when you have corrected the one asking unjustly. But it is clear that he asks unjustly and contrary to the precept of the Apostle who can have his living elsewhere without sin, as was proved above; therefore nothing should be given to him, but rather he should be corrected.",[1956,2615,2617],{"id":2616},"on-the-poor-pilgrims-scholars-and-the-disabled","On the Poor: Pilgrims, Scholars, and the Disabled",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2619},[2620],{"id":2616,"depth":16,"text":2617},"his master Elisha had granted the grace of healing (2 Kings 6). And this Gregorius Nazianzenus says at 1. q. 1. cap. Qui studet, where he states: Gehazi sold the grace of healing to Naaman the Syrian, and the same grace of healing, by Elisha’s avenging, he lost upon being made a leper. Therefore, if a Friar of the one who preached, even after the preaching, asks something of those to whom he preached, he commits simony; therefore nothing should be given to him.",{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F86",{"description":2621},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F86","IzF0842d8oo9B6QlhjSDYq_5Pco7_vAaczshpAw7Lpc",{"id":2628,"title":27,"body":2629,"description":2633,"extension":19,"meta":2682,"navigation":26,"page":27,"path":2683,"pdf_page":30,"reading":20,"seo":2684,"sortable_pagination_id":30,"stem":2685,"__hash__":2686},"readingsTranslation\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F87.md",{"type":8,"value":2630,"toc":2680},[2631,2634,2648,2657,2662],[11,2632,2633],{},"— because they beg by chance, and have not ordered their life to begging, this is not to be said [of them].",[11,2635,2636,2639,2640,2643,2644,2647],{},[49,2637,2638],{},"As to the objection"," concerning those poor who were in Jerusalem, for whom collections were made: we reply that it is not said there that they themselves asked, and they are to be understood either as those who were Disciples, or Prelates, and had sent their preachers to the Gentiles; or as those who, beyond what they could obtain by labor, suffered want and need. 2 Thess. 3: ",[49,2641,2642],{},"But you, brethren, be not weary in well-doing"," — Gloss: to the poor — because, even if they work, they may yet stand in need of some things; for he is not held blameworthy who is humane in giving; but rather this one, who, though able to bear labor, wishes to lead a life in idleness. Or perhaps all those were preaching, and could not obtain support from their fellow tribesmen to whom they were preaching; indeed, those rather persecuted them — just as Paul, while preaching to the Corinthians, received from other Churches on account of the Corinthians’ avarice. 2 Cor. 11: ",[49,2645,2646],{},"I have stripped other Churches, receiving wages of them for your ministry"," — Gloss: that I might preach to you, and I received nothing from any of you, even when I was in need.",[11,2649,2650,2172,2653,2656],{},[49,2651,2652],{},"As to that:",[49,2654,2655],{},"Let him that is instructed in the word communicate to him that instructeth him"," — it is to be said that this is true when the one catechizing has Apostolic authority.",[11,2658,2659,2661],{},[49,2660,2652],{}," alms must be given to an excommunicate — it is true, in extreme necessity.",[11,2663,2664,2667,2668,2671,2672,2675,2676,2679],{},[49,2665,2666],{},"As to what is asked"," concerning preachers, whether they may ask: I believe not, lest it seem to be an occasion of avarice (1 Thess. 2), and lest it seem to be gain-seeking (2 Cor. 4: ",[49,2669,2670],{},"Nor adulterating the word of God"," — Gloss: preaching for gain); or lest they be compelled to flatter, as was said; or even to disparage (Rom. ult.: ",[49,2673,2674],{},"Such serve not Christ the Lord, but their own belly"," — Gloss: they flatter some, they disparage others, that they may fill their belly); or lest they seem to commit simony, if they receive under the pretext of preaching — especially those who are not Apostles, nor hold their place — most of all since one must abstain not only from evil, but from ",[49,2677,2678],{},"every appearance of evil",". 1 Thess. 5.",{"title":15,"searchDepth":16,"depth":16,"links":2681},[],{},"\u002Freadings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F87",{"description":2633},"readings\u002Ftranslation\u002Fwilliam-saint-amour-de-valido-mendicante\u002F87","19QhYavKVFaHjTaDCcm3RHTUdG7OxGTm1047d8Qxnk8",1789161138026]